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mysql三-3:完整性约束

發(fā)布時間:2023/12/13 数据库 29 豆豆
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閱讀目錄

  • 一 介紹
  • 二 not null與default
  • 三 unique
  • 四 primary key
  • 五 auto_increment
  • 六 foreign key
  • 七 作業(yè)

一 介紹

約束條件與數(shù)據(jù)類型的寬度一樣,都是可選參數(shù)

作用:用于保證數(shù)據(jù)的完整性和一致性
主要分為:

PRIMARY KEY (PK) 標識該字段為該表的主鍵,可以唯一的標識記錄 FOREIGN KEY (FK) 標識該字段為該表的外鍵 NOT NULL 標識該字段不能為空 UNIQUE KEY (UK) 標識該字段的值是唯一的 AUTO_INCREMENT 標識該字段的值自動增長(整數(shù)類型,而且為主鍵) DEFAULT 為該字段設置默認值UNSIGNED 無符號 ZEROFILL 使用0填充

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說明:

1. 是否允許為空,默認NULL,可設置NOT NULL,字段不允許為空,必須賦值 2. 字段是否有默認值,缺省的默認值是NULL,如果插入記錄時不給字段賦值,此字段使用默認值 sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male' age int unsigned NOT NULL default 20 必須為正值(無符號) 不允許為空 默認是20 3. 是否是key 主鍵 primary key 外鍵 foreign key 索引 (index,unique...)

二 not null與default

是否可空,null表示空,非字符串
not null - 不可空
null - 可空


默認值,創(chuàng)建列時可以指定默認值,當插入數(shù)據(jù)時如果未主動設置,則自動添加默認值
create table tb1(
nid int not null defalut 2,
num int not null
)

==================not null==================== mysql> create table t1(id int); #id字段默認可以插入空 mysql> desc t1; +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ mysql> insert into t1 values(); #可以插入空 mysql> create table t2(id int not null); #設置字段id不為空 mysql> desc t2; +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | | NULL | | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ mysql> insert into t2 values(); #不能插入空 ERROR 1364 (HY000): Field 'id' doesn't have a default value==================default==================== #設置id字段有默認值后,則無論id字段是null還是not null,都可以插入空,插入空默認填入default指定的默認值 mysql> create table t3(id int default 1); mysql> alter table t3 modify id int not null default 1;==================綜合練習==================== mysql> create table student(-> name varchar(20) not null,-> age int(3) unsigned not null default 18,-> sex enum('male','female') default 'male',-> hobby set('play','study','read','music') default 'play,music'-> ); mysql> desc student; +-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+ | name | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | | | age | int(3) unsigned | NO | | 18 | | | sex | enum('male','female') | YES | | male | | | hobby | set('play','study','read','music') | YES | | play,music | | +-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+ mysql> insert into student(name) values('egon'); mysql> select * from student; +------+-----+------+------------+ | name | age | sex | hobby | +------+-----+------+------------+ | egon | 18 | male | play,music | +------+-----+------+------------+ 驗證

三 unique

============設置唯一約束 UNIQUE=============== 方法一: create table department1( id int, name varchar(20) unique, comment varchar(100) );方法二: create table department2( id int, name varchar(20), comment varchar(100), constraint uk_name unique(name) );mysql> insert into department1 values(1,'IT','技術'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into department1 values(1,'IT','技術'); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry 'IT' for key 'name' View Code mysql> create table t1(id int not null unique); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)mysql> desc t1; +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) not null+unique的化學反應 create table service( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20), host varchar(15) not null, port int not null, unique(host,port) #聯(lián)合唯一 );mysql> insert into service values-> (1,'nginx','192.168.0.10',80),-> (2,'haproxy','192.168.0.20',80),-> (3,'mysql','192.168.0.30',3306)-> ; Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec) Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0mysql> insert into service(name,host,port) values('nginx','192.168.0.10',80); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '192.168.0.10-80' for key 'host' 聯(lián)合唯一

四 primary key

從約束角度看primary key字段的值不為空且唯一,那我們直接使用not null+unique不就可以了嗎,要它干什么?

主鍵primary key是innodb存儲引擎組織數(shù)據(jù)的依據(jù),innodb稱之為索引組織表,一張表中必須有且只有一個主鍵

一個表中可以:

單列做主鍵
多列做主鍵(復合主鍵)

============單列做主鍵=============== #方法一:not null+unique create table department1( id int not null unique, #主鍵 name varchar(20) not null unique, comment varchar(100) );mysql> desc department1; +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | name | varchar(20) | NO | UNI | NULL | | | comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ rows in set (0.01 sec)#方法二:在某一個字段后用primary key create table department2( id int primary key, #主鍵 name varchar(20), comment varchar(100) );mysql> desc department2; +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ rows in set (0.00 sec)#方法三:在所有字段后單獨定義primary key create table department3( id int, name varchar(20), comment varchar(100), constraint pk_name primary key(id); #創(chuàng)建主鍵并為其命名pk_name mysql> desc department3; +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ rows in set (0.01 sec) 單列主鍵 ==================多列做主鍵================ create table service( ip varchar(15), port char(5), service_name varchar(10) not null, primary key(ip,port) );mysql> desc service; +--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | ip | varchar(15) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | port | char(5) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | service_name | varchar(10) | NO | | NULL | | +--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> insert into service values-> ('172.16.45.10','3306','mysqld'),-> ('172.16.45.11','3306','mariadb')-> ; Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec) Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0mysql> insert into service values ('172.16.45.10','3306','nginx'); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '172.16.45.10-3306' for key 'PRIMARY' 多列主鍵

五 auto_increment

約束字段為自動增長,被約束的字段必須同時被key約束

#不指定id,則自動增長 create table student( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20), sex enum('male','female') default 'male' );mysql> desc student; +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | sex | enum('male','female') | YES | | male | | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ mysql> insert into student(name) values-> ('egon'),-> ('alex')-> ;mysql> select * from student; +----+------+------+ | id | name | sex | +----+------+------+ | 1 | egon | male | | 2 | alex | male | +----+------+------+#也可以指定id mysql> insert into student values(4,'asb','female'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)mysql> insert into student values(7,'wsb','female'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from student; +----+------+--------+ | id | name | sex | +----+------+--------+ | 1 | egon | male | | 2 | alex | male | | 4 | asb | female | | 7 | wsb | female | +----+------+--------+#對于自增的字段,在用delete刪除后,再插入值,該字段仍按照刪除前的位置繼續(xù)增長 mysql> delete from student; Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from student; Empty set (0.00 sec)mysql> insert into student(name) values('ysb'); mysql> select * from student; +----+------+------+ | id | name | sex | +----+------+------+ | 8 | ysb | male | +----+------+------+#應該用truncate清空表,比起delete一條一條地刪除記錄,truncate是直接清空表,在刪除大表時用它 mysql> truncate student; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)mysql> insert into student(name) values('egon'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)mysql> select * from student; +----+------+------+ | id | name | sex | +----+------+------+ | 1 | egon | male | +----+------+------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) View Code

了解知識

#在創(chuàng)建完表后,修改自增字段的起始值 mysql> create table student(-> id int primary key auto_increment,-> name varchar(20),-> sex enum('male','female') default 'male'-> );mysql> alter table student auto_increment=3;mysql> show create table student; ....... ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=3 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mysql> insert into student(name) values('egon'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)mysql> select * from student; +----+------+------+ | id | name | sex | +----+------+------+ | 3 | egon | male | +----+------+------+ row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> show create table student; ....... ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=4 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8#也可以創(chuàng)建表時指定auto_increment的初始值,注意初始值的設置為表選項,應該放到括號外 create table student( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20), sex enum('male','female') default 'male' )auto_increment=3;#設置步長 sqlserver:自增步長基于表級別create table t1(id int。。。)engine=innodb,auto_increment=2 步長=2 default charset=utf8mysql自增的步長:show session variables like 'auto_inc%';#基于會話級別set session auth_increment_increment=2 #修改會話級別的步長#基于全局級別的set global auth_increment_increment=2 #修改全局級別的步長(所有會話都生效)#!!!注意了注意了注意了!!! If the value of auto_increment_offset is greater than that of auto_increment_increment, the value of auto_increment_offset is ignored. 翻譯:如果auto_increment_offset的值大于auto_increment_increment的值,則auto_increment_offset的值會被忽略 ,這相當于第一步步子就邁大了,扯著了蛋 比如:設置auto_increment_offset=3,auto_increment_increment=2mysql> set global auto_increment_increment=5; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> set global auto_increment_offset=3; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> show variables like 'auto_incre%'; #需要退出重新登錄 +--------------------------+-------+ | Variable_name | Value | +--------------------------+-------+ | auto_increment_increment | 1 | | auto_increment_offset | 1 | +--------------------------+-------+create table student( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20), sex enum('male','female') default 'male' );mysql> insert into student(name) values('egon1'),('egon2'),('egon3'); mysql> select * from student; +----+-------+------+ | id | name | sex | +----+-------+------+ | 3 | egon1 | male | | 8 | egon2 | male | | 13 | egon3 | male | +----+-------+------+ 步長:auto_increment_increment,起始偏移量:auto_increment_offset

六 foreign key

一 快速理解foreign key

員工信息表有三個字段:工號 ?姓名 ?部門

公司有3個部門,但是有1個億的員工,那意味著部門這個字段需要重復存儲,部門名字越長,越浪費

解決方法:

我們完全可以定義一個部門表

然后讓員工信息表關聯(lián)該表,如何關聯(lián),即foreign key

#表類型必須是innodb存儲引擎,且被關聯(lián)的字段,即references指定的另外一個表的字段,必須保證唯一 create table department( id int primary key, name varchar(20) not null )engine=innodb;#dpt_id外鍵,關聯(lián)父表(department主鍵id),同步更新,同步刪除 create table employee( id int primary key, name varchar(20) not null, dpt_id int, constraint fk_name foreign key(dpt_id) references department(id) on delete cascade on update cascade )engine=innodb;#先往父表department中插入記錄 insert into department values (1,'歐德博愛技術有限事業(yè)部'), (2,'艾利克斯人力資源部'), (3,'銷售部');#再往子表employee中插入記錄 insert into employee values (1,'egon',1), (2,'alex1',2), (3,'alex2',2), (4,'alex3',2), (5,'李坦克',3), (6,'劉飛機',3), (7,'張火箭',3), (8,'林子彈',3), (9,'加特林',3) ;#刪父表department,子表employee中對應的記錄跟著刪 mysql> delete from department where id=3; mysql> select * from employee; +----+-------+--------+ | id | name | dpt_id | +----+-------+--------+ | 1 | egon | 1 | | 2 | alex1 | 2 | | 3 | alex2 | 2 | | 4 | alex3 | 2 | +----+-------+--------+#更新父表department,子表employee中對應的記錄跟著改 mysql> update department set id=22222 where id=2; mysql> select * from employee; +----+-------+--------+ | id | name | dpt_id | +----+-------+--------+ | 1 | egon | 1 | | 3 | alex2 | 22222 | | 4 | alex3 | 22222 | | 5 | alex1 | 22222 | +----+-------+--------+ 示范?

二?如何找出兩張表之間的關系?

分析步驟: #1、先站在左表的角度去找 是否左表的多條記錄可以對應右表的一條記錄,如果是,則證明左表的一個字段foreign key 右表一個字段(通常是id)#2、再站在右表的角度去找 是否右表的多條記錄可以對應左表的一條記錄,如果是,則證明右表的一個字段foreign key 左表一個字段(通常是id)#3、總結: #多對一: 如果只有步驟1成立,則是左表多對一右表 如果只有步驟2成立,則是右表多對一左表#多對多 如果步驟1和2同時成立,則證明這兩張表時一個雙向的多對一,即多對多,需要定義一個這兩張表的關系表來專門存放二者的關系#一對一: 如果1和2都不成立,而是左表的一條記錄唯一對應右表的一條記錄,反之亦然。這種情況很簡單,就是在左表foreign key右表的基礎上,將左表的外鍵字段設置成unique即可

三 建立表之間的關系

#一對多或稱為多對一 三張表:出版社,作者信息,書一對多(或多對一):一個出版社可以出版多本書關聯(lián)方式:foreign key =====================多對一===================== create table press( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20) );create table book( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20), press_id int not null, foreign key(press_id) references press(id) on delete cascade on update cascade );insert into press(name) values ('北京工業(yè)地雷出版社'), ('人民音樂不好聽出版社'), ('知識產(chǎn)權沒有用出版社') ;insert into book(name,press_id) values ('九陽神功',1), ('九陰真經(jīng)',2), ('九陰白骨爪',2), ('獨孤九劍',3), ('降龍十巴掌',2), ('葵花寶典',3) ; View Code 一夫多妻制#妻子表的丈夫id外鍵到丈夫表的id 其他例子

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#多對多 三張表:出版社,作者信息,書多對多:一個作者可以寫多本書,一本書也可以有多個作者,雙向的一對多,即多對多關聯(lián)方式:foreign key+一張新的表 =====================多對多===================== create table author( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20) );#這張表就存放作者表與書表的關系,即查詢二者的關系查這表就可以了 create table author2book( id int not null unique auto_increment, author_id int not null, book_id int not null, constraint fk_author foreign key(author_id) references author(id) on delete cascade on update cascade, constraint fk_book foreign key(book_id) references book(id) on delete cascade on update cascade, primary key(author_id,book_id) );#插入四個作者,id依次排開 insert into author(name) values('egon'),('alex'),('yuanhao'),('wpq');#每個作者與自己的代表作如下 1 egon: 1 九陽神功2 九陰真經(jīng)3 九陰白骨爪4 獨孤九劍5 降龍十巴掌6 葵花寶典2 alex: 1 九陽神功6 葵花寶典3 yuanhao:4 獨孤九劍5 降龍十巴掌6 葵花寶典4 wpq:1 九陽神功insert into author2book(author_id,book_id) values (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6), (2,1), (2,6), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6), (4,1) ; View Code 單張表:用戶表+相親關系表,相當于:用戶表+相親關系表+用戶表 多張表:用戶表+用戶與主機關系表+主機表中間那一張存放關系的表,對外關聯(lián)的字段可以聯(lián)合唯一 其他例子

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#一對一 兩張表:學生表和客戶表一對一:一個學生是一個客戶,一個客戶有可能變成一個學校,即一對一的關系關聯(lián)方式:foreign key+unique #一定是student來foreign key表customer,這樣就保證了: #1 學生一定是一個客戶, #2 客戶不一定是學生,但有可能成為一個學生 create table customer( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20) not null, qq varchar(10) not null, phone char(16) not null );create table student( id int primary key auto_increment, class_name varchar(20) not null, customer_id int unique, #該字段一定要是唯一的 foreign key(customer_id) references customer(id) #外鍵的字段一定要保證unique on delete cascade on update cascade );#增加客戶 insert into customer(name,qq,phone) values ('李飛機','31811231',13811341220), ('王大炮','123123123',15213146809), ('守榴彈','283818181',1867141331), ('吳坦克','283818181',1851143312), ('贏火箭','888818181',1861243314), ('戰(zhàn)地雷','112312312',18811431230) ;#增加學生 insert into student(class_name,customer_id) values ('脫產(chǎn)3班',3), ('周末19期',4), ('周末19期',5) ; View Code 例一:一個用戶只有一個博客用戶表:id name1 egon2 alex3 wupeiqi博客表 fk+uniqueid url name_id1 xxxx 12 yyyy 33 zzz 2例二:一個管理員唯一對應一個用戶用戶表:id user password1 egon xxxx2 alex yyyy管理員表:fk+uniqueid user_id password1 1 xxxxx2 2 yyyyy 其他例子

七 作業(yè)

練習:賬號信息表,用戶組,主機表,主機組

#用戶表 create table user( id int not null unique auto_increment, username varchar(20) not null, password varchar(50) not null, primary key(username,password) );insert into user(username,password) values ('root','123'), ('egon','456'), ('alex','alex3714') ;#用戶組表 create table usergroup( id int primary key auto_increment, groupname varchar(20) not null unique );insert into usergroup(groupname) values ('IT'), ('Sale'), ('Finance'), ('boss') ;#主機表 create table host( id int primary key auto_increment, ip char(15) not null unique default '127.0.0.1' );insert into host(ip) values ('172.16.45.2'), ('172.16.31.10'), ('172.16.45.3'), ('172.16.31.11'), ('172.10.45.3'), ('172.10.45.4'), ('172.10.45.5'), ('192.168.1.20'), ('192.168.1.21'), ('192.168.1.22'), ('192.168.2.23'), ('192.168.2.223'), ('192.168.2.24'), ('192.168.3.22'), ('192.168.3.23'), ('192.168.3.24') ;#業(yè)務線表 create table business( id int primary key auto_increment, business varchar(20) not null unique ); insert into business(business) values ('輕松貸'), ('隨便花'), ('大富翁'), ('窮一生') ;#建關系:user與usergroup create table user2usergroup( id int not null unique auto_increment, user_id int not null, group_id int not null, primary key(user_id,group_id), foreign key(user_id) references user(id), foreign key(group_id) references usergroup(id) );insert into user2usergroup(user_id,group_id) values (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (2,3), (2,4), (3,4) ;#建關系:host與business create table host2business( id int not null unique auto_increment, host_id int not null, business_id int not null, primary key(host_id,business_id), foreign key(host_id) references host(id), foreign key(business_id) references business(id) );insert into host2business(host_id,business_id) values (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (2,2), (2,3), (3,4) ;#建關系:user與host create table user2host( id int not null unique auto_increment, user_id int not null, host_id int not null, primary key(user_id,host_id), foreign key(user_id) references user(id), foreign key(host_id) references host(id) );insert into user2host(user_id,host_id) values (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6), (1,7), (1,8), (1,9), (1,10), (1,11), (1,12), (1,13), (1,14), (1,15), (1,16), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (3,10), (3,11), (3,12) ; View Code

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作業(yè):

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轉載于:https://www.cnblogs.com/zhanglin123/p/9269406.html

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