量子計(jì)算 qiskit

總覽 (Overview)

There exist two popular integrations of quantum computing packages in standard deep learning libraries:

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)深度學(xué)習(xí)庫中存在兩種流行的量子計(jì)算軟件包集成：

Tensorflow and Cirq as Tensorflow Quantum

Tensorflow和Cirq作為Tensorflow Quantum

Pytorch and Qiskit

Pytorch和Qiskit

In this article, we will be talking about integrating Qiskit in custom Keras layers.

在本文中，我們將討論如何將Qiskit集成到自定義Keras圖層中。

介紹 (Introduction)

Quantum machine learning has an interesting application of assisting classical neural networks with quantum layers that involve computation not realisable classically. Recent work in academia has stressed on applications of quantum-assisted deep learning which can have complex activations, better representation, and other salient features not achievable in classical networks.

量子機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)在將經(jīng)典神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)與量子層相輔相成方面具有有趣的應(yīng)用，其中涉及無法經(jīng)典實(shí)現(xiàn)的計(jì)算。 學(xué)術(shù)界的最新工作強(qiáng)調(diào)了量子輔助深度學(xué)習(xí)的應(yīng)用，該應(yīng)用可能具有復(fù)雜的激活，更好的表示以及其他經(jīng)典網(wǎng)絡(luò)無法實(shí)現(xiàn)的顯著特征。

For the implementation side, this means finding a way to integrate quantum processing in normal deep neural networks. Several ways exist to achieve this. Here, we discuss integrating Qiskit as subclasses of Keras layers. Let’s get started.

對于實(shí)現(xiàn)方面，這意味著找到一種在常規(guī)深度神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)中集成量子處理的方法。 存在幾種實(shí)現(xiàn)此目的的方法。 在這里，我們討論將Qiskit集成為Keras圖層的子類。 讓我們開始吧。

定義量子層 (Defining the quantum layer)

This obviously depends on specific application. The thing to keep in mind is to be consistent in the inputs and outputs this layer has. With eager_execution as default in Tensorflow 2.x, it is only natural to fall back to numpy arrays as our default inputs to and outputs from all quantum layers.

這顯然取決于特定的應(yīng)用程序。 要記住的是，該層的輸入和輸出要保持一致。 在tensorflow 2.x eager_execution作為默認(rèn)設(shè)置，自然而然地退回到numpy數(shù)組作為我們對所有量子層的默認(rèn)輸入和輸出。

Sample quantum layer樣品量子層

This is an arbitrary quantum layer taking in four inputs and outputting a numpy array of length 4. We calculate the expectations of standard Pauli operators, create a list, and return it. This layer would change according to the specifics of the underlying application.

這是一個任意的量子層，接受四個輸入并輸出一個長度為4的numpy數(shù)組。我們計(jì)算標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Pauli運(yùn)算符的期望值，創(chuàng)建一個列表，然后將其返回。 該層將根據(jù)基礎(chǔ)應(yīng)用程序的細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行更改。

與量子層相互作用 (Interacting with the quantum layer)

Now we need to create a Keras layer that integrates the quantum layer we defined earlier. For this, we need to extend the tensorflow.keras.Layer class that allows writing custom layers for Keras models.

現(xiàn)在，我們需要創(chuàng)建一個Keras層，該層集成了我們先前定義的量子層。 為此，我們需要擴(kuò)展tensorflow.keras.Layer類，以允許為Keras模型編寫自定義層。

Subclassed Layer子層

The layer receives inputs according to the batch_size of training. So we need to make sure every training example goes through the quantum layer to create an output, thus the need for the loop.

該層根據(jù)訓(xùn)練的batch_size接收輸入。 因此，我們需要確保每個訓(xùn)練示例都經(jīng)過量子層以創(chuàng)建輸出，因此需要循環(huán)。

tf.executing_eagerly() is important as it will allow us to convert the default input Tensor to a numpy array via inputs.numpy() . If application depends on Tensorflow 1.x, tf.enable_eager_execution() may be called to enable eager execution. Eager execution, intuitively, allows us to access the values of the tensor as they become available. If it is disabled, we need to bring in the complexity of tensorflow’s sessions and execution graphs.

tf.executing_eagerly()很重要，因?yàn)樗鼘⒃试S我們通過inputs.numpy()將默認(rèn)輸入Tensor轉(zhuǎn)換為numpy數(shù)組。 如果應(yīng)用程序依賴于Tensorflow 1.x，則可以調(diào)用tf.enable_eager_execution()啟用急切執(zhí)行。 直觀地執(zhí)行急切操作可以使我們在張量值可用時對其進(jìn)行訪問。 如果禁用它，我們需要引入tensorflow會話和執(zhí)行圖的復(fù)雜性。

建立模型 (Building the model)

Building the model is straightforward. We may build a functional model or a Sequential model for our use.

建立模型很簡單。 我們可以建立一個功能模型或一個順序模型供我們使用。

Model workflow模型工作流程

Compiling the model with run_eagerly is important. I have observed some saved models don’t work as expected after loading them if they are not compiled with run_eagerly set to True.

使用run_eagerly編譯模型很重要。 我觀察到某些保存的模型如果未將run_eagerly設(shè)置為True編譯，則在加載它們后將無法按預(yù)期工作。

保存和加載模型 (Saving and loading the model)

Saving proceeds as normal. Loading, however, asks you to define the custom class for the custom layer we created.

照常保存收益。 但是，加載會要求您為我們創(chuàng)建的自定義圖層定義自定義類。

Saving and loading models保存和加載模型

The custom_objects allows you to define custom objects. It takes a dictionary with keys corresponding to the custom layers you have, and their values corresponding to the custom classes you want the custom layers to be associated with. This has a subtle caveat: it is possible to change implementations of these layers between different training sessions of some model. If you have a model trained on the quantum layer given previously in this post, it is possible to load such a model and retrain it on some other quantum logic.

custom_objects允許您定義自定義對象。 它需要一個字典，該字典的keys與您擁有的自定義圖層相對應(yīng)，其values與您希望與自定義圖層關(guān)聯(lián)的自定義類相對應(yīng)。 這有一個細(xì)微的警告：可以在某些模型的不同培訓(xùn)課程之間更改這些層的實(shí)現(xiàn)。 如果您有一個在本文前面給出的量子層上訓(xùn)練過的模型，則可以加載這樣的模型并在其他一些量子邏輯上對其進(jìn)行重新訓(xùn)練。

結(jié)論 (Conclusion)

This post is a basic skeleton to set up a working quantum assisted deep learning architecture using Qiskit and Tensorflow. Some things are to be noted:

這篇文章是使用Qiskit和Tensorflow建立可行的量子輔助深度學(xué)習(xí)架構(gòu)的基本框架。 需要注意一些事項(xiàng)：

Calculating the expectation values is a major bottleneck. An enormous slowdown may be experienced for large batch sizes since we have completely done away with the advantage matrix multiplication in classical deep learning had.

計(jì)算期望值是一個主要瓶頸。 對于大批量生產(chǎn)，可能會經(jīng)歷極大的速度下降，因?yàn)槲覀円呀?jīng)完全消除了經(jīng)典深度學(xué)習(xí)中矩陣乘法的優(yōu)勢。

Expectation values may be really small. An appropriate scalar multiplier may be used to scale them up.

期望值可能確實(shí)很小。 可以使用適當(dāng)?shù)臉?biāo)量乘數(shù)來放大它們。

Hope this will get you started with putting Qiskit powered layers in Tensorflow networks. Have a great day :)

希望這會幫助您開始在Tensorflow網(wǎng)絡(luò)中放置由Qiskit支持的層。 祝你有美好的一天 ：)

翻譯自: https://towardsdatascience.com/integrating-tensorflow-and-qiskit-for-quantum-machine-learning-7fa6b14d5294

量子計(jì)算 qiskit

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