作者：劉洪濤,華清遠見嵌入式學院講師。

四、在內核里寫i2c設備驅動的兩種方式

前文介紹了利用/dev/i2c-0在應用層完成對i2c設備的操作，但很多時候我們還是習慣為i2c設備在內核層編寫驅動程序。目前內核支持兩種編寫i2c驅動程序的方式。下面分別介紹這兩種方式的實現。這里分別稱這兩種方式為“Adapter方式（LEGACY）”和“Probe方式（new style）”。

（1） Adapter方式（LEGACY）

（下面的實例代碼是在2.6.27內核的pca953x.c基礎上修改的，原始代碼采用的是本文將要討論的第2種方式，即Probe方式）

●????構建i2c_driver

static struct i2c_driver pca953x_driver = {
????????????????.driver = {
????????????????????????????????????.name= "pca953x", //名稱
????????????????????????????????},
????????????????.id= ID_PCA9555,//id號
????????????????.attach_adapter= pca953x_attach_adapter, //調用適配器連接設備
????????????????.detach_client= pca953x_detach_client,//讓設備脫離適配器
????????};

●????注冊i2c_driver

static int __init pca953x_init(void)
????????{
????????????????return i2c_add_driver(&pca953x_driver);
????????}
????????module_init(pca953x_init);

●????attach_adapter動作

執行i2c_add_driver(&pca953x_driver)后會，如果內核中已經注冊了i2c適配器，則順序調用這些適配器來連接我們的i2c設備。此過程是通過調用i2c_driver中的attach_adapter方法完成的。具體實現形式如下：

static int pca953x_attach_adapter(struct i2c_adapter *adapter)
????????{
????????????????return i2c_probe(adapter, &addr_data, pca953x_detect);
????????????????/*
????????????????adapter:適配器
????????????????addr_data:地址信息
????????????????pca953x_detect：探測到設備后調用的函數
????????????????*/
????????}

地址信息addr_data是由下面代碼指定的。
????????/* Addresses to scan */
????????static unsigned short normal_i2c[] = {0x20,0x21,0x22,0x23,0x24,0x25,0x26,0x27,I2C_CLIENT_END};
????????I2C_CLIENT_INSMOD;

注意：normal_i2c里的地址必須是你i2c芯片的地址。否則將無法正確探測到設備。而I2C_ CLIENT_INSMOD是一個宏，它會利用normal_i2c構建addr_data。

●????構建i2c_client，并注冊字符設備驅動

i2c_probe在探測到目標設備后，后調用pca953x_detect，并把當時的探測地址address作為參數傳入。

static int pca953x_detect(struct i2c_adapter *adapter, int address, int kind)
????????{
????????????????struct i2c_client *new_client;
????????????????struct pca953x_chip *chip; //設備結構體
????????????????int err = 0,result;
????????????????dev_t pca953x_dev=MKDEV(pca953x_major,0);//構建設備號，根據具體情況設定，這里我只考慮了normal_i2c中只有一個地址匹配的情況。
????????????????if (!i2c_check_functionality(adapter, I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_BYTE_DATA| I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_WORD_DATA))//判定適配器能力
????????????????goto exit;
????????????????if (!(chip = kzalloc(sizeof(struct pca953x_chip), GFP_KERNEL))) {
????????????????????????err = -ENOMEM;
????????????????????????goto exit;
????????????????}
????????????????/****構建i2c-client****/
????????????????chip->client=kzalloc(sizeof(struct i2c_client),GFP_KERNEL);
????????????????new_client = chip->client;
????????????????i2c_set_clientdata(new_client, chip);
????????????????new_client->addr = address;
????????????????new_client->adapter = adapter;
????????????????new_client->driver = &pca953x_driver;
????????????????new_client->flags = 0;
????????????????strlcpy(new_client->name, "pca953x", I2C_NAME_SIZE);
????????????????if ((err = i2c_attach_client(new_client)))//注冊i2c_client
????????????????goto exit_kfree;
????????????????if (err)
????????????????goto exit_detach;
????????????????if(pca953x_major)
????????????????{
????????????????????????result=register_chrdev_region(pca953x_dev,1,"pca953x");
????????????????}
????????????????else{
????????????????????????result=alloc_chrdev_region(&pca953x_dev,0,1,"pca953x");
????????????????????????pca953x_major=MAJOR(pca953x_dev);
????????????????}
????????????????if (result < 0) {
????????????????????????printk(KERN_NOTICE "Unable to get pca953x region, error %d/n", result);
????????????????????????return result;
????????????????}
????????????????pca953x_setup_cdev(chip,0); //注冊字符設備，此處不詳解
????????????????return 0;
????????????????exit_detach:
????????????????i2c_detach_client(new_client);
????????exit_kfree:
????????????????kfree(chip);
????????exit:
????????????????return err;
????????}

i2c_check_functionality用來判定設配器的能力，這一點非常重要。你也可以直接查看對應設配器的能力，如

static const struct i2c_algorithm smbus_algorithm = {
????????????????.smbus_xfer= i801_access,
????????????????.functionality= i801_func,
????????};
????????static u32 i801_func(struct i2c_adapter *adapter)
????????{
????????????????????????return I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_QUICK | I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_BYTE |
????????????????????I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_BYTE_DATA | I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_WORD_DATA |
????????????????I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_BLOCK_DATA | I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_WRITE_I2C_BLOCK
????????????????????????????????| (isich4 ? I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_HWPEC_CALC : 0);
????????}

●????字符驅動的具體實現

struct file_operations pca953x_fops = {
????????????????.owner = THIS_MODULE,
????????????????.ioctl= pca953x_ioctl,
????????????????.open= pca953x_open,
????????????????.release =pca953x_release,
????????};

字符設備驅動本身沒有什么好說的，這里主要想說一下，如何在驅動中調用i2c設配器幫我們完成數據傳輸。

目前設配器主要支持兩種傳輸方法：smbus_xfer和master_xfer。一般來說，如果設配器支持了master_xfer那么它也可以模擬支持smbus的傳輸。但如果只實現smbus_xfer，則不支持一些i2c的傳輸。

int (*master_xfer)(struct i2c_adapter *adap,struct i2c_msg *msgs,int num);
????????int (*smbus_xfer) (struct i2c_adapter *adap, u16 addr,
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????unsigned short flags, char read_write,
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????u8 command, int size, union i2c_smbus_data * data);

master_xfer中的參數設置，和前面的用戶空間編程一致。現在只是要在驅動中構建相關的參數然后調用i2c_transfer來完成傳輸既可。

int i2c_transfer(struct i2c_adapter * adap, struct i2c_msg *msgs, int num)

smbus_xfer中的參數設置及調用方法如下：

static int pca953x_write_reg(struct pca953x_chip *chip, int reg, uint16_t val)
????????{
????????????????int ret;
????????????????ret = i2c_smbus_write_word_data(chip->client, reg << 1, val);
????????????????if (ret < 0) {
????????????????????????????????dev_err(&chip->client->dev, "failed writing register/n");
????????????????????????????????????????return -EIO;
????????????????????????????????}
????????????????return 0;
????????}

上面函數完成向芯片的地址為reg的寄存器寫一個16bit的數據。i2c_smbus_write_word_data的實現如下：

s32 i2c_smbus_write_word_data(struct i2c_client *client, u8 command, u16 value)
????????{
????????????????union i2c_smbus_data data;
????????????????data.word = value;
????????????????return i2c_smbus_xfer(client->adapter,client->addr,client->flags,
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????I2C_SMBUS_WRITE,command,
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????I2C_SMBUS_WORD_DATA,&data);
????????}

從中可以看出smbus傳輸一個16位數據的方法。其它操作如：字符寫、字符讀、字讀、塊操作等，可以參考內核的i2c-core.c中提供的方法。

●????注銷i2c_driver

static void __exit pca953x_exit(void)
????????{
????????????????i2c_del_driver(&pca953x_driver);
????????}
????????module_exit(pca953x_exit);

●????detach_client動作

順序調用內核中注冊的適配器來斷開我們注冊過的i2c設備。此過程通過調用i2c_driver中的attach_adapter方法完成的。具體實現形式如下：

static int pca953x_detach_client(struct i2c_client *client)
????????{
????????????????int err;
????????????????struct pca953x_chip *data;
????????????????if ((err = i2c_detach_client(client)))//斷開i2c_client
????????????????return err;
????????????????data=i2c_get_clientdata(client);
????????????????cdev_del(&(data->cdev));
????????????????unregister_chrdev_region(MKDEV(pca953x_major, 0), 1);
????????????????kfree(data->client);
????????????????kfree(data);
????????????????return 0;
????????}

（2） Probe方式（new style）

●????構建i2c_driver

和LEGACY方式一樣，也需要構建i2c_driver，但是內容有所不同。

static struct i2c_driver pca953x_driver = {
????????????????.driver = {
????????????????????????.name= "pca953x",
????????????????????????},
????????????????????????.probe= pca953x_probe, //當有i2c_client和i2c_driver匹配時調用
????????????????????????.remove= pca953x_remove,//注銷時調用
????????????????????????.id_table= pca953x_id,//匹配規則
????????};

●????注冊i2c_driver

static int __init pca953x_init(void)
????????{
????????????????return i2c_add_driver(&pca953x_driver);
????????}
????????module_init(pca953x_init);

在注冊i2c_driver的過程中，是將driver注冊到了i2c_bus_type的總線上。此總線的匹配規則是：

static const struct i2c_device_id *i2c_match_id(const struct i2c_device_id *id,
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????const struct i2c_client *client)
????????{
????????????????while (id->name[0]) {
????????????????????????if (strcmp(client->name, id->name) == 0)
????????????????????????????????return id;
????????????????????????id++;
????????????????}
????????????????return NULL;
????????}

可以看出是利用i2c_client的名稱和id_table中的名稱做匹配的。本驅動中的id_table為

static const struct i2c_device_id pca953x_id[] = {
????????????????{ "pca9534", 8, },
????????????????{ "pca9535", 16, },
????????????????{ "pca9536", 4, },
????????????????{ "pca9537", 4, },
????????????????{ "pca9538", 8, },
????????????????{ "pca9539", 16, },
????????????????{ "pca9554", 8, },
????????????????{ "pca9555", 16, },
????????????????{ "pca9557", 8, },
????????????????{ "max7310", 8, },
????????????????{ }
????????};

看到現在我們應該會有這樣的疑問，在Adapter模式中，i2c_client是我們自己構造出來的，而現在的i2c_client是從哪來的呢？看看下面的解釋

●????注冊i2c_board_info

對于Probe模式，通常在平臺代碼中要完成i2c_board_info的注冊。方法如下：

static struct i2c_board_info __initdata test_i2c_devices[] = {
????????????????{
????????????????????????I2C_BOARD_INFO("pca9555", 0x27),//pca9555為芯片名稱，0x27為芯片地址
????????????????????????.platform_data = &pca9555_data,
????????????????}, {
????????????????????????I2C_BOARD_INFO("mt9v022", 0x48),
????????????????????????.platform_data = &iclink[0], /* With extender */
????????????????}, {
????????????????????????I2C_BOARD_INFO("mt9m001", 0x5d),
????????????????????????.platform_data = &iclink[0], /* With extender */
????????????????},
????????};
????????i2c_register_board_info(0, test_i2c_devices,ARRAY_SIZE(test_i2c_devices)); //注冊

i2c_client就是在注冊過程中構建的。但有一點需要注意的是i2c_register_board_info并沒有EXPORT_SYMBOL給模塊使用。

●????字符驅動注冊

在Probe方式下，添加字符驅動的位置在pca953x_probe中。

static int __devinit pca953x_probe(struct i2c_client *client,const struct i2c_device_id *id)
????????{
????????????????????????……
????????????????????????/****字符設備驅動注冊位置****/
????????????????????????……
????????????????????????return 0;
????????}

●????注銷i2c_driver

static void __exit pca953x_exit(void)
????????{
????????????????i2c_del_driver(&pca953x_driver);
????????}
????????module_exit(pca953x_exit);

●????注銷字符設備驅動

在Probe方式下，注銷字符驅動的位置在pca953x_remove中。

static int __devinit pca953x_remove (struct i2c_client *client)
????????{
????????????????……
????????????????/****字符設備驅動注銷的位置****/
????????????????……
????????????????return 0;
????????}

●????I2C設備的數據交互方法(即：調用適配器操作設備的方法)和Adapter方式下相同。

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