0x00 前言簡介

Microsoft為Windows Server 2008 R2（以及更高版本）提供了多個Active Directory PowerShell cmdlet，這大大簡化了以前需要將涉及到的ADSI冗長代碼行放在一起的任務(wù)。

在Windows客戶端上，需要安裝遠(yuǎn)程服務(wù)器管理工具（RSAT）并確保已安裝Active Directory PowerShell模塊。而在Windows服務(wù)器（2008 R2或更高版本）上的 PowerShell控制臺（作為管理員）中運行如下命令：Import-Module? ServerManager ; Add-WindowsFeature RSAT-AD-PowerShell。

0x01? AD的目錄預(yù)覽

AD PowerShell cmdlet和以下方式執(zhí)行效果一樣：

Import-module ?activeDirectory

$UserID = “JoeUser”

Get-ADUser $UserID –property *

需要值得注意的是使用PowerShell v3版本以及高版本，你無需運行第一行命令，因為PowerShell的將識別必要的模塊和自動加載它。一旦加載了Active Directory PowerShell模塊，就可以像瀏覽文件系統(tǒng)那樣瀏覽AD。命令如下：

Ps> Import-module? activeDirectory

Ps>dir ad:

Ps>set-location? ad:

Ps >set-location? “dc=lab,dc=adsecurity,dc=org”

Ps>dir

0x02 查找有用的命令（Cmdlet）

1.基本的模塊和統(tǒng)計

發(fā)現(xiàn)可用的PowerShell模塊：Get-Module -ListAvailable

在PowerShell模塊中發(fā)現(xiàn)cmdlet：Get-Command -module ActiveDirectory

PowerShell AD模塊的Cmdlet個數(shù)：

(Get-Command -module ActiveDirectory).count

• Windows Server 2008 R2: 76 cmdlets
• Windows Server 2012: 135 cmdlets
• Windows Server 2012 R2: 147 cmdlets
• Windows Server 2016:?147 cmdlets

WINDOWS SERVER 2008 R2主要的cmdlets：

? Get/Set-ADForest

? Get/Set-ADDomain

? Get/Set-ADDomainController

? Get/Set-ADUser

? Get/Set-ADComputer

? Get/Set-ADGroup

? Get/Set-ADGroupMember

? Get/Set-ADObject

? Get/Set-ADOrganizationalUnit

? Enable-ADOptionalFeature

? Disable/Enable-ADAccount

? Move-ADDirectoryServerOperationMasterRole

? New-ADUser

? New-ADComputer

? New-ADGroup

? New-ADObject

? New-ADOrganizationalUnit

WINDOWS SERVER 2012含以版本一些新的cmdlets:

? *-ADResourcePropertyListMember

? *-ADAuthenticationPolicy

? *-ADAuthenticationPolicySilo

? *-ADCentralAccessPolicy

? *-ADCentralAccessRule

? *-ADResourceProperty

? *-ADResourcePropertyList

? *-ADResourcePropertyValueType

? *-ADDCCloneConfigFile

? *-ADReplicationAttributeMetadata

? *-ADReplicationConnection

? *-ADReplicationFailure

? *-ADReplicationPartnerMetadata

? *-ADReplicationQueueOperation

? *-ADReplicationSite

? *-ADReplicationSiteLink

? *-ADReplicationSiteLinkBridge

? *-ADReplicationSubnet

? *-ADReplicationUpToDatenessVectorTable

? Sync-ADObject

2.發(fā)現(xiàn)全局目錄 GLOBAL CATALOGS (GCS)

? Forest GCs（森林全局目錄）：

import-module ActiveDirectory

$ADForest = Get-ADForest

$ADForestGlobalCatalogs = $ADForest.GlobalCatalogs

? Domain DCs that are GCs（以域DCS的全局目錄）：

import-module ActiveDirectory

$DCsNotGCs = Get-ADDomainController -filter { IsGlobalCatalog -eq $True}

? Domain DCs that are not GCs（以非域DCS的全局目錄）：

import-module ActiveDirectory

$DCsNotGCs = Get-ADDomainController -filter { IsGlobalCatalog -eq $False }

3.查找Active Directory靈活單主機操作（FSMO）角色

活動目錄模塊：

（GET-ADForest）.SchemaMaster

（GET-ADForest）.DomainNamingMaster

（GET-ADDomain）.InfrastructureMaster

（GET-ADDomain）.PDCEmulator

（GET-ADDomain）.RIDMaster

.NET調(diào)用：

?Get the Current Domain:
[System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Domain]::GetCurrentDomain().Name

?[System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Domain]::GetComputerDomain().Name
? Get the Computer’s Site:
[System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.ActiveDirectorySite]::GetComputerSite()
? List All Domain Controllers in a Domain:
[System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Domain]::GetCurrentDomain().DomainControllers
? Get Active Directory Domain Mode:
[System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Domain]::GetCurrentDomain().DomainMode
? List Active Directory FSMOs:
([System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Forest]::GetCurrentForest()).SchemaRoleOwner

([System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Forest]::GetCurrentForest()).NamingRoleOwner

([System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Domain]::GetCurrentDomain()).InfrastructureRoleOwner

([System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Domain]::GetCurrentDomain()).PdcRoleOwner

([System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Domain]::GetCurrentDomain()).RidRoleOwner

?Get Active Directory Forest Name:

?[System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Forest]::GetCurrentForest().Name

? Get a List of Sites in the Active Directory Forest:

?[array] $ADSites = [System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Forest]::GetCurrentForest().Sites

? Get Active Directory Forest Domains:

[System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Forest]::GetCurrentForest().Domains

? Get Active Directory Forest Global Catalogs:

[System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Forest]::GetCurrentForest().GlobalCatalogs

? Get Active Directory Forest Mode:

[System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Forest]::GetCurrentForest().ForestMode

? Get Active Directory Forest Root Domain:

[System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Forest]::GetCurrentForest().RootDomain

4.FSMO角色從一個DC移動到另一個DC

get-command -module activedirectory -noun *Master*

?Moving FSMO Roles:

?Move-ADDirectoryServerOperationMasterRole -Identity $DCName -OperationMasterRole RIDMaster

Move-ADDirectoryServerOperationMasterRole -Identity $DCName -

OperationMasterRole DomainNamingMaster

Move-ADDirectoryServerOperationMasterRole -Identity $DCName -OperationMasterRole PDCEmulato

?Seizing FSMO Roles:

Move-ADDirectoryServerOperationMasterRole -Identity $DCName -OperationMasterRole PDCEmulator –FORCE

0x03 Active Directory PowerShell模塊Cmdlet示例

1.Get-RootDSE

獲取有關(guān)LDAP服務(wù)器（域控制器）的信息并顯示其內(nèi)容，結(jié)果中有一些有趣的信息，比如DC運行的操作系統(tǒng)信息。

?

2.Get-ADForest

提供有關(guān)運行該命令計算機所在的Active Directory森林信息。

?

3.Get-ADDomain

提供有關(guān)當(dāng)前所在域的信息

4.Get-ADDomainController

提供特定于域控制器的計算機信息，通過cmdlet命令，可輕松查找到特定站點中的所有DC或運行OS版本信息。

?

5.Get-ADComputer

提供了關(guān)于AD中大多數(shù)計算機對象的信息，使用“-Prop *”參數(shù)運行的命令可以顯示所有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)屬性信息。

6.?AD計算機的統(tǒng)計

$Time = (Measure-Command `

{[array] $AllComputers = Get-ADComputer -filter * -properties

Name,CanonicalName,Enabled,passwordLastSet,SAMAccountName,LastLogonTimeSt

amp,DistinguishedName,OperatingSystem }).TotalMinutes

$AllComputersCount = $AllComputers.Count

Write-Output “There were $AllComputersCount Computers discovered in

$DomainDNS in $Time minutes… `r “

7.Get-ADUser

提供了想要了解有關(guān)AD用戶的大部分內(nèi)容信息，使用“-Prop *”參數(shù)運行的命令可以顯示所有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)屬性信息。

?8.?AD用戶的統(tǒng)計

import-Module ActiveDirectory

$DomainDNS = [System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Domain]::GetCurrentDomain().Name

[array]$AllUsers = Get-ADUser -filter * -properties

Name,DistinguishedName,Enabled,LastLogonDate,LastLogonTimeStamp,LockedOut,msExchHom

eServerName,SAMAccountName

$AllUsersCount = $AllUsers.Count

Write-Output “There were $AllUsersCount user objects discovered in $ADDomainDNSRoot … “

[array] $DisabledUsers = $AllUsers | Where-Object { $_.Enabled -eq $False }

$DisabledUsersCount = $DisabledUsers.Count

[array] $EnabledUsers = $AllUsers | Where-Object { $_.Enabled -eq $True }

$EnabledUsersCount = $EnabledUsers.Count

Write-Output “There are $EnabledUsersCount Enabled users and there are $DisabledUsersCount

Disabled users in $DomainDNS “

9.Get-ADGroup

提供有關(guān)AD組的信息，運行如下命令可查找所有安全組：
Get-ADGroup -Filter {GroupCategory -eq ‘Security}

10.Get-ADGroupMember

枚舉并返回組成員信息，使用”-Recursive”參數(shù)可包括嵌套組的所有成員。
Get-ADGroupMember ‘Administrators’ -Recursive

11.查找非活動計算機

以下示例查找非活動（舊版本）計算機和用戶：在過去10天內(nèi)未更改其密碼的帳戶。請注意，這是一個測試示例。對于實際的生產(chǎn)環(huán)境，將此建議更改為計算機的60到90天，用戶的180到365天的策略。

?

12.查找非活動用戶

13.枚舉域信任

14.獲取活動目錄的實施日期

15.獲取AD密碼策略

16.獲取AD站點信息
請注意Windows 2012模塊中包含站點的cmdlet（Get-ADReplicationSite?*）。

17.?獲得tombstonelifetime信息

18.AD的回收信息

Requires Forest Functional Mode = Windows Server 2008 R2

? Enable the Recycle Bin (as Enterprise Admin)

Enable-ADOptionalFeature –Identity ‘CN=Recycle Bin Feature,CN=Optional Features,CN=Directory

Service,CN=Windows NT,CN=Services,CN=Configuration,DC=DOMAIN,DC=COM’ –Scope

ForestOrConfigurationSet –Target ‘DOMAIN.COM’

? Find all Deleted Users

$DeletedUsers = Get-ADObject -SearchBase “CN=Deleted Objects,DC=DOMAIN,DC=COM” -Filter

{ObjectClass -eq “user”} -IncludeDeletedObjects -Properties lastKnownParent

? Restore all Deleted Users

$DeletedUsers | Restore-ADObject

? Restore users deleted on a specific date

$ChangeDate = Get-Date (“1/1/2015″)

Get-ADObject -Filter { (whenChanged -eq $changeDate) -and (isDeleted -eq $true) -and (name -ne

“Deleted Objects”) -and (ObjectClass -eq “user”) } -IncludeDeletedObjects -Properties * | RestoreADObject

19.DOMAIN RID STATS（域 rid 統(tǒng)計）

?

20.備份域GPO
請注意，這需要安裝組策略PowerShell模塊，該模塊與Active Directory模塊分開。

21.查找AD Kerberos服務(wù)帳戶

22.?服務(wù)賬號腳本

https://github.com/PyroTek3/PowerShell-AD-Recon/blob/master/Find-PSServiceAccounts

使用SPNS在AD中發(fā)現(xiàn)服務(wù)：SQl

列出SQL服務(wù)：

https://github.com/PyroTek3/PowerShell-AD-Recon/blob/master/Discover-PSMSSQLServers

?

23.列出域控制器
Get-ADDomainController-filter * |?`select hostname，IPv4Address，IsGlobalCatalog，IsReadOnly，OperatingSystem |?`format-table -auto

24.DOMAIN CONTROLLERS DISCOVERY（域控制器的發(fā)現(xiàn)）

? Discover PDCe in domain（發(fā)現(xiàn)域的PDCe）
Get-ADDomainController –Discover –ForceDiscover –Service “PrimaryDC” –
DomainName “l(fā)ab.adsecurity.org”
? Discover DCs in a Site（發(fā)現(xiàn)站點的DCs）
Get-ADDomainController –Discover –Site “HQ”
? Find all Read-Only Domain Controllers that are GCs(查找所有作為GCs的只讀域控制器)
Get-ADDomainController –filter `
{ (isGlobalCatalog –eq $True) –AND (isReadOnly –eq $True) }

25.AD數(shù)據(jù)庫完整性檢查

Write-Output "Checking the NTDS database for errors (semantic database

analysis) `r "

Stop-Service ntds -force

$NTDSdbChecker = ntdsutil "activate instance ntds" "semantic database

analysis" "verbose on" "Go" q q

Start-Service ntds

Write-Output "Results of Active Directory database integrity check: `r "

$NTDSdbChecker

26.Get-ADReplicationPartnerMetadata

Windows Server 2012及更高版本，此命令用于顯示目標(biāo)DC復(fù)制伙伴的復(fù)制元數(shù)據(jù)

?

27.Get-ADReplicationPartnerFailure

提供有關(guān)DC復(fù)制失敗狀態(tài)的信息，此命令顯示AD復(fù)制錯誤的描述，CMDLETS (2012)

?

28.Get-ADReplicationUptodatenessVectorTable

跟蹤域控制器之間的復(fù)制狀態(tài)，CMDLETS (2012)

29.AD Web服務(wù)（ADWS）

需要在目標(biāo)DC上運行AD Web服務(wù)（ADWS）（TCP 9389）

Get-ADDomainController –Discover –Service “ADWS”

?

30.REPADMIN（目錄復(fù)制工具） VS. POWERSHELL

REPADMIN	PowerShell
?	2012 Cmdlets
/FailCache	Get-ADReplicationFailure
/Queue	Get-ADReplicationQueueOperation
/ReplSingleObj	Sync-ADObject
/ShowConn	Get-ADReplicationConnection
/ShowObjMeta	Get-ADReplicationAttributeMetadata
/ShowRepl /ReplSum	Get-ADReplicationPartnerMetadata
/ShowUTDVec	Get-ADReplicationUpToDatenessVectorTable
/SiteOptions	Set-ADReplicationSite
?	2008 R2 Cmdlets
/ShowAttr	Get-ADObject
/SetAttr	Set-ADObject
/PRP	Get-ADDomainControllerPasswordReplicationPolicy
Add-ADDomainControllerPasswordReplicationPolicy	?
Remove-ADDomainControllerPasswordReplicationPolicy	?
Get-ADAccountResultantPasswordReplicationPolicy	?
Get-ADDomainControllerPasswordReplicationPolicyUsage	?

?

轉(zhuǎn)載于:https://www.cnblogs.com/backlion/p/9267100.html

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