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在很多情況下，一個(gè)大腦中的神經(jīng)過(guò)程與另一個(gè)大腦中的神經(jīng)過(guò)程是通過(guò)環(huán)境傳遞的信號(hào)耦合。大腦間的耦合塑造了社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)中每個(gè)個(gè)體的行為，從而導(dǎo)致更為復(fù)雜的社會(huì)交互。而人類(lèi)的生存與發(fā)展，都是在人與人之間的社會(huì)交互作用中實(shí)現(xiàn)的，通過(guò)社會(huì)交往，個(gè)體接受各種社會(huì)影響，掌握社會(huì)規(guī)范，學(xué)習(xí)社會(huì)行為。

目前，實(shí)驗(yàn)室實(shí)驗(yàn)通常是將人或動(dòng)物與自然環(huán)境隔離，把他們放在一個(gè)封閉的房間里，只與計(jì)算機(jī)程序進(jìn)行交互。這種以自我為中心的研究框架讓人想起托勒密的地心說(shuō)。從人類(lèi)文明早期開(kāi)始，人們就認(rèn)為恒星對(duì)地球物理過(guò)程（如：地震彈性波、重力、地磁、地電、地?zé)岬?#xff09;沒(méi)有任何影響。目前對(duì)引力、軌道和潮汐的了解是在哥白尼革命之后才出現(xiàn)的，哥白尼革命使人們認(rèn)識(shí)到，地球只是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的、相互作用的行星系統(tǒng)中的一個(gè)元素。同樣，在認(rèn)知神經(jīng)科學(xué)領(lǐng)域中，對(duì)單個(gè)個(gè)體的著重關(guān)注掩蓋了大腦之間交互對(duì)行為塑造的力量。語(yǔ)言交流就是一個(gè)很好的例子來(lái)說(shuō)明他人在一個(gè)人的認(rèn)知過(guò)程中所起的作用。正如Wittgenstein所說(shuō)，一個(gè)詞的意義是由其使用來(lái)定義的。但是，隨著時(shí)代、文化、環(huán)境的不同，正確的用法也會(huì)有所不同。因此，適當(dāng)使用一個(gè)詞的基礎(chǔ)是一個(gè)說(shuō)話群體所共有的一套相互關(guān)聯(lián)的規(guī)范。比如，要掌握一門(mén)語(yǔ)言，你必須通過(guò)與其他成員互動(dòng)來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)單詞的正確用法。這種互動(dòng)從根本上塑造了個(gè)體的思維和行為方式。不過(guò)不僅僅只是語(yǔ)言，其他一些非語(yǔ)言社交和認(rèn)知技能也需要多個(gè)個(gè)體的協(xié)作。在人際互動(dòng)中出現(xiàn)的如此多的認(rèn)知能力的情況下，如果不考察和理解個(gè)體之間的相互作用，就不可能完全理解個(gè)體大腦中的認(rèn)知過(guò)程。這可能也是目前很多研究從對(duì)單一的大腦研究轉(zhuǎn)向多個(gè)大腦聯(lián)合參考的原因吧。

小編在這里也為大家整理了使用fNIRS/fMRI/EEG/MEG技術(shù)研究多個(gè)大腦交互的相關(guān)研究，感興趣的小伙伴可以在公眾號(hào)后臺(tái)回復(fù)“超掃描合集”，獲取以下所有文獻(xiàn)。

fNIRS超掃描

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Brain and motor synchrony in children and adolescents with ASD—a fNIRS hyperscanning study.

doi: 10.1093/scan/nsaa092

Team-work, Team-brain: Exploring synchrony and team interdependence?in a nine-person drumming task via multiparticipant hyperscanning and?inter-brain network topology with fNIRS.

doi:?10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.11814

Interpersonal Neural Synchrony During Father-Child Problem Solving: An?fNIRS Hyperscanning Study.

doi:?10.1111/cdev.13510

Educational diversity and group creativity: Evidence from fNIRS?hyperscanning.

doi:?10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118564

Dynamic inter-brain synchrony in real-life inter-personal cooperation: A?functional near-infrared spectroscopy hyperscanning study.

doi:?10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118263

A Guide to Parent-Child fNIRS Hyperscanning Data Processing?and Analysis.

doi:?10.3390/s21124075

Interbrain Synchrony of Team?Collaborative Decision-Making: An?fNIRS Hyperscanning Study.

doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.702959

NIRS-based hyperscanning reveals increased interpersonal coherence in superior?frontal cortex during cooperation.

doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.09.003

Leader emergence through interpersonal neural synchronization.

doi:?10.1073/pnas.1422930112

Synchronous activity of two people’s prefrontal cortices during a cooperative task measured by simultaneous near-infrared spectroscopy.

doi:?10.1117/1.3602853

Cluster imaging of multi-brain networks (CIMBN): a general framework for hyperscanning and modeling a group of interacting brains.

doi:?10.3389/fnins.2015.00267

Neural Synchronization during Face-to-Face Communication.

doi:?10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2926-12.2012

A new research trend in social neuroscience: Towards an?interactive-brain neuroscience.

doi:?10.1002/pchj.56

Independent component analysisbased source-level hyperlink analysis for two-person neuroscience studies.

doi:?10.1117/1.JBO.22.2.027004

Brain and motor synchrony in children and adolescents with ASD—a fNIRS hyperscanning study.

doi: 10.1093/scan/nsaa092

Cooperation in Lovers: An fNIRS-Based Hyperscanning Study.

doi: 10.1002/hbm.23421

The role of anterior prefrontal cortex (area 10) in face-to-face deception measured with fNIRS.

doi: 10.1093/scan/nsaa086

Sex differences in neural and behavioral signatures of cooperation revealed by fNIRS?hyperscanning.

doi: 10.1038/srep26492

Brain-to-brain synchrony in parent-child dyads and the relationship?with emotion regulation revealed by fNIRS-based hyperscanning.

doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.05.060

Interbrains cooperation: Hyperscanning and self-perception in joint actions.

doi:?10.1080/13803395.2016.1253666

fMRI超掃描

Decoupled Circular-Polarized Dual-Head Volume Coil?Pair for Studying Two Interacting Human Brains with?Dyadic fMRI.

doi: 10.1002/mrm.23313

What makes?eye contact special? Neural substrates of on-line mutual eyegaze: a hyperscanning fMRI study.

doi: 10.1523/ENEURO.0284-18.2019

Hyperscanning: Simultaneous fMRI during Linked Social Interactions.

doi: 10.1006/nimg.2002.1150

Hard to “tune in”: neural mechanisms of live face-to-face?interaction with high-functioning autistic spectrum disorder.

doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00268

The Neural Substrates of Social Influence on Decision?Making.

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052630

Beyond synchrony: the capacity of fMRI hyperscanning for the study of human social interaction.

doi: 10.1093/scan/nsaa143

Dissecting social interaction: dual-fMRI reveals patterns of interpersonal brain-behavior relationships that dissociate among dimensions of social exchange.

doi:?10.1093/scan/nsz004

Bidirectional signal exchanges and their mechanisms during joint attention?interaction—a hyperscanning fMRI study.

doi:?10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.05.028

Neural substrates of shared attention as social memory: a hyperscanning?functional magnetic resonance imaging study.

doi:?10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.09.076

“Stay Tuned”: Inter-Individual Neural?Synchronization During Mutual Gaze and?Joint Attention.

doi:?10.3389/fnint.2010.00127

Speaker–Listener Neural Coupling Underlies?Successful Communication.

doi:?10.1073/pnas.1008662107

On the Same Wavelength: Predictable Language?Enhances Speaker–Listener Brain-to-Brain?Synchrony in Posterior Superior Temporal Gyrus.

doi:?10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3796-13.2014

Information Flow Between Interacting Human?Brains: Identification, Validation and Relationship?to Social Expertise.

doi:?10.1073/pnas.1421831112

EEG超掃描

Simultaneous recording of electroencephalographic data?in musicians playing in ensemble.

doi:?10.1016/j.cortex.2011.05.006

Inter-Brain Synchronization during Social Interaction.

doi:?10.4161/cib.4.3.15110

High resolution EEG hyperscanning during a card game.

doi:?10.1109/IEMBS.2007.4353453

Inter-brain synchrony and cooperation context in interactive decision making.

doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.12.005

Hypermethods for EEG hyperscanning.

doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.2006.260754

Imaging the Social Brain by Simultaneous Hyperscanning During Subject Interaction.

doi: 10.1109/MIS.2011.61

Interbrain Phase Synchronization During?Turn-Taking Verbal Interaction—A Hyperscanning?Study Using Simultaneous EEG/MEG.

doi:?10.1002/hbm.23834

Neuroelectrical hyperscanning measures simultaneous brain activity in?humans.

doi:?10.1007/s10548-010-0147-9

Anatomical Connectivity Influences both Intra- and Inter-Brain Synchronizations.

doi:?10.1371/journal.pone.0036414

Intra- and interbrain synchronization and network properties when playing guitar in duets.

doi:?10.3389/fnhum.2012.00312

Joint recording of EEG and audio signals in hyperscanning and pseudo-hyperscanning experiments.

doi:?10.31234/osf.io/xzm76

Multiple-Brain Connectivity During Third Party?Punishment: An EEG hyperscanning Study.

doi:?10.1038/s41598-018-24416-w

Teams on The Same Wavelength Perform Better:?Inter-Brain Phase Synchronization Constitutes a?Neural Substrate for Social Facilitation.

doi:?10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.03.013

Brain Interaction During Cooperation: Evaluating?Local Properties of Multiple-Brain Network.

doi:?10.3390/brainsci7070090

Brain-to-Brain Entrainment: EEG Interbrain?Synchronization While Speaking and Listening.

doi:?10.1038/s41598-017-04464-4

Brain-to-Brain Synchrony Tracks Real-World?Dynamic Group Interactions in the Classroom.

doi:?10.1016/j.cub.2017.04.002

Investigating Cooperative Behavior in Ecological?Settings: An EEG hyperscanning Study.

doi:?10.1371/journal.pone.0154236

EEG hyperscanning Study of Inter-Brain?Synchrony During Cooperative and?Competitive Interaction.

doi:?10.1109/smc.2016.7844990

Automatic Measure of Imitation During Social?Interaction: A Behavioral and?hyperscanning-EEG Benchmark.

doi:?10.1016/j.patrec.2014.09.002

Interpersonal Body and Neural Synchronization as?a Marker of Implicit Social Interaction.

doi:?10.1038/srep00959

Extrasensory Electroencephalographic Induction?Between Identical Twins.

doi:?10.1126/science.150.3694.367

MEG超掃描

MEG dual scanning: a procedure to study real-time?auditory interaction between two persons.

doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00083

Mu rhythm suppression reflects mother-child face-to-face interactions: a pilot study with simultaneous MEG recording.

doi: 10.1038/srep34977

Hyperscanning?MEG for understanding mother-child cerebral interactions.

doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00118

Neural signatures of hand kinematics in leaders vs. followers: A dual-MEG study.

doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.11.002

Interbrain Phase Synchronization During?Turn-Taking Verbal Interaction—A Hyperscanning?Study Using Simultaneous EEG/MEG.

doi:?10.1002/hbm.23834

An internet-based realtime audiovisual link for dual MEG recordings.

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128485

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