匈牙利编码_匈牙利信息图形学的开端
匈牙利編碼
The beginnings of information graphics in Hungary can be traced back to the middle of the 19th century, with the most prominent examples closely associated with three major public works. Here they are presented in chronological order:
噸他開端在匈牙利信息圖形可追溯至19世紀中葉，與三大公共工程密切相關的最突出的例子。 在這里，它們按時間順序顯示：
In some form or other, all three contributed to the emergence of the Hungarian nation during the 19th century, but on the long road of “surveying the country,” which at first was a righteous and relevant scientific requirement, they later became servants of non-scientific aims. Statistical graphs and thematic maps were often used to justify and verify the superiority of the Hungarian nation in the Carpathian basin after 1900. The results cast long shadows in the first half of the 20th century, culminating in the Trianon tragedy and the revisionist movements after 1920.
這三種形式都以某種形式對19世紀匈牙利民族的崛起做出了貢獻，但是在漫長的“對國家進行調查”的道路上，起初這是正義和相關的科學要求，后來他們成為了非匈牙利國家的仆人。 -科學的目標。 經常使用統計圖和專題圖來證明和核實1900年后匈牙利在喀爾巴阡盆地的優越性。結果在20世紀上半葉蒙上了陰影，最終在特里亞農慘案和1920年后的修正主義運動中達到頂峰。
For a widespread use of graphs, it is necessary that the public has a common knowledge about what a graph, chart, or diagram is, and it’s essential to have a certain level of professionalism and experts who can draw them. In the first chapter, I briefly introduce how things developed in the 19th century.
為了廣泛使用圖形，公眾必須了解圖形，圖表或圖形的含義，并且擁有一定水平的專業知識和專家可以繪圖非常重要。 在第一章中，我簡要介紹了19世紀事物的發展。
阿布拉，圖解，涂鴉 (ábra, diagram, grafikon)
The first Hungarian reference to graphic presentation of statistics is from the book A statisztika elmélete (The Theory of Statistics) by János Zima from 1844. Zima used “image system” to describe graphic presentation “which shows the existing relations with drawings and colors” (p. 28–29.) (1). Let us look at the first occurrences of the Hungarian word ábra, and two adopted words: diagram and the grafikon, in graphic context (we don’t use the word carte or chart), because they can give us an idea of when they became common knowledge. The Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Hungarian Language says that the noun ábra (shape, form, schematic representation) has slavic origins from the word obraz (face, picture, shape), but as a verb ábráz was used dating back to the medieval times. According to the Dictionary the noun ábra, as schematic representation, was first used in 1787 in the Hungarian language. The compound grafikus ábrázolás (as tableau graphique) were used first in 1874 (in Budapesti Szemle vol. 7–8, p. 425).
匈牙利人第一次提到統計圖形表示法是從1844年由JánosZima所著的《統計理論》一書中得出的。Zima使用“圖像系統”來描述圖形表示法“它顯示了與圖紙和顏色的現有關系”(第28–29頁。)(1)。 讓我們看一下匈牙利語ábra的第一個出現，以及兩個采用的單詞： 圖形和圖形，在圖形上下文中(我們不使用carte或chart)，因為它們可以使我們了解它們何時成為常識。 匈牙利語言的《歷史詞源詞典》說，名詞ábra (形狀，形式，示意圖)源自斯拉夫語，起源于obraz (面Kong，圖片，形狀)一詞，但作為動詞ábráz可以追溯到中世紀。 根據字典 ，名詞ábra作為示意圖表示，最早于1787年以匈牙利語使用。 復合grafikusábrázolás(作為制圖法 )于1874年首次使用(在Budapesti Szemle第7-8卷，第425頁)。
For newly introduced words of foreign origin, the dictionary is not trustworthy. Both diagram and grafikon (as graph, chart, diagram) were often used decades before their first appearance in the dictionary. The newspaper Budapesti Hírlap first wrote down the word diagram with the meaning of schematic drawing on March 3, 1853, in the translation of the short story “Legend of Prince Ahmed al Kamel, or the Pilgrim of Love” by American novelist and diplomat Washington Irving. Finally, the word grafikon’s (archaic: graphikon, graphicon) first appears in 1880 (K?zponti értesít? vol. 5 №7 p. 28.). Interestingly, the Pallas Nagy Lexikona (Pallas Great Lexicon, 1894) explains the word grafikon with a specific meaning that is used only for railway timetables that show a Marey-like graphic for illustration. The next entry of the lexicon is about grafikus statisztikai ábrák (graphic statistic diagrams).
對于新引入的外來單詞，該詞典不可信。 圖表和grafikon(作為圖表，圖表，圖表)在它們首次出現在字典中之前已被使用了數十年。 布達佩斯·希拉普報紙于1853年3月3日在美國小說家兼外交家華盛頓·歐文(Washington Irving)的短篇小說《艾哈邁德·阿爾·卡邁勒王子的傳奇，或愛的朝圣者》的譯本中首次寫下了示意圖的意思。 。 最后，grafikon's(古語：graphikon，graphicon)一詞在1880年首次出現(K?zpontiértesít?vol。5№7p。28.)。 有趣的是，Pallas Nagy Lexikona(Pallas Great Lexicon，1894年)解釋了grafikon一詞，具有特定的含義，該詞僅用于鐵路時間表，該時間表顯示的是類似于Marey的圖形。 詞典的下一個條目是關于grafikus statisztikaiábrák(圖形統計圖)的。
appendix 045).附錄045 )。The other necessary aspect to assess the state of information graphics in Hungary in the 19th century is a look at professional practitioners. The methods, the problems, the value and the standardization of graphic presentation were largely discussed at the meetings of the International Statistical Congress in the second half of the 19th century. The internationally acknowledged Hungarian statistics took large part in the professional discussions, and knew the best examples of graphic presentation (2). Even so we don’t have a lot information about professional discussions and disputes on graphic presentation in Hungary. Practitioners of the 19th century have rarely written about their profession, or about the value of graphics for understanding, demonstration, argumentation, and education. What we know is that the Hungarian Academy of Sciences translated the Die Gesetzm??igkeit im Gesellschaftsleben (1877) by the German statistician Georg von Mayr in 1881 which had a detailed chapter on graphic methods (Hungarian version is available digitized here), and the Central Statistical Office had copies from the original German book. We also know that there was at least one copy of étienne-Jules Marey’s La méthode graphique dans les sciences expérimentales et principalment en physiologie et en médecine from 1878, and is still available in Hungary.
評估19世紀匈牙利信息圖形狀況的另一個必要方面是看專業從業人員。 在19世紀下半葉舉行的國際統計大會會議上，對圖形表示的方法，問題，價值和標準化進行了廣泛討論。 國際公認的匈牙利統計資料在專業討論中占了很大比例，并且知道圖形表示的最好例子(2)。 即使這樣，我們在匈牙利也沒有太多有關圖形演示的專業討論和爭議的信息。 19世紀的從業者很少寫關于他們的專業，或者關于圖形對于理解，示范，論證和教育的價值的文章。 我們知道的是，匈牙利科學院于1881年翻譯了德國統計學家Georg von Mayr 撰寫的DieGesetzm??igkeitim Gesellschaftsleben (1877年)，其中詳細介紹了圖形方法(匈牙利語版本可在此處數字化)。有原始德國書籍的副本。 我們還知道，至少有一份埃蒂安·朱爾斯· 馬里 (étienne- JulesMarey)的《生理學和醫學雜志》的LaméthodeGraphics dans les Sciencessexpérimentaleset limementine fromméciologieet enmédecine的一本，現在在匈牙利仍然可以買到 。
After this short summary on the use of some general terms related to graphic presentation and some remarks on the level of professionalization of practice in the 19th century, I will proceed to describing the threefold beginnings.
在簡短概述了有關圖形表示的一些通用術語的使用以及對19世紀實踐專業化水平的一些評論之后，我將繼續描述三個起點。
1830年代以來對多瑙河和蒂薩河的管制 (The regulation of the rivers Danube and Tisza from the 1830s)
The irregularity and the floods of the rivers Danube and Tisza caused some of the most horrible tragedies in Hungary in the 19th century, killing hundreds of people and destroying 10,000s of homes. The result of the “Great Flood of Pest” in March 1838 was that around 60,000 people lost their homes. The flood of Szeged in 1879 razed to the ground the entire medieval and post-medieval downtown, and in the next few years a completely new city was built. Both dramatic events are part of the national memory and are commemorated in movies, novels, poems, and on statues and plaques all around the two cities.
多瑙河和蒂薩河的不規則狀況和洪水造成了19世紀匈牙利最可怕的悲劇，造成數百人喪生，并摧毀了10,000戶房屋。 1838年3月的“蟲害大洪水”導致大約60,000人失去了家園。 1879年的塞格德(Szeged)洪水將整個中世紀和中世紀后的市中心夷為平地，在接下來的幾年中，建造了一個全新的城市。 兩次戲劇性事件都是國家記憶的一部分，并在兩個城市周圍的電影，小說，詩歌以及雕像和匾匾中予以紀念。
Water level Scala of the Danube River after the Bratislava gauge in 1840 S_12_-__XIX._-_No._155:6 Hungarian National Archives1840年布拉迪斯拉發水位計之后的多瑙河水位Scala S_12 _-__ XIX ._-_ No._155：6匈牙利國家檔案館 Detail of the water level scala of the Danube River.多瑙河的水位scala的細節。The first graphs in Hungary—except functional algebraic and geometrical visualizations—were the result of systematic observations of water and ice levels. The first that I know of is a time-series line graph showing daily water levels in Pozsony (in that time Pressburg in German, now Bratislava, Slovakia) from 1841. The 63 x 49cm chart was ordered by the Resident Committee, the author was Emil Ledemann, and the craftsman was Anton Rothbauer. Rothbauer also drew some beautiful hydrological maps on river flows, floodplains and dikes.
匈牙利的第一張圖表-除功能代數和幾何可視化之外-是系統觀測水和冰水平的結果。 我所知道的第一個時間序列線圖顯示了Possony(當時是德意志的Pressburg，現在是斯洛伐克的布拉迪斯拉發，斯洛伐克)的每日水位。1841年。居民委員會訂購了63 x 49cm的圖表，作者是Emil Ledemann，工匠是Anton Rothbauer。 羅斯鮑爾(Rothbauer)還在河流，洪泛區和堤防上繪制了一些精美的水文地圖。
Hydrographic hydrometric overview map of the Danube river in the stretch from the Bratislava pontoon bridge to the mouth of the Pischdorf arm … Ground plan of the lengths and cross sections of the in 1844. newly produced for the siltation of the Altau arm. C 128 Miscellaneous Act I. 1844:6 (193–194, 196. l.) Hungarian National Archives從布拉迪斯拉發浮橋到Pischdorf臂口的多瑙河水文水文概覽地圖…1844年的長度和橫截面平面圖。為Altau臂的淤積而新生產。 C 128 I. 1844：6雜項法案(193–194，196. l。)匈牙利國家檔案館 Detail of the Hydrographic hydrometric overview map of the Danube river.多瑙河的水文水文概覽地圖的詳細信息。Hungarian archives may be found in the National Archives, the National Széchenyi Library, the Budapest City Archives or the Institute and Museum of Military History. They have a large number of situation plans, survey maps, water- and ice-level graphs from the beginning of the 1810s (the earliest are situation plans, cross-section drawings of river courses and dikes) to the end of 19th century.
匈牙利的檔案可以在國家檔案館，國家塞切尼國家圖書館，布達佩斯市檔案館或軍事歷史研究所和博物館中找到。 從1810年代初(最早的是狀況圖，河道和堤防的橫截面圖)到19世紀末，他們擁有大量的狀況圖，勘測圖，水位和冰位圖。
The visualization below by engineer Dániel Sperlágh shows both the daily ice- and water-level at the Danube, near the Hungarian town Paks, from November 1859 to March 1860. On the enlarged detail, we can see that gauging occurred twice a day. Yet what is really interesting is that Sperlágh wanted to show the position of the observed ice-tables in the section of the Danube and did so by annotating the left and the right bank (Linkes Ufer, Rechtes Ufer) and the gravity the tables were congested by coloring them.
工程師DánielSperlágh在下面的圖表中顯示了1859年11月至1860年3月匈牙利小鎮帕克斯附近多瑙河的每日冰面和水位。在放大的細節上，我們可以看到每天兩次測量。 然而，真正有趣的是，斯佩拉(Sperlágh)想要顯示觀察到的冰臺在多瑙河剖面中的位置，并通過注釋左岸和右岸(Links Ufer，Rechtes Ufer)以及桌子的重力來做到這一點。給它們上色
link)link ) Dániel Sperlágh — Ice conditions of the Danube in 1859/60 in the Szekszárd-hegy k. k. river districts of Paks (Detail) D 257 1865 No 69 Hungarian National ArchivesDánielSperlágh-1859/60年Paks的Szekszárd-hegykk河地區多瑙河的冰凍狀況(詳細資料)D 257 1865 No 69匈牙利國家檔案館 József Berényi — Geographic Map of the Ice Arrangement of the City of Adony, January 8, 1864 D 257 1864 No 6386 The Hungarian National Archives約瑟夫·貝雷尼(JózsefBerényi)-阿迪尼市制冰場的地理地圖，1864年1月8日D 257 1864 No 6386匈牙利國家檔案館Maps of the river Tisza, created by engineer Arthur Sziberth, show the drift of the river before and after the regulation on different transparent layers. In the map below, we can see the non-colored dead channels, i.e., the drift before the regulation in purple, and the actual flow in blue. Sziberth also annotated the points where the old drift was cut across or deflected.
由工程師Arthur Sziberth創建的Tisza河地圖顯示了在不同透明層進行調節之前和之后的河流漂移。 在下面的地圖中，我們可以看到未著色的死通道，即調節前的漂移為紫色，而實際流量為藍色。 Sziberth還注釋了舊漂移被切開或偏轉的點。
Arthur Sziberth — Site map of the Tisza. (Tisza used to be and now. Part II. Site map of the Tisza River, Volume I Annex.) B IX b 225 1902, Institute and Museum of Military HistoryArthur Sziberth —蒂薩(Tisza)的站點地圖。 (提薩過去和現在。第二部分。提薩河的站點地圖，第I卷附件。)B IX b 225 1902年，軍事史研究所和博物館Szibert also attached to the map series standardized views of floodplains to show their extent.
Szibert還附加在地圖系列上的洪泛區標準化視圖以顯示其范圍。
Arthur Sziberth — Site map of the Tisza. (Tisza used to be and now. Part II. Site map of the Tisza River, Volume I Annex.) B IX b 225 1902, Institute and Museum of Military HistoryArthur Sziberth —蒂薩(Tisza)的站點地圖。 (提薩過去和現在。第二部分。提薩河的站點地圖，第I卷附件。)B IX b 225 1902年，軍事史研究所和博物館The fact that most of the graphs treasured in archives and museums from the 19th century are water- and ice-level graphs, reflects the enormous problem rivers caused in everyday life. The regulation required systematic surveys and observations based on rigorous data collection, and the works lasted until the first decade of the 20th century.
19世紀檔案館和博物館中珍藏的大多數圖表都是水位和冰位圖，這一事實反映了日常生活中引起的巨大河流問題。 該法規要求在嚴格的數據收集基礎上進行系統的調查和觀察，其工作一直持續到20世紀前十年。
1870年第一次獨立人口普查 (The first independent Census of 1870)
The first census (conscriptio) was ordered by emperor of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, Joseph II. in 1784. It was based on the Austrian principles initiated by empress Maria Theresa in 1777 and it was completed between 1784 and 1787. The Monarchy later held some other micro-census during the 19th century, but as the demand for an independent Hungarian statistical office grew (it was on agenda from 1848 onwards), it was clear that the census also should be organized independently from the court in Vienna.
第一次普查(應征者)是由奧匈帝國君主約瑟夫二世下令進行的。 1784年。它基于瑪麗亞·特蕾莎皇后1777年提出的奧地利原則，并于1784年至1787年完成。君主制后來在19世紀進行了其他一些微觀普查，但由于匈牙利需要獨立的統計局人口增長(從1848年開始列入議程)，很明顯，普查也應獨立于維也納法院而組織。
In 1860, the Statistical Committee was set up under the supervision of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, later in 1867 the Statistical Office was launched as a department of the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Trade. The preparation works of the first census started in 1869, and when the census was successfully accomplished in 1870, it eventually led to the creation of the independent and autonomous Central Statistical Office (originally: National Hungarian Royal Statistical Office) with the leadership of statistician Károly Keleti.
1860年，在匈牙利科學院的監督下成立了統計委員會。1867年晚些時候，統計局作為農業，工業和貿易部的一個部門成立。 第一次人口普查的準備工作始于1869年，當人口普查于1870年成功完成時，最終導致了由統計學家Károly領導的獨立和自治的中央統計局(原為匈牙利國家皇家統計局)的成立。 Keleti。
The official publication of the census, the Results of the Census Executed in the beginning of the year 1870 in the countries of the Hungarian Crown did not contain any graphics or maps, only tables. While the available data increased significantly, the number of created graphics, time-series charts, and comparative diagrams grew slowly nationwide. Károly Keleti’s book on the census, Hazánk és Népe (Our Country and Our Nation) from 1871 had only 12 choropleth maps on ethnics, religions, education, agriculture etc. Other authors filled their thousands pages books with tables and textual explanations. Only the Budapest Statistical Office, led by József K?r?sy (sometimes K?r?ssi), which operated separately from the Central Statistical Office, published charts focusing only on the capital city.
人口普查的正式出版物，即1870年初在匈牙利王室國家執行的人口普查結果，沒有任何圖形或地圖，僅包含表格。 盡管可用數據顯著增加，但是全國范圍內創建的圖形，時間序列圖和比較圖的數量增長緩慢。 卡洛里·凱萊蒂( KárolyKeleti)關于人口普查的書《國家和我們的國家》( HazánkésNépe) (1871年以來)只有12張關于種族，宗教，教育，農業等的人字地圖。其他作者用表格和文字解釋填充了數千本著作。 只有由約瑟夫·科羅斯(JózsefK?r?sy)(有時是科羅西)領導的布達佩斯統計局(與中央統計局分開運作)才發布僅關注首都的圖表。
József K?r?ssy — Religions in the districts of Pest. In Preliminary Report on the Results of the Pest Census of January 1, 1870 (Budapest Statistical Releases 3, 1871, p.4.)JózsefK?r?ssy-佩斯地區的宗教。 在1870年1月1日關于害蟲普查結果的初步報告中(布達佩斯統計發行3，1871年，第4頁)。 József K?r?ssy — Literacy by profession. In Preliminary Report on the Results of the Pest Census of January 1, 1870 (Budapest Statistical Releases 3, 1871, p.10.)JózsefK?r?ssy-按職業劃分的識字率。 在《 1870年1月1日害蟲普查結果的初步報告》中(布達佩斯統計發布3，1871年，第10頁)。In the next couple of years, the Budapest Statistical Office started publishing graphs in its Bulletin, but still quite rarely.
在接下來的幾年中，布達佩斯統計局開始在其公報中發布圖表，但仍然很少。
Mortality in Pest in the year 1872 and 1873 In József K?r?sy: The Mortality of the City of Pest in 1872 and 1873 and its Causes (Budapest Statistical Releases 11, 1876, p. 169.)1872年和1873年的蟲害死亡率約瑟夫·科羅斯(JózsefK?r?sy)：1872年和1873年的蟲害城市死亡率及其成因(布達佩斯統計公報第11期，1876年，第169頁)。Although the offices and the state bureaus had enough data for exploring them visually, we can’t say that graphs, charts and thematic maps were widely used by statisticians or other professionals. The significance of the first census was that it was the first systematic nationwide survey and data collection about the country in the series of census in every ten years.
盡管辦公室和國家局擁有足夠的數據以可視方式進行瀏覽，但我們不能說圖表，圖表和專題圖已被統計學家或其他專業人員廣泛使用。 第一次普查的意義在于，這是每十年一次的普查中有關該國的第一次系統的全國性調查和數據收集。
After the second census of 1881, the number of charts grew remarkably, but only after the census of 1891 it became common to publish the results in short reports using graphics.
在1881年第二次人口普查之后，海圖數量顯著增長，但是僅在1891年的人口普查之后，才開始使用圖形在簡短報告中發布結果。
Population growth of Budapest In 1881, the capital of Budapest. Results of the census and the census (Budapest Statistical Releases 15/1, 1881, p. 9)布達佩斯的人口增長1881年，布達佩斯的首都。 人口普查和人口普查的結果(布達佩斯統計發布15 / 1，1881年，第9頁) Proportion of married and widow by gender, age groups and religions In Budapest capital in 1881. Results of Census and Population Census (Budapest Statistical Releases 15/2, 1882, p. 198)1881年布達佩斯首都按性別，年齡段和宗教劃分的已婚和寡居比例。人口普查和人口普查的結果(布達佩斯統計公報158 / 2，1882年，第198頁) Distribution of the population by age groups and gender In Results of the census conducted in the early 1891 in the countries of the Hungarian Crown. Part I. Genealogy (1893) p. 92.按年齡組和性別劃分的人口分布1891年初在匈牙利王室國家進行的人口普查結果。 第一部分，家譜(1893)p。 92。1896年的匈牙利慶祝活動 (The celebrations of the thousand-year-old Hungary in 1896)
Hungary celebrated its 1,000th anniversary in 1896, and the whole country was waiting for the state celebrations, exhibitions and even for the construction of some representative new buildings to be completed on time. The largest exhibition was held in the Városliget (City Park) with dozens of buildings and pavilions promoting Hungary’s historical, economic and cultural greatness.
匈牙利于1896年慶祝成立1000周年，整個國家都在等待國家的慶祝活動，展覽以及甚至一些按時竣工的代表性新建筑的建造。 最大的展覽在瓦羅斯利格(城市公園)舉行，其中有數十座建筑物和涼亭，以宣傳匈牙利的歷史，經濟和文化氣息。
The economist, lawyer and politician Sándor Matlekovits was commissioned for compiling and editing the articles about every aspect of Hungary in a historical-comparative perspective. The colossal nine volumes and nearly 10,000 pages, The Economic and Cultural Status of Hungary in the Millennium and the Outcome of the Millennium Exhibition of 1896 (3), was published in 1897–98. The budget of the series was also colossal, because it had to be worthy to the occassion. Last but not least, the reason why I’ve chosen these tomes is that this enormous, representative book series should give the highest and most up-to-date quality of authors, texts, images, maps and graphs. They should tell us something about knowledge, talent, taste, creativity and progress with the highest international standards. Some might find the result rather disappointing for a representative work about greatness and wealth. Hereby, I focus only on information graphics and charts, and I find them quite fair, although there are just a couple of them in the nine volumes.
委托經濟學家，律師和政治家桑多·馬特爾科維茨(SándorMatlekovits)從歷史比較的角度編輯和編輯有關匈牙利各個方面的文章。 共九冊，近10,000頁， 《匈牙利在千年中的經濟和文化地位以及1896年千年展覽的成果》 (3)， 出版于1897–98年。 該系列的預算也是巨大的，因為它必須適合這種場合。 最后但并非最不重要的一點是，我之所以選擇這些書集，是因為這本具有代表性的龐大圖書系列應該提供最高，最新的作者，文本，圖像，地圖和圖表質量。 他們應該告訴我們有關知識，才能，品味，創造力和國際最高標準的進步的信息。 有些人可能會感到結果令人失望，這是關于偉大和財富的代表作品。 在此，我只關注信息圖形和圖表，盡管九冊中只有其中幾本，但我發現它們相當合理。
Out of them I find very interesting those which illustrate the article “Sugar industry” (volume 8. p. 102–232) by economist and officer Endre Bossányi. Not because they are good, but because they are unconventional—they weren’t commonly used that time: 3D proportional cubes, sunbursts (or multilevel pie charts) and randomly sorted proportional squares. I don’t know if Bossányi drew them or someone else contracted by Matlekovits or by the printing house.
在這些書中，我發現非常有意思的那些書，它們闡明了經濟學家兼官員EndreBossányi的“制糖業”(第8卷，第102–232頁)。 不是因為它們是好的，而是因為它們是非常規的-那時它們并不常用：3D比例立方體，旭日形(或多層餅圖)和隨機排序的比例正方形。 我不知道Bossányi是吸引他們還是Matlekovits或印刷廠簽約的其他人。
Endre Bossányi — Sugar production in the world by countries in five year cycles from 1852 to 1896 In The Economic and Cultural Status of Hungary in the Millennium and the Outcome of the Millennium Exhibition of 1896 Volume 8 Budapest, 1898, p. 148.EndreBossányi-從1852年到1896年，各國在五年周期中世界糖產量。《匈牙利在千年中的經濟和文化地位以及1896年千年展覽的成果》，第8卷，布達佩斯，1898年，第243頁。 148。 Endre Bossányi — Sugar production of the world by countries In The Economic and Cultural Status of Hungary in the Millennium and the Outcome of the Millennium Exhibition of 1896 Volume 8 Budapest, 1898, p. 150.EndreBossányi-世界各國的食糖生產，《匈牙利在千年中的經濟和文化地位以及1896年千年展覽的成果》，第8卷，布達佩斯，1898年，第1頁。 150。 Endre Bossányi — Sugar production of the world by countries in 1894–95. In The Economic and Cultural Status of Hungary in the Millennium and the Outcome of the Millennium Exhibition of 1896 Volume 8 Budapest, 1898, p. 156.EndreBossányi-1894–95年間世界各國的糖產量。 見《匈牙利在千年中的經濟和文化地位和1896年千年展覽的成果》，第1卷，布達佩斯，1898年，第8頁。 156。The following two (4) pieces are from the next article in the volume (p. 254–324). It was written by economist and politician Konrád Burchard-Bélaváry and it’s about the mill industry. I’ve choose them because of their fresh, vivid colors.
以下兩(4)件來自該卷的下一篇文章(p。254-324)。 它是由經濟學家和政治家KonrádBurchard-Bélaváry撰寫的，涉及的是造紙工業。 我選擇它們是因為它們的顏色鮮艷生動。
Konrád Burchard-Bélaváry - Incomes of different grains in Hungary. In The Economic and Cultural Status of Hungary in the Millennium and the Outcome of the Millennium Exhibition of 1896 Volume 8 Budapest, 1898, p. 302.KonrádBurchard-Bélaváry-匈牙利不同谷物的收入。 見《匈牙利在千年中的經濟和文化地位和1896年千年展覽的成果》，第1卷，布達佩斯，1898年，第8頁。 302。 Konrád Burchard-Bélaváry — The chemical components of wheat flour by source of origin (detal). In The Economic and Cultural Status of Hungary in the Millennium and the Outcome of the Millennium Exhibition of 1896 Volume 8 Budapest, 1898, p. 258.KonrádBurchard-Bélaváry—小麥粉的化學成分(按來源分類)。 見《匈牙利在千年中的經濟和文化地位和1896年千年展覽的成果》，第1卷，布達佩斯，1898年，第8頁。 258。The visualizations associated with the millennial celebrations signaled the end of the 19th century. For highlighting the difficult transition to the 20th century, I chose two maps to show how national pride, widely common in Europe at the time, slowly transformed into ethno-chauivinism.
與千禧年慶祝活動相關的可視化標志著19世紀末。 為了突出說明向20世紀的艱難過渡，我選擇了兩張地圖，以展示當時在歐洲普遍存在的民族自豪感如何慢慢轉變為民族沙文主義。
沙文主義情緒日益高漲的后果 (The consequences of the growing chauvinist heat)
The last visualization that I show in this article serve two purposes. On the one hand, it might be the first equal area/tile/mosaic map in the world, and the method the authors used is yet to be investigated. On the other hand, these two maps mark the end of the liberal-national ambitions of Hungary in the 19th century and open the path toward a pure propagandistic use of visualizations and maps (5). No matter one’s feelings toward the ideology they serve, the two maps are methodologically and aesthetically amazing. As the statistician and journalist Pál Balogh wrote in the book A népfajok Magyarországon (The ethnic races of Hungary, 1902) about their work:
我在本文中展示的最后一個可視化有兩個目的。 一方面，它可能是世界上第一個等面積/平鋪/馬賽克地圖 ，作者使用的方法尚待研究。 另一方面，這兩張地圖標志著19世紀匈牙利的自由民族主義野心的終結，并為通向純粹使用可視化和地圖的宣傳開辟了道路(5)。 無論人們對所服務意識形態的感覺如何，這兩張地圖在方法論和美學上都是驚人的。 正如統計學家和記者帕爾·巴洛格( PálBalogh )在AnépfajokMagyarországon (1902年，匈牙利的種族)一書中所寫的那樣：
“Despite our ill fortune historical past, and despite our difficulties in the present, we demonstrated that the Hungarian race is not just able to fulfill its leading role, but the Hungarian race is the only one which can practice hegemony over the other nations.” The ethnic races of Hungary, 1902, p. 1106
“盡管我們過去的命運不佳，盡管目前我們遇到了困難，但我們證明匈牙利人不僅能夠發揮領導作用，而且匈牙利人是唯一可以在其他國家實行霸權的人。” 匈牙利的種族，1902年，第1頁。 1106
Pál Balogh and Sándor Kocsárd — The ethnic composition of Hungary by districts and in percentages. B IX c 605, 1902, Insitute and Museum of Military HistoryPálBalogh和SándorKocsárd-匈牙利按地區和百分比劃分的種族組成。 B IX c 605，1902年，軍事歷史研究所和博物館 Pál Balogh and Sándor Kocsárd — The religious composition of Hungary by districts and in percentages. B IX c 605, 1902, Insitute and Museum of Military HistoryPálBalogh和SándorKocsárd-匈牙利的宗教組成，按地區和百分數表示。 B IX c 605，1902年，軍事歷史研究所和博物館The book and the maps as an appendix were published by the Ministry of Religion and Education.
該書和地圖作為附錄由宗教和教育部出版。
The book about the theory, the methodology and explanations was written by Pál Balogh, the maps were designed by the baron Sándor Kocsárd. Balogh does not explain why they used this graphic method, or where they saw a similar method before, if they did.
關于理論，方法論和解釋的書由帕洛·巴洛格(PálBalogh)撰寫，地圖由男爵桑多·科恰德(SándorKocsárd)設計。 Balogh沒有解釋他們為什么使用這種圖形方法，或者他們以前在哪里看到過類似的方法。
The method displays calculated proportions of ethnicities and religions of the census of 1891 for every town in every district. One district is represented in a 10x10 square equally. One unit within a square is equal to 1 percent proportion. With the coloring they also could show the positional density of the ethnicities within a square.
該方法顯示每個區域中每個城鎮的1891年人口普查中所計算的種族和宗教比例。 一個區域平均以10x10正方形表示。 一個平方內的一個單位等于1％的比例。 通過著色，它們還可以顯示正方形內種族的位置密度。
Detail of the ethnic composition of Hungary by districts and in percentages.匈牙利的種族組成的詳細信息按地區和百分比。The fact that the words for information graphics were already commonly used by the general press in the 1880s, and two seminal handbooks on graphic methods were available for professionals (6), gives the impression that Hungary also lived in the “golden age of statistical graphics” (Michael Friendly).
信息圖形這個詞已經在1880年代被普通媒體普遍使用，并且有兩本關于圖形方法的開創性手冊可供專業人員使用(6)，這給人的印象是匈牙利也生活在“統計圖形的黃金時代” ”(Michael Friendly)。
The truth is that information graphics were considerably rare in Hungary in the 19th century, and high quality, memorable visualizations were really sporadic in the publications. Naturally, most of the examples I show don’t represent the ordinary and typical graphics of the era. I also have to admit that I don’t know yet what can lurk in the dust on storage shelves of many Hungarian archives. It’s possible that in the future new gems will come to light. Consider this article as the first attempt at discovery and exploration, which was never done before in Hungary.
事實是，信息圖形在19世紀的匈牙利相當稀少，出版物中高質量的，令人難忘的可視化確實是零星的。 自然，我展示的大多數示例并不代表該時代的普通圖形。 我還必須承認，我不知道許多匈牙利檔案館的儲物架上的灰塵會藏著什么。 將來可能會出現新的寶石。 將本文視為發現和探索的首次嘗試，在匈牙利從未有過。
Research of historical visualizations got a new impulse in the past few years resulting in a series of monographs, journal papers and informative articles. I hope this piece contributes to the international study of information graphics with up until now unknown and interesting Hungarian examples.
在過去的幾年中，歷史可視化的研究有了新的動力，產生了一系列專著，期刊論文和內容豐富的文章。 我希望這篇文章能為國際上有關信息圖形的研究做出貢獻，并提供迄今為止未知和有趣的匈牙利示例。
Most of the originals are available digitized on the Hungaricana (the central site of the Hungarian archives) and the Arcanum.
大多數原件都可以在Hungaricana (匈牙利檔案館的中央站點)和Arcanum上進行數字化處理。
János Zima also knew William Playfair’s Statistical Breviary (1801). He put in the list of references. A statisztika elmélete. Pozsony, 1844, p. 36.
賈諾斯· 茲馬 (JánosZima)還知道威廉·普萊費爾(William Playfair)的《 統計統計》 ( Statistical Briviary ，1801年)。 他把參考文獻列入清單。 一個statisztikaelmélete 。 Possony，1844年，第1頁。 36。
About the international discussions and disputes on graphic methods in the 19th Century see István Klinghammer: “Statisztikai térképek-térképes statisztikák…” (“Statistical Maps-Mapped Statistics”). In Geodézia és Kartográfia (Geodesy and Cartography) Vol. VLIII. №10. pp. 37–44.
關于19世紀有關圖形方法的國際討論和爭議，請參見IstvánKlinghammer：“ Statisztikaitérképek-térképesstatisztikák…”(“統計地圖映射統計”)。 在GeodéziaésKartográfia ( 大地測量學和制圖學 )卷。 VLIII。 №10。 pp。37–44。
On the use of cartography and maps for propagandistic purposes in Hungary see: Zoltán Krasznai: F?ldrajztudomány, oktatás és propaganda. A nemzeti terület reprezentációja a két világháború k?z?tti Magyarországon (Geography, education and propaganda: the representation of the national territory between the two world wars). Pécs: Publikon, 2011 and Dániel Segyevy: Térképm?vek Trianon árnyékában. Magyarország etnikai térképe. (Maps in the shadow of Trianon. The ethnic map of Hungary). Budapest: KSH, 2016.
有關在匈牙利將地圖和地圖用于宣傳目的的信息，請參見：ZoltánKrasznai： F?ldrajztudomány，俄克拉荷馬州的宣傳。 Nemzetiterületreprezentációjakétvilágháborúk?z?ttiMagyarországon(地理，教育和宣傳：兩次世界大戰之間國家領土的代表) 。 佩奇：Publikon，2011年；丹尼爾·塞吉維(DánielSegyevy)： 特爾科普·維克·特里亞農·阿爾尼卡班。 Magyarországetnikaitérképe。 (在特里亞農(Trianon)附近的地圖。匈牙利的種族地圖)。 布達佩斯：KSH，2016。
翻譯自: https://medium.com/nightingale/the-beginnings-of-information-graphics-in-hungary-49bbf87fdc6f
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