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直播技术（从服务端到客户端）二
發布時間：2025/7/25
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直播技术（从服务端到客户端）二
小編覺得挺不錯的,現在分享給大家,幫大家做個參考.
播放
在上一篇文章中，我們敘述了直播技術的環境配置（包括服務端nginx，nginx-rtmp-module， ffmpeg, Android編譯，iOS編譯）。從本文開始，我們將敘述播放相關的東西，播放是直播技術中關鍵的一步，它包括很多技術如：解碼，縮放，時間基線選擇，緩存隊列，畫面渲染，聲音播放等等。我將分為三個部分為大家講述整個播放流程；
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Android
第一部分是基于NativeWindow的視頻渲染，主要使用的OpenGL ES2通過傳入surface來將視頻數據渲染到surface上顯示出來。第二部分是基于OpenSL ES來音頻播放。第三部分，音視頻同步。我們使用的都是android原生自帶的一些庫來做音視頻渲染處理。
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IOS
同樣IOS也分成三個部分，第一部分視頻渲染：使用OpenGLES.framework，通過OpenGL來渲染視頻畫面，第二部分是音頻播放，基于AudioToolbox.framework做音頻播放；第三部分，視音頻同步。
利用原生庫可以減少資源的利用，降低內存，提高性能；一般而言，如果不是通曉android、ios的程序員會選擇一個統一的視頻顯示和音頻播放庫（SDL），這個庫可以實現視頻顯示和音頻播。但是增加額外的庫意味著資源的浪費和性能的降低。
Android
我們首先帶來android端的視頻播放功能，我們分成三個部分，1、視頻渲染；2、音頻播放；3、時間基線（音視頻同步）來闡述。
1、視頻渲染
ffmpeg為我們提供瀏覽豐富的編解碼類型（ffmpeg所具備編解碼能力都是軟件編解碼，不是指硬件編解碼。具體之后文章會詳細介紹ffmpeg），視頻解碼包括flv, mpeg, mov 等；音頻包括aac, mp3等。對于整個播放，FFmpeg主要處理流程如下：
<code class="language-C++ hljs scss has-numbering"> <span class="hljs-function">av_register_all()</span>; <span class="hljs-comment">// 注冊所有的文件格式和編解碼器的庫,打開的合適格式的文件上會自動選擇相應的編解碼庫</span><span class="hljs-function">avformat_network_init()</span>; <span class="hljs-comment">// 注冊網絡服務</span><span class="hljs-function">avformat_alloc_context()</span>; <span class="hljs-comment">// 分配FormatContext內存，</span><span class="hljs-function">avformat_open_input()</span>; <span class="hljs-comment">// 打開輸入流，獲取頭部信息，配合av_close_input_file（）關閉流</span><span class="hljs-function">avformat_find_stream_info()</span>; <span class="hljs-comment">// 讀取packets，來獲取流信息，并在pFormatCtx->streams 填充上正確的信息</span><span class="hljs-function">avcodec_find_decoder()</span>; <span class="hljs-comment">// 獲取解碼器，</span><span class="hljs-function">avcodec_open2()</span>; <span class="hljs-comment">// 通過AVCodec來初始化AVCodecContext</span><span class="hljs-function">av_read_frame()</span>; <span class="hljs-comment">// 讀取每一幀</span><span class="hljs-function">avcodec_decode_video2()</span>; <span class="hljs-comment">// 解碼幀數據</span><span class="hljs-function">avcodec_close()</span>; <span class="hljs-comment">// 關閉編輯器上下文</span><span class="hljs-function">avformat_close_input()</span>; <span class="hljs-comment">// 關閉文件流</span></code>我們先來看一段代碼：
<code class="language-C++ hljs php has-numbering">av_register_all(); avformat_network_init(); pFormatCtx = avformat_alloc_context(); <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (avformat_open_input(&pFormatCtx, pathStr, <span class="hljs-keyword">NULL</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword">NULL</span>) != <span class="hljs-number">0</span>) {LOGE(<span class="hljs-string">"Couldn't open file: %s\n"</span>, pathStr);<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span>; }<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (avformat_find_stream_info(pFormatCtx, &dictionary) < <span class="hljs-number">0</span>) {LOGE(<span class="hljs-string">"Couldn't find stream information."</span>);<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span>; } av_dump_format(pFormatCtx, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>, pathStr, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>); </code>這段代碼可以算是初始化FFmpeg，首先注冊編解碼庫，為FormatContext分配內存，調用avformat_open_input打開輸入流，獲取頭部信息，配合avformat_find_stream_info來填充FormatContext中相關內容，av_dump_format這個是dump出流信息。這個信息是這個樣子的：
<code class="language-text hljs lasso has-numbering">video infomation： Input <span class="hljs-variable">#0</span>, flv, from <span class="hljs-string">'rtmp:127.0.0.1:1935/live/steam'</span>:Metadata:Server : NGINX RTMP (github<span class="hljs-built_in">.</span>com/sergey<span class="hljs-attribute">-dryabzhinsky</span>/nginx<span class="hljs-attribute">-rtmp</span><span class="hljs-attribute">-module</span>)displayWidth : <span class="hljs-number">320</span>displayHeight : <span class="hljs-number">240</span>fps : <span class="hljs-number">15</span>profile : level : <span class="hljs-built_in">Duration</span>: <span class="hljs-number">00</span>:<span class="hljs-number">00</span>:<span class="hljs-number">00.00</span>, start: <span class="hljs-number">15.400000</span>, bitrate: N/AStream <span class="hljs-variable">#0</span>:<span class="hljs-number">0</span>: Video: flv1 (flv), yuv420p, <span class="hljs-number">320</span>x240, <span class="hljs-number">15</span> tbr, <span class="hljs-number">1</span>k tbn, <span class="hljs-number">1</span>k tbcStream <span class="hljs-variable">#0</span>:<span class="hljs-number">1</span>: Audio: mp3, <span class="hljs-number">11025</span> Hz, stereo, s16p, <span class="hljs-number">32</span> kb/s</code>整個音頻播放流暢其實看起來也是很簡單的，主要分：1、創建實現播放引擎；2、創建實現混音器；3、設置緩沖和pcm格式；4、創建實現播放器；5、獲取音頻播放器接口；6、獲取緩沖buffer；7、注冊播放回調；8、獲取音效接口；9、獲取音量接口；10、獲取播放狀態接口；
做完這10步，整個音頻播放器引擎就創建完畢，接下來就是引擎讀取數據播放。
這段代碼主要闡述的播放的過程，通過將數據放進bqPlayerBufferQueue，供播放引擎讀取播放。記得我們在創建緩沖buffer的時候，注冊了一個callback，這個callBack的作用就是通知可以向緩沖隊列中添加數據，這個callBack的原型如下：
<code class="hljs lasso has-numbering"><span class="hljs-literal">void</span> videoPlayCallBack(SLAndroidSimpleBufferQueueItf bq, <span class="hljs-literal">void</span> <span class="hljs-subst">*</span>context) {<span class="hljs-comment">// 添加數據到bqPlayerBufferQueue中，通過調用playBuffer方法。</span><span class="hljs-literal">void</span><span class="hljs-subst">*</span> <span class="hljs-built_in">data</span> <span class="hljs-subst">=</span> getData();int size <span class="hljs-subst">=</span> getDataSize();playBuffer(<span class="hljs-built_in">data</span>, size); }</code><code class="hljs cpp has-numbering"><span class="hljs-keyword">typedef</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> PlayInstance {ANativeWindow *window; <span class="hljs-comment">// nativeWindow // 通過傳入surface構建</span><span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> display_width; <span class="hljs-comment">// 顯示寬度</span><span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> display_height; <span class="hljs-comment">// 顯示高度</span><span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> stop; <span class="hljs-comment">// 停止</span><span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> timeout_flag; <span class="hljs-comment">// 超時標記</span><span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> disable_video; VideoState *videoState; <span class="hljs-comment">//隊列</span><span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> ThreadQueue *<span class="hljs-built_in">queue</span>; <span class="hljs-comment">// 音視頻幀隊列</span><span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> ThreadQueue *video_queue; <span class="hljs-comment">// 視頻幀隊列</span><span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> ThreadQueue *audio_queue; <span class="hljs-comment">// 音頻幀隊列</span>} PlayInstance;</code>
我們主要分析延時同步的那一段代碼：
<code class="hljs autohotkey has-numbering">// 延時同步int64_t pkt_pts = pavpacket.pts<span class="hljs-comment">;</span>double show_time = pkt_pts * (playInstance->videoState->video_time_base)<span class="hljs-comment">;</span>int64_t show_time_micro = show_time * <span class="hljs-number">1000000</span><span class="hljs-comment">;</span>int64_t played_time = av_gettime() - playInstance->videoState->video_start_time<span class="hljs-comment">;</span>int64_t delt<span class="hljs-built_in">a_time</span> = show_time_micro - played_time<span class="hljs-comment">;</span><span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (delt<span class="hljs-built_in">a_time</span> < -(<span class="hljs-number">0.2</span> * <span class="hljs-number">1000000</span>)) {LOGE(<span class="hljs-string">"視頻跳幀\n"</span>)<span class="hljs-comment">;</span><span class="hljs-keyword">continue</span>；} <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (delt<span class="hljs-built_in">a_time</span> > <span class="hljs-number">0.2</span> * <span class="hljs-number">1000000</span>) {av_usleep(delt<span class="hljs-built_in">a_time</span>)<span class="hljs-comment">;</span>}</code>這是一段Swift代碼。在ios采用的是swift+oc+c++混合編譯，正好借此熟悉swift于oc和c++的交互。enableAudio主要是創建一個audioManager實例，進行注冊回調，和開始播放和暫停服務。audioManager是一個單例。是一個封裝AudioToolbox類。下面的代碼是激活AudioSession（初始化Audio）和失效AudioSession代碼。
<code class="language-oc hljs objectivec has-numbering">- (<span class="hljs-built_in">BOOL</span>) activateAudioSession {<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (!_activated) {<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (!_initialized) {<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (checkError(AudioSessionInitialize(<span class="hljs-literal">NULL</span>,kCFRunLoopDefaultMode,sessionInterruptionListener,(__bridge <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> *)(<span class="hljs-keyword">self</span>)),<span class="hljs-string">"Couldn't initialize audio session"</span>))<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-literal">NO</span>;_initialized = <span class="hljs-literal">YES</span>;}<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> ([<span class="hljs-keyword">self</span> checkAudioRoute] &&[<span class="hljs-keyword">self</span> setupAudio]) {_activated = <span class="hljs-literal">YES</span>;}}<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> _activated; }- (<span class="hljs-keyword">void</span>) deactivateAudioSession {<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (_activated) {[<span class="hljs-keyword">self</span> pause];checkError(AudioUnitUninitialize(_audioUnit),<span class="hljs-string">"Couldn't uninitialize the audio unit"</span>);<span class="hljs-comment">/*fails with error (-10851) ? checkError(AudioUnitSetProperty(_audioUnit,kAudioUnitProperty_SetRenderCallback,kAudioUnitScope_Input,0,NULL,0),"Couldn't clear the render callback on the audio unit");*/</span>checkError(AudioComponentInstanceDispose(_audioUnit),<span class="hljs-string">"Couldn't dispose the output audio unit"</span>);checkError(AudioSessionSetActive(<span class="hljs-literal">NO</span>),<span class="hljs-string">"Couldn't deactivate the audio session"</span>); checkError(AudioSessionRemovePropertyListenerWithUserData(kAudioSessionProperty_AudioRouteChange,sessionPropertyListener,(__bridge <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> *)(<span class="hljs-keyword">self</span>)),<span class="hljs-string">"Couldn't remove audio session property listener"</span>);checkError(AudioSessionRemovePropertyListenerWithUserData(kAudioSessionProperty_CurrentHardwareOutputVolume,sessionPropertyListener,(__bridge <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> *)(<span class="hljs-keyword">self</span>)),<span class="hljs-string">"Couldn't remove audio session property listener"</span>);_activated = <span class="hljs-literal">NO</span>;} }- (<span class="hljs-built_in">BOOL</span>) setupAudio {<span class="hljs-comment">// --- Audio Session Setup ---</span>UInt32 sessionCategory = kAudioSessionCategory_MediaPlayback;<span class="hljs-comment">//UInt32 sessionCategory = kAudioSessionCategory_PlayAndRecord;</span><span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (checkError(AudioSessionSetProperty(kAudioSessionProperty_AudioCategory,<span class="hljs-keyword">sizeof</span>(sessionCategory),&sessionCategory),<span class="hljs-string">"Couldn't set audio category"</span>))<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-literal">NO</span>;<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (checkError(AudioSessionAddPropertyListener(kAudioSessionProperty_AudioRouteChange,sessionPropertyListener,(__bridge <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> *)(<span class="hljs-keyword">self</span>)),<span class="hljs-string">"Couldn't add audio session property listener"</span>)){<span class="hljs-comment">// just warning</span>}<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (checkError(AudioSessionAddPropertyListener(kAudioSessionProperty_CurrentHardwareOutputVolume,sessionPropertyListener,(__bridge <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> *)(<span class="hljs-keyword">self</span>)),<span class="hljs-string">"Couldn't add audio session property listener"</span>)){<span class="hljs-comment">// just warning</span>}<span class="hljs-comment">// Set the buffer size, this will affect the number of samples that get rendered every time the audio callback is fired</span><span class="hljs-comment">// A small number will get you lower latency audio, but will make your processor work harder</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor">#if !TARGET_IPHONE_SIMULATOR</span>Float32 preferredBufferSize = <span class="hljs-number">0.0232</span>;<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (checkError(AudioSessionSetProperty(kAudioSessionProperty_PreferredHardwareIOBufferDuration,<span class="hljs-keyword">sizeof</span>(preferredBufferSize),&preferredBufferSize),<span class="hljs-string">"Couldn't set the preferred buffer duration"</span>)) {<span class="hljs-comment">// just warning</span>} <span class="hljs-preprocessor">#endif</span><span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (checkError(AudioSessionSetActive(<span class="hljs-literal">YES</span>),<span class="hljs-string">"Couldn't activate the audio session"</span>))<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-literal">NO</span>;[<span class="hljs-keyword">self</span> checkSessionProperties];<span class="hljs-comment">// ----- Audio Unit Setup -----</span><span class="hljs-comment">// Describe the output unit.</span>AudioComponentDescription description = {<span class="hljs-number">0</span>};description<span class="hljs-variable">.componentType</span> = kAudioUnitType_Output;description<span class="hljs-variable">.componentSubType</span> = kAudioUnitSubType_RemoteIO;description<span class="hljs-variable">.componentManufacturer</span> = kAudioUnitManufacturer_Apple;<span class="hljs-comment">// Get component</span>AudioComponent component = AudioComponentFindNext(<span class="hljs-literal">NULL</span>, &description);<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (checkError(AudioComponentInstanceNew(component, &_audioUnit),<span class="hljs-string">"Couldn't create the output audio unit"</span>))<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-literal">NO</span>;UInt32 size;<span class="hljs-comment">// Check the output stream format</span>size = <span class="hljs-keyword">sizeof</span>(AudioStreamBasicDescription);<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (checkError(AudioUnitGetProperty(_audioUnit,kAudioUnitProperty_StreamFormat,kAudioUnitScope_Input,<span class="hljs-number">0</span>,&_outputFormat,&size),<span class="hljs-string">"Couldn't get the hardware output stream format"</span>))<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-literal">NO</span>;_outputFormat<span class="hljs-variable">.mSampleRate</span> = _samplingRate;<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (checkError(AudioUnitSetProperty(_audioUnit,kAudioUnitProperty_StreamFormat,kAudioUnitScope_Input,<span class="hljs-number">0</span>,&_outputFormat,size),<span class="hljs-string">"Couldn't set the hardware output stream format"</span>)) {<span class="hljs-comment">// just warning</span>}_numBytesPerSample = _outputFormat<span class="hljs-variable">.mBitsPerChannel</span> / <span class="hljs-number">8</span>;_numOutputChannels = _outputFormat<span class="hljs-variable">.mChannelsPerFrame</span>;LoggerAudio(<span class="hljs-number">2</span>, @<span class="hljs-string">"Current output bytes per sample: %ld"</span>, _numBytesPerSample);LoggerAudio(<span class="hljs-number">2</span>, @<span class="hljs-string">"Current output num channels: %ld"</span>, _numOutputChannels);<span class="hljs-comment">// Slap a render callback on the unit</span>AURenderCallbackStruct callbackStruct;callbackStruct<span class="hljs-variable">.inputProc</span> = renderCallback; <span class="hljs-comment">// 注冊回調，這個回調是用來取數據的，也就是</span>callbackStruct<span class="hljs-variable">.inputProcRefCon</span> = (__bridge <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> *)(<span class="hljs-keyword">self</span>);<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (checkError(AudioUnitSetProperty(_audioUnit,kAudioUnitProperty_SetRenderCallback,kAudioUnitScope_Input,<span class="hljs-number">0</span>,&callbackStruct,<span class="hljs-keyword">sizeof</span>(callbackStruct)),<span class="hljs-string">"Couldn't set the render callback on the audio unit"</span>))<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-literal">NO</span>;<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (checkError(AudioUnitInitialize(_audioUnit),<span class="hljs-string">"Couldn't initialize the audio unit"</span>))<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-literal">NO</span>;<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-literal">YES</span>; }</code>總結
本文主要是講述了ffmpeg實現播放的邏輯，分為android和ios兩端，根據兩端平臺的特性做了相應的處理。在android端采用的是NativeWindow（surface）實現視頻播放，OpenSL ES實現音頻播放。實現音視頻同步的邏輯是基于第三方時間基準線，音頻和視頻同時調整的方案。在ios端采用的是OpenGL實現視頻渲染，AudioToolbox實現音頻播放。音視頻同步和android采用的是一樣。其中兩端的ffmpeg邏輯是一致的。在ios端OpenGL實現視頻渲染沒有重點闡述如何使用OpenGL。這個有興趣的同學可以自行研究。
備注：整個代碼工程等整理之后會發布出來。
最后添加兩張播放效果圖
總結
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