本文節(jié)選自吳恩達老師《深度學(xué)習(xí)專項課程》編程作業(yè)，在此表示感謝。

課程鏈接：https://www.deeplearning.ai/deep-learning-specialization/

目錄

1 - Problem Statement

2 - Transfer Learning

3 - Neural Style Transfer

3.1 - Computing the content cost

3.2 - Computing the style cost

3.3 - Defining the total cost to optimize

4 - Solving the optimization problem

5 - Conclusion

References:

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Welcome to the second assignment of this week. In this assignment, you will learn about Neural Style Transfer. This algorithm was created by Gatys et al. (2015) (https://arxiv.org/abs/1508.06576).

In this assignment, you will:

• Implement the neural style transfer algorithm
• Generate novel artistic images using your algorithm

Most of the algorithms you've studied optimize a cost function to get a set of parameter values. In Neural Style Transfer, you'll optimize a cost function to get pixel values!

import os import sys import scipy.io import scipy.misc import matplotlib.pyplot as plt from matplotlib.pyplot import imshow from PIL import Image from nst_utils import * import numpy as np import tensorflow as tf%matplotlib inline

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1 - Problem Statement

Neural Style Transfer (NST) is one of the most fun techniques in deep learning. As seen below, it merges two images, namely, a "content" image (C) and a "style" image (S), to create a "generated" image (G). The generated image G combines the "content" of the image C with the "style" of image S.

In this example, you are going to generate an image of the Louvre museum in Paris (content image C), mixed with a painting by Claude Monet, a leader of the impressionist movement (style image S).

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2 - Transfer Learning

Neural Style Transfer (NST) uses a previously trained convolutional network, and builds on top of that. The idea of using a network trained on a different task and applying it to a new task is called transfer learning.

Following the original NST paper (https://arxiv.org/abs/1508.06576), we will use the VGG network. Specifically, we'll use VGG-19, a 19-layer version of the VGG network. This model has already been trained on the very large ImageNet database, and thus has learned to recognize a variety of low level features (at the earlier layers) and high level features (at the deeper layers).

Run the following code to load parameters from the VGG model. This may take a few seconds.

model = load_vgg_model("pretrained-model/imagenet-vgg-verydeep-19.mat") print(model)

The model is stored in a python dictionary where each variable name is the key and the corresponding value is a tensor containing that variable's value. To run an image through this network, you just have to feed the image to the model. In TensorFlow, you can do so using the tf.assign function. In particular, you will use the assign function like this:

model["input"].assign(image)

This assigns the image as an input to the model. After this, if you want to access the activations of a particular layer, say layer 4_2 when the network is run on this image, you would run a TensorFlow session on the correct tensor conv4_2, as follows:

sess.run(model["conv4_2"])

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3 - Neural Style Transfer

We will build the NST algorithm in three steps:

• Build the content cost function ????????(?,?)

• Build the style cost function ??????(?,?)
• Put it together to get ?(?)=?????????(?,?)+???????(?,?)

3.1 - Computing the content cost

In our running example, the content image C will be the picture of the Louvre Museum in Paris. Run the code below to see a picture of the Louvre.

content_image = scipy.misc.imread("images/louvre.jpg") imshow(content_image)

The content image (C) shows the Louvre museum's pyramid surrounded by old Paris buildings, against a sunny sky with a few clouds.

3.1.1 - How do you ensure the generated image G matches the content of the image C?**

As we saw in lecture, the earlier (shallower) layers of a ConvNet tend to detect lower-level features such as edges and simple textures, and the later (deeper) layers tend to detect higher-level features such as more complex textures as well as object classes.

We would like the "generated" image G to have similar content as the input image C. Suppose you have chosen some layer's activations to represent the content of an image. In practice, you'll get the most visually pleasing results if you choose a layer in the middle of the network--neither too shallow nor too deep. (After you have finished this exercise, feel free to come back and experiment with using different layers, to see how the results vary.)

So, suppose you have picked one particular hidden layer to use. Now, set the image C as the input to the pretrained VGG network, and run forward propagation. Let be the hidden layer activations in the layer you had chosen. (In lecture, we had written this as but here we'll drop the superscript [?] to simplify the notation.) This will be a ??×??×?? tensor. Repeat this process with the image G: Set G as the input, and run forward progation. Let? be the corresponding hidden layer activation. We will define as the content cost function as:

??????????????????????????????

Here, ??,?? and ?? are the height, width and number of channels of the hidden layer you have chosen, and appear in a normalization term in the cost. For clarity, note that and are the volumes corresponding to a hidden layer's activations. In order to compute the cost , it might also be convenient to unroll these 3D volumes into a 2D matrix, as shown below. (Technically this unrolling step isn't needed to compute .but it will be good practice for when you do need to carry out a similar operation later for computing the style const )

Exercise: Compute the "content cost" using TensorFlow.

Instructions: The 3 steps to implement this function are:

Retrieve dimensions from a_G:

• To retrieve dimensions from a tensor X, use: X.get_shape().as_list()

Unroll a_C and a_G as explained in the picture above

• If you are stuck, take a look at Hint1 and Hint2.

Compute the content cost:

• If you are stuck, take a look at Hint3, Hint4 and Hint5.

# GRADED FUNCTION: compute_content_costdef compute_content_cost(a_C, a_G):"""Computes the content costArguments:a_C -- tensor of dimension (1, n_H, n_W, n_C), hidden layer activations representing content of the image C a_G -- tensor of dimension (1, n_H, n_W, n_C), hidden layer activations representing content of the image GReturns: J_content -- scalar that you compute using equation 1 above."""# Retrieve dimensions from a_G (≈1 line)m, n_H, n_W, n_C = a_G.get_shape().as_list()# Reshape a_C and a_G (≈2 lines)a_C_unrolled = tf.transpose(tf.reshape(a_C, [n_H * n_W, n_C]))a_G_unrolled = tf.transpose(tf.reshape(a_G, [n_H * n_W, n_C]))# compute the cost with tensorflow (≈1 line)J_content = 1/(4*n_H*n_W*n_C)*tf.reduce_sum(tf.square(tf.subtract(a_C_unrolled, a_G_unrolled)))return J_content

**What you should remember**: - The content cost takes a hidden layer activation of the neural network, and measures how different and are. - When we minimize the content cost later, this will help make sure ? has similar content as ?.

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3.2 - Computing the style cost

For our running example, we will use the following style image:

style_image = scipy.misc.imread("images/monet_800600.jpg") imshow(style_image)

This painting was painted in the style of impressionism.Lets see how you can now define a "style" const function ??????(?,?).

3.2.1 - Style matrix

The style matrix is also called a "Gram matrix." In linear algebra, the Gram matrix G of a set of vectors is the matrix of dot products, whose entries are . In other words, compares how similar is to??: If they are highly similar, you would expect them to have a large dot product, and thus for?? to be large.

Note that there is an unfortunate collision in the variable names used here. We are following common terminology used in the literature, but ? is used to denote the Style matrix (or Gram matrix) as well as to denote the generated image ?. We will try to make sure which ? we are referring to is always clear from the context.

In NST, you can compute the Style matrix by multiplying the "unrolled" filter matrix with their transpose:

The result is a matrix of dimension (??,??) where ?? is the number of filters. The value ??? measures how similar the activations of filter ? are to the activations of filter ?.

One important part of the gram matrix is that the diagonal elements such as ??? also measures how active filter ? is. For example, suppose filter ? is detecting vertical textures in the image. Then ??? measures how common vertical textures are in the image as a whole: If ??? is large, this means that the image has a lot of vertical texture.

By capturing the prevalence of different types of features (???), as well as how much different features occur together (???), the Style matrix ? measures the style of an image.

Exercise: Using TensorFlow, implement a function that computes the Gram matrix of a matrix A. The formula is: The gram matrix of A is? If you are stuck, take a look at Hint 1 and Hint 2.

# GRADED FUNCTION: gram_matrixdef gram_matrix(A):"""Argument:A -- matrix of shape (n_C, n_H*n_W)Returns:GA -- Gram matrix of A, of shape (n_C, n_C)"""GA = tf.matmul(A, A, transpose_b=True)return GA

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3.2.2 - Style cost

After generating the Style matrix (Gram matrix), your goal will be to minimize the distance between the Gram matrix of the "style" image S and that of the "generated" image G. For now, we are using only a single hidden layer , and the corresponding style cost for this layer is defined as:

?????????????????????????????????

where? and?? are respectively the Gram matrices of the "style" image and the "generated" image, computed using the hidden layer activations for a particular hidden layer in the network.

Exercise: Compute the style cost for a single layer.

Instructions: The 3 steps to implement this function are:

Retrieve dimensions from the hidden layer activations a_G:

???????????????? To retrieve dimensions from a tensor X, use: X.get_shape().as_list()

Unroll the hidden layer activations a_S and a_G into 2D matrices, as explained in the picture above.

???????????????? You may find Hint1 and Hint2 useful.

Compute the Style matrix of the images S and G. (Use the function you had previously written.)

Compute the Style cost:

??????????????? You may find Hint3, Hint4 and Hint5 useful.

def compute_layer_style_cost(a_S, a_G):"""Arguments:a_S -- tensor of dimension (1, n_H, n_W, n_C), hidden layer activations representing style of the image S a_G -- tensor of dimension (1, n_H, n_W, n_C), hidden layer activations representing style of the image GReturns: J_style_layer -- tensor representing a scalar value, style cost defined above by equation (2)"""# Retrieve dimensions from a_G (≈1 line)m, n_H, n_W, n_C = a_G.get_shape().as_list()# Reshape the images to have them of shape (n_H*n_W, n_C) (≈2 lines)a_S = tf.transpose(tf.reshape(a_S, [n_H * n_W, n_C]))a_G = tf.transpose(tf.reshape(a_G, [n_H * n_W, n_C]))# Computing gram_matrices for both images S and G (≈2 lines)GS = gram_matrix(a_S)GG = gram_matrix(a_G)# Computing the loss (≈1 line)J_style_layer = 1/(4* n_H*n_H * n_W*n_W * n_C*n_C)*tf.reduce_sum(tf.square(tf.subtract(GS, GG)))return J_style_layer

---

3.2.3 Style Weights

So far you have captured the style from only one layer. We'll get better results if we "merge" style costs from several different layers. After completing this exercise, feel free to come back and experiment with different weights to see how it changes the generated image ?. But for now, this is a pretty reasonable default:

STYLE_LAYERS = [('conv1_1', 0.2),('conv2_1', 0.2),('conv3_1', 0.2),('conv4_1', 0.2),('conv5_1', 0.2)]

You can combine the style costs for different layers as follows:

????????????????????????????????????????????

where the values for are given in `STYLE_LAYERS

We've implemented a compute_style_cost(...) function. It simply calls your compute_layer_style_cost(...) several times, and weights their results using the values in STYLE_LAYERS. Read over it to make sure you understand what it's doing.

def compute_style_cost(model, STYLE_LAYERS):"""Computes the overall style cost from several chosen layersArguments:model -- our tensorflow modelSTYLE_LAYERS -- A python list containing:- the names of the layers we would like to extract style from- a coefficient for each of themReturns: J_style -- tensor representing a scalar value, style cost defined above by equation (2)"""# initialize the overall style costJ_style = 0for layer_name, coeff in STYLE_LAYERS:# Select the output tensor of the currently selected layerout = model[layer_name]# Set a_S to be the hidden layer activation from the layer we have selected, by running the session on outa_S = sess.run(out)# Set a_G to be the hidden layer activation from same layer. Here, a_G references model[layer_name] # and isn't evaluated yet. Later in the code, we'll assign the image G as the model input, so that# when we run the session, this will be the activations drawn from the appropriate layer, with G as input.a_G = out# Compute style_cost for the current layerJ_style_layer = compute_layer_style_cost(a_S, a_G)# Add coeff * J_style_layer of this layer to overall style costJ_style += coeff * J_style_layerreturn J_style

Note: In the inner-loop of the for-loop above, a_G is a tensor and hasn't been evaluated yet. It will be evaluated and updated at each iteration when we run the TensorFlow graph in model_nn() below.

**What you should remember**: - The style of an image can be represented using the Gram matrix of a hidden layer's activations. However, we get even better results combining this representation from multiple different layers. This is in contrast to the content representation, where usually using just a single hidden layer is sufficient. - Minimizing the style cost will cause the image ? to follow the style of the image ?.

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3.3 - Defining the total cost to optimize

Finally, let's create a cost function that minimizes both the style and the content cost. The formula is:

???????????????????????????????

Exercise: Implement the total cost function which includes both the content cost and the style cost.

# GRADED FUNCTION: total_costdef total_cost(J_content, J_style, alpha = 10, beta = 40):"""Computes the total cost functionArguments:J_content -- content cost coded aboveJ_style -- style cost coded abovealpha -- hyperparameter weighting the importance of the content costbeta -- hyperparameter weighting the importance of the style costReturns:J -- total cost as defined by the formula above."""J = alpha*J_content + beta*J_stylereturn J

**What you should remember**: - The total cost is a linear combination of the content cost ????????(?,?) and the style cost ??????(?,?) - ? and ? are hyperparameters that control the relative weighting between content and style

---

4 - Solving the optimization problem

Finally, let's put everything together to implement Neural Style Transfer!

Here's what the program will have to do:

Create an Interactive Session

Load the content image

Load the style image

Randomly initialize the image to be generated

Load the VGG16 model

Build the TensorFlow graph:

• Run the content image through the VGG16 model and compute the content cost
• Run the style image through the VGG16 model and compute the style cost
• Compute the total cost
• Define the optimizer and the learning rate

Initialize the TensorFlow graph and run it for a large number of iterations, updating the generated image at every step.

Lets go through the individual steps in detail.

You've previously implemented the overall cost ?(?). We'll now set up TensorFlow to optimize this with respect to ?. To do so, your program has to reset the graph and use an "Interactive Session". Unlike a regular session, the "Interactive Session" installs itself as the default session to build a graph. This allows you to run variables without constantly needing to refer to the session object, which simplifies the code.

Lets start the interactive session.

# Reset the graph tf.reset_default_graph()# Start interactive session sess = tf.InteractiveSession()content_image = scipy.misc.imread("images/louvre_small.jpg") content_image = reshape_and_normalize_image(content_image)style_image = scipy.misc.imread("images/monet.jpg") style_image = reshape_and_normalize_image(style_image)

Now, we initialize the "generated" image as a noisy image created from the content_image. By initializing the pixels of the generated image to be mostly noise but still slightly correlated with the content image, this will help the content of the "generated" image more rapidly match the content of the "content" image. (Feel free to look in nst_utils.py to see the details of generate_noise_image(...); to do so, click "File-->Open..." at the upper-left corner of this Jupyter notebook.)

generated_image = generate_noise_image(content_image) imshow(generated_image[0])

model = load_vgg_model("pretrained-model/imagenet-vgg-verydeep-19.mat")

To get the program to compute the content cost, we will now assign a_C and a_G to be the appropriate hidden layer activations. We will use layer conv4_2 to compute the content cost. The code below does the following:

Assign the content image to be the input to the VGG model.

Set a_C to be the tensor giving the hidden layer activation for layer "conv4_2".

Set a_G to be the tensor giving the hidden layer activation for the same layer.

Compute the content cost using a_C and a_G.

# Assign the content image to be the input of the VGG model. sess.run(model['input'].assign(content_image))# Select the output tensor of layer conv4_2 out = model['conv4_2']# Set a_C to be the hidden layer activation from the layer we have selected a_C = sess.run(out)# Set a_G to be the hidden layer activation from same layer. Here, a_G references model['conv4_2'] # and isn't evaluated yet. Later in the code, we'll assign the image G as the model input, so that # when we run the session, this will be the activations drawn from the appropriate layer, with G as input. a_G = out# Compute the content cost J_content = compute_content_cost(a_C, a_G)

Note: At this point, a_G is a tensor and hasn't been evaluated. It will be evaluated and updated at each iteration when we run the Tensorflow graph in model_nn() below.

# Assign the input of the model to be the "style" image sess.run(model['input'].assign(style_image))# Compute the style cost J_style = compute_style_cost(model, STYLE_LAYERS)J = total_cost(J_content, J_style, alpha = 10, beta = 40)# define optimizer (1 line) optimizer = tf.train.AdamOptimizer(2.0)# define train_step (1 line) train_step = optimizer.minimize(J)

Exercise: Implement the model_nn() function which initializes the variables of the tensorflow graph, assigns the input image (initial generated image) as the input of the VGG16 model and runs the train_step for a large number of steps.

def model_nn(sess, input_image, num_iterations = 20):# Initialize global variables (you need to run the session on the initializer)### START CODE HERE ### (1 line)sess.run(tf.global_variables_initializer())### END CODE HERE #### Run the noisy input image (initial generated image) through the model. Use assign().### START CODE HERE ### (1 line)sess.run(model['input'].assign(input_image))### END CODE HERE ###for i in range(num_iterations):# Run the session on the train_step to minimize the total cost### START CODE HERE ### (1 line)sess.run(train_step)### END CODE HERE #### Compute the generated image by running the session on the current model['input']### START CODE HERE ### (1 line)generated_image = sess.run(model['input'])### END CODE HERE #### Print every 20 iteration.if i%20 == 0:Jt, Jc, Js = sess.run([J, J_content, J_style])print("Iteration " + str(i) + " :")print("total cost = " + str(Jt))print("content cost = " + str(Jc))print("style cost = " + str(Js))# save current generated image in the "/output" directorysave_image("output/" + str(i) + ".png", generated_image)# save last generated imagesave_image('output/generated_image.jpg', generated_image)return generated_image

Run the following cell to generate an artistic image. It should take about 3min on CPU for every 20 iterations but you start observing attractive results after ≈140 iterations. Neural Style Transfer is generally trained using GPUs.

You're done! After running this, in the upper bar of the notebook click on "File" and then "Open". Go to the "/output" directory to see all the saved images. Open "generated_image" to see the generated image! :)

You should see something the image presented below on the right:

We didn't want you to wait too long to see an initial result, and so had set the hyperparameters accordingly. To get the best looking results, running the optimization algorithm longer (and perhaps with a smaller learning rate) might work better. After completing and submitting this assignment, we encourage you to come back and play more with this notebook, and see if you can generate even better looking images.

Here are few other examples:

• The beautiful ruins of the ancient city of Persepolis (Iran) with the style of Van Gogh (The Starry Night)

The tomb of Cyrus the great in Pasargadae with the style of a Ceramic Kashi from Ispahan.

A scientific study of a turbulent fluid with the style of a abstract blue fluid painting.

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5 - Conclusion

Great job on completing this assignment! You are now able to use Neural Style Transfer to generate artistic images. This is also your first time building a model in which the optimization algorithm updates the pixel values rather than the neural network's parameters. Deep learning has many different types of models and this is only one of them!

What you should remember: - Neural Style Transfer is an algorithm that given a content image C and a style image S can generate an artistic image - It uses representations (hidden layer activations) based on a pretrained ConvNet. - The content cost function is computed using one hidden layer's activations. - The style cost function for one layer is computed using the Gram matrix of that layer's activations. The overall style cost function is obtained using several hidden layers. - Optimizing the total cost function results in synthesizing new images.

This was the final programming exercise of this course. Congratulations--you've finished all the programming exercises of this course on Convolutional Networks! We hope to also see you in Course 5, on Sequence models!

References:

The Neural Style Transfer algorithm was due to Gatys et al. (2015). Harish Narayanan and Github user "log0" also have highly readable write-ups from which we drew inspiration. The pre-trained network used in this implementation is a VGG network, which is due to Simonyan and Zisserman (2015). Pre-trained weights were from the work of the MathConvNet team.

• Leon A. Gatys, Alexander S. Ecker, Matthias Bethge, (2015). A Neural Algorithm of Artistic Style (https://arxiv.org/abs/1508.06576)
• Harish Narayanan, Convolutional neural networks for artistic style transfer. Convolutional neural networks for artistic style transfer — Harish Narayanan
• Log0, TensorFlow Implementation of "A Neural Algorithm of Artistic Style". TensorFlow Implementation of "A Neural Algorithm of Artistic Style"
• Karen Simonyan and Andrew Zisserman (2015). Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition (https://arxiv.org/pdf/1409.1556.pdf)
• MatConvNet. Pretrained CNNs - MatConvNet

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