原文地址：http://www.theonionrouter.com/about/overview.html.en#overview

概述

“The Tor network is a group of?volunteer-operated servers that allows people to improve their privacy and security on the Internet. Tor's users employ this network by connecting through a series of virtual tunnels rather than making a direct connection, thus allowing both organizations and individuals to share information over public networks without compromising their privacy. Along the same line, Tor is an effective censorship circumvention tool, allowing its users to reach otherwise blocked destinations or content. Tor can also be used as a building block for software developers to create new communication tools with built-in privacy features.”

Tor網(wǎng)絡(luò)由一組自運(yùn)行服務(wù)器組成，滿足了人們提升網(wǎng)絡(luò)隱私和安全等級(jí)的需要。與傳統(tǒng)直連不同，tor用戶通過(guò)連接一系列虛擬隧道來(lái)訪問(wèn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。這樣一來(lái)，機(jī)構(gòu)和個(gè)人都不在需要以妥協(xié)隱私為代價(jià)來(lái)進(jìn)行公共網(wǎng)絡(luò)活動(dòng)。同時(shí)，tor也是一款優(yōu)秀的避開(kāi)審查制度的工具。使用者可以訪問(wèn)本被禁止的地址或內(nèi)容。它還在一些時(shí)候被軟件開(kāi)發(fā)者們內(nèi)置于帶隱私功能的通訊類軟件。

“Individuals use Tor to keep websites from tracking them and their family members, or to connect to news sites, instant messaging services, or the like when these are blocked by their local Internet providers. Tor's?onion services?let users publish web sites and other services without needing to reveal the location of the site. Individuals also use Tor for socially sensitive communication: chat rooms and web forums for rape and abuse survivors, or people with illnesses.”

個(gè)人用戶可通過(guò)tor擺脫網(wǎng)站的跟蹤、訪問(wèn)當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)營(yíng)商禁掉的新聞?wù)军c(diǎn)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)。Tor提供的“洋蔥服務(wù)”允許用戶在不暴露真實(shí)地址的情況下發(fā)布網(wǎng)站以及提供服務(wù)！個(gè)人用戶同樣可以用其交流一些較敏感的話題。如：

“Journalists use Tor to communicate more safely with whistleblowers and dissidents. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) use Tor to allow their workers to connect to their home website while they're in a foreign country, without notifying everybody nearby that they're working with that organization.”

新聞工作者可以用其保證自身不遭受打擊報(bào)復(fù)。NGO的工作人員可以通過(guò)Tor在異國(guó)訪問(wèn)組織的網(wǎng)站。并且不需要暴露自己和該組織的關(guān)系。

Groups such as Indymedia recommend Tor for safeguarding their members' online privacy and security. Activist groups like the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) recommend Tor as a mechanism for maintaining civil liberties online. Corporations use Tor as a safe way to conduct competitive analysis, and to protect sensitive procurement patterns from eavesdroppers. They also use it to replace traditional VPNs, which reveal the exact amount and timing of communication. Which locations have employees working late? Which locations have employees consulting job-hunting websites? Which research divisions are communicating with the company's patent lawyers?

如Indymedia之類的團(tuán)體出于保護(hù)其成員的網(wǎng)絡(luò)隱私和安全也建議成員使用Tor。激進(jìn)主義團(tuán)體如EFF也推薦使用Tor作為一種維護(hù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)自由的機(jī)制。大型集團(tuán)經(jīng)常使用Tor來(lái)防止被監(jiān)聽(tīng)，以確保能安全地實(shí)施競(jìng)爭(zhēng)調(diào)查以及保護(hù)敏感的采購(gòu)規(guī)律。Tor也被用于替代傳統(tǒng)虛擬代理，其能夠顯示準(zhǔn)確的通訊時(shí)間和通訊量。哪個(gè)地區(qū)的員工加班晚？那個(gè)地區(qū)的雇員在找獵頭公司？哪家調(diào)查機(jī)構(gòu)和公司的專利律師有聯(lián)絡(luò)？

A branch of the U.S. Navy uses Tor for open source intelligence gathering, and one of its teams used Tor while deployed in the Middle East recently. Law enforcement uses Tor for visiting or surveilling web sites without leaving government IP addresses in their web logs, and for security during sting operations.

一直美國(guó)海軍部隊(duì)使用Tor公開(kāi)招募智囊，其中一支小隊(duì)在最近的中東部署中也用到了Tor。一些執(zhí)法機(jī)關(guān)用Tor訪問(wèn)監(jiān)控站點(diǎn)而不會(huì)在其網(wǎng)絡(luò)日志中留下政府的IP地址，這也保證了釣魚執(zhí)法的安全有效。

The variety of people who use Tor is actually?part of what makes it so secure. Tor hides you among?the other users on the network, so the more populous and diverse the user base for Tor is, the more your anonymity will be protected.

用戶多樣性是保證Tor安全性中的重要一環(huán)。Tor讓你隱藏在網(wǎng)絡(luò)的其他用戶之中。因此，Tor的用戶群體越大越多樣，你的隱匿性就會(huì)越發(fā)得到保護(hù)。

為什么需要Tor？

Using Tor protects you against a common form of Internet surveillance known as "traffic analysis." Traffic analysis can be used to infer who is talking to whom over a public network. Knowing the source and destination of your Internet traffic allows others to track your behavior and interests. This can impact your checkbook if, for example, an e-commerce site uses price discrimination based on your country or institution of origin. It can even threaten your job and physical safety by revealing who and where you are. For example, if you're travelling abroad and you connect to your employer's computers to check or send mail, you can inadvertently reveal your national origin and professional affiliation to anyone observing the network, even if the connection is encrypted.

使用Tor能讓你有效避免一種叫做“流量分析”的東東。流量分析可以被用于找出公共網(wǎng)絡(luò)上哪兩個(gè)人在通信。通過(guò)了解你的源和目的地址，其他人可以由此分析你的行為規(guī)律和喜好。這很大程度上會(huì)影響你的決策，比如說(shuō)，一個(gè)電商網(wǎng)站可以根據(jù)你的人所在國(guó)家以及機(jī)構(gòu)制定價(jià)格歧視策略。說(shuō)得嚴(yán)重一些，它甚至有可能暴露你的實(shí)際地理位置，從而對(duì)你的現(xiàn)實(shí)人身安全造成威脅。比如說(shuō)，如果你出國(guó)了然后你連了你雇主的計(jì)算機(jī)查發(fā)郵件，這個(gè)時(shí)候其實(shí)你已經(jīng)一不小心就把你的國(guó)籍和單位信息暴露給了這個(gè)監(jiān)聽(tīng)這個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的人，就算鏈接是加密的也不例外。

How does traffic analysis work? Internet data packets have two parts: a data payload and a header used for routing. The data payload is whatever is being sent, whether that's an email message, a web page, or an audio file. Even if you encrypt the data payload of your communications, traffic analysis still reveals a great deal about what you're doing and, possibly, what you're saying. That's because it focuses on the header, which discloses source, destination, size, timing, and so on.

流量分析是怎么回事？網(wǎng)絡(luò)數(shù)據(jù)包分兩部分：用戶數(shù)據(jù)和用來(lái)路由的數(shù)據(jù)包頭。數(shù)據(jù)部分就是你真正要發(fā)送的部分，可能是一封電郵，一個(gè)網(wǎng)頁(yè)，或者一個(gè)音頻文件。即使你在通信過(guò)程中對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)部分進(jìn)行了加密，數(shù)據(jù)分析仍然還是能分析出一大部分你正在干的事兒或者你正在說(shuō)的話。那是因?yàn)樗饕治鰯?shù)據(jù)包頭，包頭里包含有源、目的、大小、時(shí)間以及其他種種信息。

A basic problem for the privacy minded is that the recipient of your communications can see that you sent it by looking at headers. So can authorized intermediaries like Internet service providers, and sometimes unauthorized intermediaries as well. A very simple form of traffic analysis might involve sitting somewhere between sender and recipient on the network, looking at headers.

從隱私的角度來(lái)說(shuō)，有一個(gè)基礎(chǔ)的問(wèn)題要解決，就是接收方可以通過(guò)數(shù)據(jù)包頭部信息知道是你發(fā)送了這些數(shù)據(jù)。被授權(quán)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)中間方也可以看到，例如，運(yùn)營(yíng)商們。更可怕的是，有的時(shí)候，甚至未被授權(quán)的人也能查看這些信息。

But there are also more powerful kinds of traffic analysis. Some attackers spy on multiple parts of the Internet and use sophisticated statistical techniques to track the communications patterns of many different organizations and individuals. Encryption does not help against these attackers, since it only hides the content of Internet traffic, not the headers.

而流量分析的手段還遠(yuǎn)不止于此。有些攻擊者監(jiān)聽(tīng)著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的多個(gè)部分，并利用一些復(fù)雜的技術(shù)來(lái)跟蹤許多不同機(jī)構(gòu)或個(gè)人的通信規(guī)律。加密對(duì)于這種攻擊者來(lái)說(shuō)束手無(wú)策，因?yàn)樗荒軒湍汶[藏?cái)?shù)據(jù)內(nèi)容，而包頭部信息則赤裸裸地暴露在攻擊者面前。

本文為純翻譯，不帶有個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)。有不當(dāng)?shù)牡胤秸?qǐng)指正。

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