【贪玩巴斯】带你一起攻克英语语法长难句—— 第五章——尾声的凯旋:状语和状语从句 ——2022年2月25日-3月17日
【貪玩巴斯】帶你一起攻克英語語法長難句—— 第五章——尾聲的凱旋:狀語和狀語從句 ——2022年2月25日
- 1.形容詞和副詞(包括短語)
- 1.1 形容詞(短語)
- 2.2 副詞(短語)
- 2.什么是狀語?
- 2.1 狀語的含義
- 2.2 狀語的成分
- 3.3 位置
- 3.狀語從句
- 3.1 構成
- 3.2 引導詞
- 3.3 時態
- 4.九大狀語從句
- 1.時間狀語從句
- 2.地點狀語從句
- where引導的地點狀語從句與定語從句的區別與轉換
- 3.原因狀語從句
- 4.目的狀語從句
- 5. 結果狀語從句
- so that, so...that 和 such...that 的區別
- 6. 條件狀語從句
- 7.讓步狀語從句
- 8.方式狀語從句
- 9.比較狀語從句
- 5.分詞作狀語
- 如何把狀語從句轉化成分詞作狀語?
- 是不是非得出現狀語從句才能使用分詞作狀語呢?
- 5.狀語和狀語從句的應用
- 寫作:
- 長難句分析:
- 6.定語和狀語的區別
- 6.1 區分介詞短語又像定語又像狀語的情況
- 6.2 區分when引導的是定語從句還是狀語從句
- 7.句子所有成分大總結
- 8.補充as專題
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1.形容詞和副詞(包括短語)
1.1 形容詞(短語)
- 形容詞短語的主要作用:
-
- 放在系動詞后面作表語, He becomes tough these days.
-
- 放在賓語后面作補語, The reality makes him tough these days.
-
- 放在名詞(短語)前作定語, He has become a tough man these days.
- 總結:
-
- 我們發現了一個規律,無論形容詞(短語)做什么成分,都是圍著名詞(短語)/ 代詞轉,也就是說——形容詞(短語)無論作什么成分都是修飾名詞(短語)/代詞的
2.2 副詞(短語)
- 副詞(短語)
-
- 修飾動詞 He smiles sweetly.
-
- 修飾形容詞 He looks pretty sweet.
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- 修飾副詞 He smiles especially sweetly.
-
- 修飾整個句子 Luckily,he passed the examination.
- 總結:
-
- 副詞(短語)可以修飾——實義動詞(詞組)、形容詞(短語)和整個句子,副詞甚至還可以修飾副詞。
-
- 副詞在句子中主要做狀語。
2.什么是狀語?
2.1 狀語的含義
- 狀語就是在一個句子中,用來修飾實義動詞(詞組)、形容詞(短語)、副詞或整個句子的成分。
- 其實英語中的修飾成分一般就是定語和狀語。
- 定語修飾名詞(短語)。
- 狀語修飾 —— 除名詞(短語)以外的所有成分。
2.2 狀語的成分
- 副詞
-
- He smiles sweetly.
- 副詞短語
-
- I tried again and again.
- 介詞短語
-
- He runs fast like a crazy dog.
- 分詞、不定式
-
- He leaves, crying.
- 從句
-
- I will return the book as soon as I finish it.
3.3 位置
- 狀語的位置極其靈活,可以隨意放置在句中,但是放在句首或句末的情況居多。(放在句首,常用逗號隔開)
3.狀語從句
3.1 構成
- 狀語從句可以放在主句之前,也可以放在主句之后。
- 構成如下:
-
- 引導詞 + 狀語從句 + “,” + 主句 (狀語從句放在主句前,通常加逗號)
-
- 主句 + 引導詞 + 狀語從句 (狀語從句放在主句后,可以加逗號,也可以不加逗號)
- In Chongqing,I am now working.
- I am now working in Chongqing.
- I am now in Chongqing working.
3.2 引導詞
- 名詞性從句的引導詞按照從句的類型來進行分類——有三類——從句句子是陳述句時:that;從句是一般疑問句時:whether/if(whether引導所有,if只引導賓語從句);從句是特殊疑問句時:副詞:when,where,why,how;連詞:who,whom,what,which,whose.
- 定語從句的引導詞是按照先行詞的種類來進行分類的——有五類——先行詞是人時:that,who,whom,whose;先行詞是物時:that,which,whose;先行詞是時間:that,which,when;先行詞是地點:that,which,where;先行詞是原因時:that,which,why;
- 注意:所有的從句,都是“引導詞+主語+謂語”的順序。
- 狀語從句的分類:
-
- If 引導 —— 條件
-
- When 引導 —— 時間
-
- Because引導 —— 原因
- 狀語從句引導詞的分類標準——按照引導詞本身的意思進行分類。
- 一共分為九類:
- 時間、地點、原因、目的、結果、條件、讓步、方式、比較狀語從句。
- 因為狀語從句的引導詞是按照引導詞本身的意思來進行分類的,所以狀語從句可以說是最簡單的從句,每個引導詞都有確定的意思。
3.3 時態
- 1.當主句謂語為過去時,從句謂語使用相應的過去時態。
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- Before I went home,my mother had slept.
-
- 兩個動作都為過去發生,但是主句的動作發生在從句之前,所以使用過去完成時態。
- 2.當主句謂語為將來時,從句謂語使用一般現在時,用現在表示將來。(主將從現)
-
- I will treat you if I manage to pass the examination of postgraduates.
-
- 這是由if引導的條件狀語從句,主句表將來,但從句中的謂語動詞應該用一般現在時,絕不可用will manage.
4.九大狀語從句
1.時間狀語從句
- 普通引導詞:
-
- when、as、while(在…期間)、once(一旦)、as soon as(一…就…)、before、after、since(自從…以來)、not…until(直到…才)、until/till(直到…時)等。
- 名詞短語:
-
- the moment(一…就),every time(每當),the day(那一天),the instant(當…的時候)等
- 副詞:
-
- immediately,directly,no sooner…than,hardly…when,scarcely…when 意思都為 “一…就” 等
- When 引導的從句的謂語動作可以是連續性動詞,也可以是短暫性動詞。通常表示“當…時”(指的是從句里的謂語)
-
- when the teacher came in,we stopped talking.
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- when I lived in the countryside,i used to live a tough life.
- while引導的從句的謂語動詞必須是延續性動詞,多用于進行時態,表示“在…時”,強調時間段的延續性;也可強調主從句的對比。
-
- while my mother was reading the newspaper,I was watching TV.(reading延續性動詞,兩個動詞同時發生)
-
- I like playing football while you like playing basketball.(對比)
- as引導的從句的謂語動詞是延續性動詞,表示“一邊…一邊”,一般用于主句和從句動作同時發生的情況,as也可表示“隨著…”
-
- We always sing as we walk.(一邊…一邊)
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- As familes moved away from their stable community,the informal flow of information is cut off.(隨著)
- 含義:表示“一…就…”
- 時態:主句用過去完成時,從句用一般過去時。
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- No sooner had I begun to take a shower than the water was unavailable.
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- Hardly had they arrived at the bus stop when the bus left.
- 簡單說,從句主句的主語一樣,且從句謂語有be動詞,省略從句中主語和be動詞
- When I was alone, I would often weep. ——省略后:when alone,i would often weep.
- I will wait here until you come.
- I will not leave until you come.
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- not…until 雖然有否定詞not,但并沒有翻譯成否定的意思
-
- 區別在于:主句的謂語動詞的延續性,如果是短暫性動詞——使用not…until,如果是延續性動詞,使用until。
2.地點狀語從句
- 常用引導詞:where
- 特殊引導詞:wherever,anywhere,everywhere等。
where引導的地點狀語從句與定語從句的區別與轉換
- 兩者容易混淆,并且在從句的翻譯方法上是一樣的,但是語法上千差萬別。
- 區分兩種句子的關鍵就是看where是否指代前面的先行詞,如果指代,那就是定語從句,否則就是地點狀語從句!
-
- 當where引導地點狀語從句的時候,從句修飾主句的謂語動詞,where是連接副詞,前面沒有表示地點的先行詞。
-
- 例句:I find my phone where i had lost it.(where引導的從句修飾find這個動詞)
-
-
- where引導定語從句的時候,從句修飾先行詞,where是關系副詞,在從句中做地點狀語,前面有表示地點的先行詞。
-
- 例句:These is the house where i lived two years ago.(where引導的從句修飾house這個名詞)
- 主要看修飾的是名詞還是動詞!!!
- 一般在狀語從句前加上——“in/at/from the + 地點”,就可以改寫成定語從句。
-
- 例句:We will start where we left off. ——轉換:We will start from the point where we left off.
3.原因狀語從句
- 常用引導詞:because,since,as,for等。
- 特殊引導詞:seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that等等
- 需要注意的是,一些介詞短語,也翻譯成:“因為”,但他們后面只能跟著名詞(短語),because of, due to, owing to, thanks to, for the sake of, as a result of等。
- 需要注意的是,這批介詞短語中,due to 通常放在句末,不放在句首;owing to通常放在句首,不放在句末。其他短語則可前可后。
- Because he was careless, he had a car accident yesterday.
- Because of his carelessness, he had a car accident yesterday.
4.目的狀語從句
- 常用引導詞:so that, in order that 等。
- 常見的動詞不定式也可以表示目的:to, in order to, so as to 等,后跟動詞原形。
- 需要注意的是,用 in order to 一定確保前后主語一致,主語不一致只能用 in order that。
5. 結果狀語從句
- 常用引導詞:so that, so…that, such…that 等。
- 特殊引導詞:to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that等
so that, so…that 和 such…that 的區別
- 目的狀語從句:I hurried through my work so that i could be on time for the TV. (后接情態動詞)
- 結果狀語從句:We moved to the country so that we were away from the crowded city.(后沒有接情態動詞)
- so + 形容詞/副詞 + that
- The movie was so boring that i gave up watching it halfway through.
- 太…以至于
- so + many/much/few/little + 名詞 + that
- He got so little money that his family had to live on welfare.
- so + 形容詞 + a/an + 可數名詞單數 + that
- Liu is so nice a teather that everyone loves and respects her.
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such + a/an + 形容詞 + 可數名詞單數 + that
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It was such a terrible show that none of us would pay for watching it again.
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注意 so…that 和 such…that 兩個結構可以互換,但要調整冠詞的位置。
-
such + 形容詞 + 可數名詞復數/不可數名詞 + that
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They are such adorable babies that we all love them
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This was such wonderful music that is deserved to replay.
6. 條件狀語從句
-
常用引導詞: if, unless(if not)等。
-
特殊引導詞:as/so long as (只要), only if (只要), providing/provided that(假如), supposing (that) (假如), in case that (以防), on condition that(如果) 等等。
-
I will never give up so long as there is a ghost of a chance.
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You can borrow the album, on condition that you don’t lend it to anyone else.
7.讓步狀語從句
- 常用引導詞:though,although,even if,even though等。
- 特殊引導詞:as, while(雖然,用在句首), no matter… (無論), in spite of the fact that(雖然,盡管), whatever, whenever, however, whichever 等。
- 讓步狀語從句是作文中的經典表達,當我們表達過于絕對的時候,用上表示讓步的引導詞,如although 效果會很好。
- Although/Though he failed again and again, he still holds on to his dream.
- The regular physical examination must be given to a patient whoever has recuperated from hepatitis.
- As automatic machines have many advantages, they can only do the jobs they have been told to do.
- 擴展練習句子。
- Liu is a beauty although she has a pair of small eyes.
- Worshipping stars blindly will waste a lot of time and energy although they may work hard and set a good example.
- Pollution remains serious although a sea of adults realize it.
- Pets indeed bring much delight to my grandma although taking care of them needs time and energy.
8.方式狀語從句
- 常用引導詞:as, as if, as though(好像,似乎)等。
- 特殊引導詞:the way (方式) 等。
- 除此以外,有些介詞(短語)也表示方式:by, through, in…way, in…manner(以…的方式)等。
- She talks with me as she were my mother.
- The password was decoded by him in a dis passionate and objective manner.
- I can still remember the whole thing in great detail as though it happened yesterday.
- They are talking as if they had been freinds for years.
- Always do to the others as you would be done by.
- When the spaceship leaves the earth in a tremendous speed, the astronauts feel as if they were being crushed against the spaceship floor.
9.比較狀語從句
-
常用引導詞:as, than 等。
-
特殊引導詞:the more… the more… , more than, more… than… ,not so much… as… 等。
-
例句:
-
The youth of today are better off than we used to be.
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She is not so energetic as she used to be .
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The result of this experiment is better than that of the last one.
-
具體引導詞
- as…as… 和…一樣…
-
English proves as assential as air and water, which plays a key role in our daily life.
-
總結: as … as … 的用法 和 so… that… 一樣,有形容詞(短語),副詞(短語)的地方都可以考慮該句型。
- the more… the more… 越… ,越…
-
The harder one works , the luckier he will feel.
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The higher one climbs, the farther he will look.
- more than 的用法
-
①后加名詞(短語),翻譯成“不僅僅是”。
-
He is more than a teacher. In fact, he writes some poems in his spare time.
-
②后加形容詞(短語),翻譯成 “非常”。
-
Americans are more than hospitable when facing strangers.
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③后加數詞,翻譯成 “多于,超過,比…多”
-
I have more than 10 friends.
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④后加動詞(詞組),翻譯成 “不僅僅是”
-
They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.
- not so much as = not even 甚至不/沒有
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He cannot so much as sing a song.
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He did not so much as ask me to have a cup of tea when i visited his lab.
- not so much A as B 與其說A,倒不如說B
-
He is not so much a teacher as a poet.
- more A than B 與其說B, 不如說A
-
He is more a poet than a teacher.
5.分詞作狀語
如何把狀語從句轉化成分詞作狀語?
- If winter comes, spring will arrive soon.
- ① 去掉狀語從句最明顯的標志——引導詞 if
- ② 逗號不能連接兩個句子,考慮把其中一個變成不是句子。只需要把動詞變成——非謂語 即可實現。
- ③ 看前后主語是否一致,如果一致,分詞的主語省略,不一致保留。
- Winter coming,spring will arrive soon.
- 總結:
- 如果分詞的主語和主句的主語不一致,叫做獨立主格;如果分詞的主語和主句的主語一致,叫做非謂語結構作狀語。
- 例子:
- 狀語從句:After the job was finished, we went home respectively.
- 分詞作狀語:The job finished, we went home respectively.
- 狀語從句:Because I am fat, i feel delighted.
- 分詞作狀語:Being fat, I feel delighted.
是不是非得出現狀語從句才能使用分詞作狀語呢?
- 不是,只要是類似于用逗號連接的兩個句子的情況,都可以把那個次要的句子變成分詞作狀語。
- The old lady sitting in the corner, her eyes are filled with tears.
- Being a positive attitude, self-confidence enables many miracles to happen.
- 要學會掌握分詞作狀語的句式,應用到作文中更出彩。
5.狀語和狀語從句的應用
寫作:
- 定語可以把句子拉長增色,而狀語是最好的拉長增色的工具。任何一個句子都可以增加狀語成分。
- 比如:
- I am reading the book written by Liu Xiaoyan.
- ① 加副詞:I am reading the book written by Liu Xiaoyan diligently.
- ② 加時間狀語: I am reading the book written by Liu Xiaoyan at the moment.
- ③ 加地點狀語: I am reading the book written by Liu Xiaoyan on the playground.
- ④ 加原因狀語: I am reading the book written by Liu Xiaoyan because it is so interesting and attractive.
- ⑤ 加讓步狀語:Although I don’t want to take part in any examination, I am reading the book written by Liu Xiaoyan.
- ⑥ 加結果狀語——必須出現形容詞或副詞:I am reading the book written by Liu Xiaoyan so crazily that I forget to sleep at night.
- ⑦ 加目的狀語:I am reading the book written by Liu Xiaoyan in order that I can improve my grammar as quickly as possiple.
- ⑧ 加比較狀語:I am reading the book written by Liu Xiaoyan as diligently as a bee.
長難句分析:
- 長難句分析的關鍵 是要學會識別 狀語,并且能把它通順的翻譯出來。
- 識別:一個句子中的以下成分,一般都是狀語:副詞、時間、地點、方式、目的、條件、結果、原因、比較。根據位置也可以判斷,雖然靈活,但通常都放在句首或句末,只要見到主語前面有一部分,那這一部分通常都是狀語。
- 翻譯方法:一般的狀語都是直接翻譯,但是通常把表示時間、原因、方式、目的、條件的狀語放在句首翻譯,或放在主謂之間翻譯。如果原因狀語比較復雜,也可以放在句末翻譯為“之所以……是因為……”。
6.定語和狀語的區別
- she smiled when she saw me. ——when后是狀語。
- The woman who saw her son smiled immediately. ——who后是定語。
- I loved the man when I met him. ——when后是狀語。(定語從句中,如果先行詞是人,引導詞不可能是when)
6.1 區分介詞短語又像定語又像狀語的情況
比如:I like a boy in the kindergaten.
如果定語:我喜歡一個在幼兒園的小男生。
如果狀語:在幼兒園,我喜歡一個小男生。
兩種譯法都沒有問題。一般情況下,定語出現的概率比狀語的大,推薦翻譯成定語。
6.2 區分when引導的是定語從句還是狀語從句
I was singing when she came in.
I still remember that day when you promised you would love me forever.
以上兩句話,區分的關鍵在于看when之前是不是表示時間的詞語,如果是,那么常常是定語從句,when則翻譯成“當時,這時,屆時”;如果when前面不是表示時間的詞,通常翻譯為狀語從句,when前置翻譯成“當……的時候”。
7.句子所有成分大總結
整理如下:
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句子主干成分:主語、謂語、賓語、表語;
-
句子修飾成分:同位語、定語、狀語、補語;
- 總結一
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主干成分是句子必須具備的成分,修飾成分則可有可無。修飾成分可以使得句子顯得豐滿美觀。
-
雖然充當主語的成分很多,但事實上充當主語的成分多數情況下都是——名詞(短語),充當賓語的成分多數情況下也是名詞(短語)。
-
分析長難句和寫作是兩個完全相反的過程,分析長難句是先把修飾限定成分去掉,暫時不看,去尋找句子主干。而寫作是給基本的句子主干部分加修飾成分,把句子寫長寫復雜。、
-
英語的句子的基本形式如下:
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(狀語),主語(定語/同位語/插入語) + 謂語(通常具有時態、語態或單復數變化,不一定只是一個動詞) + 賓語/表語 (定語/同位語/狀語)
-
——小擴號的內容代表可有可無。
- 總結二
- 每個句子都有不止一種寫法。
- 主干成分:主語、謂語、賓語、表語。
- 修飾成分:同位語、定語、狀語。
- 能夠充當以上句子成分的總共有:
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- 名詞(短語)、代詞、動詞(詞組)、形容詞(短語)、副詞(短語)、介詞短語、非謂語結構、從句。
- 具體來說,可以承擔的相應的角色:
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- 主語:名詞(短語)、代詞、非謂語結構、從句;
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- 謂語:動詞(詞組);
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- 賓語:名詞(短語)、代詞、非謂語結構、從句;
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- 表語:名詞(短語)、代詞、非謂語局結構、從句、形容詞(短語)、介詞短語;
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- 同位語:名詞(短語)、代詞、非謂語結構、從句;
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- 定語:名詞(短語)、代詞、非謂語結構、從句、形容詞(短語)、介詞短語。
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- 狀語:副詞(短語)、介詞短語、非謂語結構、從句。
- 舉例1: 他一句都沒說就離開了
- He left saying nothing.(分詞作狀語)
- He left without a word.(介詞短語作狀語)
- When he left, he said nothing.(從句作狀語)
- He left silently.(副詞作狀語)
- 舉例2: 嘲笑別人是不對的
- Laughing at others is not right.(非謂語結構做主語)
- That you laugh at others is not right.(從句作主語)
- You are not right if you laugh at others.(代詞作主語)
- 距離3: 一盞美麗、可愛的小油燈照亮了屋子。
- A pretty and lovely lamp lit up the room.(形容詞短語作定語)
- A lamp which looks pretty and lovely lit up the room.(從句作定語)
- A lamp looking pretty and lovely lit up the room.(非謂語結構作定語)
- 注意:
-
- 分詞作定語,雖然表達被動,但是系動詞沒有被動形式,所以只能加ing。
- 總結:
- 除了謂語必須是動詞(詞組),其他各個成分的詞性都很靈活。在寫作中,前一個名詞(短語)已經補充定語,后面的這個名詞(短語)就可以使用其他詞作定語。
8.補充as專題
- 此時as是介詞,as后跟名詞(短語)時,一般譯為“作為”。
- 此時as仍然是介詞,意思取決于前面動詞(詞組)的意思。一定注意動詞(詞組)和as中間應該有名詞(短語)。當發現沒有名詞(短語)的時候,可能是名詞(短語)被放到其他地方去了。
- 常見結構:regard…as…; view…as…; define…as…; classify…as… 等;
- as可以引導修飾整個句子的定語從句,which也可以,但which只能放在所修飾的句子后面,as可前可后。
- as應當怎樣翻譯是由前后句子的意思決定的。
總結
以上是生活随笔為你收集整理的【贪玩巴斯】带你一起攻克英语语法长难句—— 第五章——尾声的凯旋:状语和状语从句 ——2022年2月25日-3月17日的全部內容,希望文章能夠幫你解決所遇到的問題。
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