ubuntu1804系统设置在哪里_Ubuntu1804(Server 版) 安装及使用
Ubuntu1804(Server 版) 安裝及使用
1 系統安裝操作步驟
OS Version:1804
鏡像下載: http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/releases/
1.1 選擇安裝語言:
1.2 安裝界面選擇第一項進行系統安裝
1.3 選擇安裝過程中使用的語言, 也是系統安裝完后使用的默認語言
1.4 選擇地區, 這里先選擇最后一項 other, 然后回車再選擇 Asia, 最后選擇 China
1.5 選擇語言環境
1.6 鍵盤布局檢查, 選擇 NO
1.7 選擇美式鍵盤
1.8 確認使用美式鍵盤
1.9 配置主機名
1.10 創建一個普通用戶和為其設置密碼
1.11 確認時區
1.12 選擇磁盤分區的方法, 這里選手動分區
1.13 選擇磁盤
1.14 確認對磁盤分區
1.15 對磁盤分區
1.16 創建新分區
1.17 指定分區大小, 這里將磁盤的全部大小劃分給該分區
1.18 選擇分區類型, 這里選主分區
1.19 分區完成
1.20 完成分區并寫入數據
1.21 確認寫入磁盤
1.22 是否使用代理, 這里不填
1.23 是否自動更新, 這里選擇默認, 不自動更新
1.24 選擇安裝組件, 選擇對應需要安裝的組件, 然后按空格鍵, 這里選擇 OpenSSH Server
1.25 將 GRUB 引導加載程序安裝到主引導記錄
1.26 完成安裝, 確認重啟服務器
1.27 登錄系統
2 系統基礎配置
官方文檔: https://help.ubuntu.com/
2.1 更改主機名# cat /etc/hostname
hechunping
2.2 更改網卡名稱為 eth*# sed -i '/GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=/s/"$/net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0"/' /etc/default/grub
# update-grub
Sourcingfile`/etc/default/grub'
Generating grub configuration file ...
Found Linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-4.15.0-55-generic
Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-4.15.0-55-generic
done
# reboot
# sed -i 's/ens33/eth0/' /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.YAML
2.3 配置 root 遠程登錄# 默認情況下, Ubuntu 不允許 root?? 遠程 SSH, 如果有實際場景需要允許 root?? 遠程 SSH, 則需要設置 root 密碼, 并且編輯 / etc/SSH/sshd_config? 件修改如下:
~$ sudo VIM/etc/SSH/sshd_config
32#PermitRootLogin prohibit-password #默認為禁? 登錄
33PermitRootLoginyes#改為允許登錄
57#PasswordAuthentication yes
58PasswordAuthenticationyes#打開密碼認證, 其實默認就是允許通過密碼認證登錄
~$ sudo su-root#切換到 root?? 環境
~#passwd#設置密碼
EnternewUNIX password:
RetypenewUNIX password:
passwd:password updated successfully
~#systemctl restart sshd#重啟 SSH 服務并測試 root?? 遠程 SSH 連接
2.4 網絡配置
官方文檔: https://netplan.io/
Ubuntu 從 17.10 開始, 已放棄在 /etc/network/interfaces ? 固定 IP 的配置,? 是改成 netplan ? 式, 配置? 件是:/etc/netplan/01-netcfg.YAML# Ubuntu 17.04 及之前的靜態 IP 配置? 式:
~#cat/etc/network/interfaces
[emailprotected]:~#cat/etc/network/interfaces
# interfaces(5) file used by ifup(8) and ifdown(8)
autolo
iface lo.NET loopback
autoeth0#? 卡? 啟動, 寫?? 要配置 IP 的實際? 卡名稱
iface eth0.NETstatic#配置靜態 IP, 寫?? 要配置 IP 的實際? 卡名稱
address172.18.3.12#IP 地址
netmask255.255.0.0#掩碼
gateway172.18.0.1#? 關
dns-nameservers223.6.6.6#DNS
dns-nameservers223.5.5.5
# 重啟? 絡服務
~#/etc/init.d/networking restart
~#systemctl restart networking.service
2.4.1 單網卡靜態 IP 地址[emailprotected]:~#cat/etc/netplan/01-netcfg.YAML
# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
# For more information, see netplan(5).
network:
version:2
renderer:networkd
ethernets:
eth0:
dhcp4:no
addresses:[192.168.7.132/24]
gateway4:192.168.7.2
nameservers:
addresses:[223.6.6.6]
[emailprotected]:~#netplan apply
2.4.2 配置多網卡靜態 IP# cat /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.YAML
# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
# For more information, see netplan(5).
network:
version:2
renderer:networkd
ethernets:
eth0:
dhcp4:no
addresses:[172.20.7.34/16]
gateway4:172.20.0.1
nameservers:
addresses:[223.6.6.6]
eth1:
dhcp4:no
addresses:[192.168.7.34/24]
routes:
-to:172.20.0.0/16
via:192.168.7.2
# netplan apply
2.4.3 單網卡橋接# cat /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.YAML
# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
# For more information, see netplan(5).
network:
version:2
renderer:networkd
ethernets:
eth0:
dhcp4:no
bridges:
br0:
dhcp4:no
addresses:[172.20.7.34/16]
gateway4:172.20.0.1
nameservers:
addresses:[223.6.6.6]
interfaces:
-eth0
# netplan apply
2.4.4 多網卡橋接
將 br0 和 br1 分別橋接到 eth0 和 eth1.# cat /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.YAML
# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
# For more information, see netplan(5).
network:
version:2
renderer:networkd
ethernets:
eth0:
dhcp4:no
eth1:
dhcp4:no
bridges:
br0:
dhcp4:no
addresses:[172.20.7.34/16]
gateway4:172.20.0.1
nameservers:
addresses:[223.6.6.6]
interfaces:
-eth0
br1:
dhcp4:no
addresses:[192.168.7.34/24]
routes:
-to:172.20.0.0/16
via:192.168.7.2
interfaces:
-eth1
[emailprotected]:~#netplan apply
2.4.5 雙網卡綁定
需要提前安裝好 bridge 命令, 兩塊網卡使用同一種網絡模式# cat /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.YAML
# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
# For more information, see netplan(5).
network:
version:2
renderer:networkd
ethernets:
eth0:
dhcp4:no
eth1:
dhcp4:no
bonds:
bond0:
interfaces:
-eth0
-eth1
addresses:[172.20.7.34/16]
gateway4:172.20.0.1
nameservers:
addresses:[223.6.6.6,223.5.5.5]
parameters:
mode:active-backup
mii-monitor-interval:100
# poweroff
# netplan apply
2.4.6 雙網卡綁定 + 橋接
? 卡綁定? 于提供? 卡接? 冗余以及? 可? 和端? 聚合功能, 橋接? 卡再給需要橋接設備的服務使?.# cat /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.YAML
# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
# For more information, see netplan(5).
network:
version:2
renderer:networkd
ethernets:
eth0:
dhcp4:no
eth1:
dhcp4:no
bonds:
bond0:
interfaces:
-eth0
-eth1
parameters:
mode:active-backup
mii-monitor-interval:100
bridges:
br0:
dhcp4:no
addresses:[172.20.7.34/16]
gateway4:172.20.0.1
nameservers:
addresses:[223.6.6.6,223.5.5.5]
interfaces:
-bond0
# netplan apply
2.4.7 內外多網卡綁定
多? 絡情況下實現? 卡綁定. 這里使用橋接 (eth0,eth1) 和 NAT(eth2,eth3)兩種網絡模式# cat /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.YAML
# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
# For more information, see netplan(5).
network:
version:2
renderer:networkd
ethernets:
eth0:
dhcp4:no
eth1:
dhcp4:no
eth2:
dhcp4:no
eth3:
dhcp4:no
bonds:
bond0:
interfaces:
-eth0
-eth1
addresses:[172.20.7.34/16]
gateway4:172.20.0.1
nameservers:
addresses:[223.6.6.6,223.5.5.5]
parameters:
mode:active-backup
mii-monitor-interval:100
bond1:
interfaces:
-eth2
-eth3
addresses:[192.168.7.34/24]
parameters:
mode:active-backup
mii-monitor-interval:100
routes:
-to:172.20.0.0/16
via:192.168.7.2
# netplan apply
2.4.8 內外多網卡綁定 + 橋接# cat /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.YAML
# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
# For more information, see netplan(5).
network:
version:2
renderer:networkd
ethernets:
eth0:
dhcp4:no
eth1:
dhcp4:no
eth2:
dhcp4:no
eth3:
dhcp4:no
bonds:
bond0:
interfaces:
-eth0
-eth1
parameters:
mode:active-backup
mii-monitor-interval:100
bond1:
interfaces:
-eth2
-eth3
parameters:
mode:active-backup
mii-monitor-interval:100
bridges:
br0:
dhcp4:no
addresses:[172.20.7.34/16]
gateway4:172.20.0.1
nameservers:
addresses:[223.6.6.6,223.5.5.5]
interfaces:
-bond0
br1:
dhcp4:no
addresses:[192.168.7.34/24]
routes:
-to:172.20.0.0/16
via:192.168.7.2
interfaces:
-bond1
# netplan apply
3 軟件包管理
3.1 修改軟件倉庫地址
阿? 云倉庫地址: https://developer.aliyun.com/mirror
中科?:http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/help/ubuntu.html
清華? 學: https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/help/ubuntu/
華為: https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/
###### 清華源配置 ######
Ubuntu 的軟件源配置文件是 /etc/apt/sources.list. 將系統自帶的該文件做個備份, 將該文件替換為下面內容, 即可使用 TUNA 的軟件源鏡像.# cd /etc/apt/
# cp -p sources.list sources.list.bak
# VIM sources.list
# 默認注釋了源碼鏡像以提高 apt update 速度, 如有需要可自行取消注釋
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
# 預發布軟件源, 不建議啟用
# deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
# apt update #更新本地軟件包列表索引, 修改了 apt 倉庫后必須執?
###### 阿里源配置 ######
# sed -i 's/cn.archive.ubuntu/mirrors.aliyun/' /etc/apt/sources.list
# apt update #更新本地軟件包列表索引, 修改了 apt 倉庫后必須執?
3.2 apt 工具使用apt list#apt 列出倉庫軟件包, 等于 yum list
apt search NAME#搜索安裝包
apt show apache2#查看某個安裝包的詳細信息
apt install apache2#在線安裝軟件包
aptremoveapache2#卸載單個軟件包但是保留配置? 件
apt autoremove apache2#刪除安裝包并解決依賴關系
apt update#更新本地軟件包列表索引, 修改了 apt 倉庫后必須執?
apt purge apache2#卸載單個軟件包刪除配置? 件
apt upgrade#升級所有已安裝且可升級到新版本的軟件包
apt full-upgrade#升級整個系統, 必要時可以移除舊軟件包.
apt edit-sources#編輯 source 源? 件
apt-cache madison nginx#查看倉庫中軟件包有哪些版本可以安裝
apt install nginx=1.14.0-0ubuntu1.6#安裝軟件包的時候指定安裝具體的版本
3.3 dpkg 安裝包管理
rpm:RPM(Red Hat Package Manager), 是基于 Red hat 的 Linux Distribution 的包管理系統, 同時也指 rpm 包本?,RPM? 于 rpm 包的管理(諸如安裝, 卸載, 升級等)
"dpkg" 是 "Debian Packager" 的簡寫, 為 "Debian" 專? 開發的套件管理系統,? 便軟件的安裝, 更新及移除. 所有源?"Debian" 的 "Linux" 發? 版都使? "dpkg", 例如 "Ubuntu","Knoppix" 等.dpkg-iGitLab-ce_11.9.8-ce.0_amd64.deb#安裝某個軟件包
dpkg-rGitLab-ce#刪除某個軟件包保留配置? 件
dpkg-r-PGitLab-ce#刪除某個軟件包不保留配置? 件
dpkg-IGitLab-ce_11.9.8-ce.0_amd64.deb#查看軟件包信息
dpkg-cGitLab-ce_11.9.8-ce.0_amd64.deb#查看軟件包內的? 件及? 錄內容
dpkg-l#列出本機已經安裝的所有軟件
3.4 設置 oracle JDK 環境# pwd
/usr/local/src
解壓? 進制? 件并設置軟連接:# tar xf jdk-8u212-Linux-x64.tar.gz
# ln -sv /usr/local/src/jdk1.8.0_212 /usr/local/jdk
配置環境變量:# VIM /etc/profile
exportJAVA_HOME=/usr/local/jdk
exportPATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$JAVA_HOME/jre/bin:$PATH
exportCLASSPATH=.$CLASSPATH:$JAVA_HOME/lib:$JAVA_HOME/jre/lib:$JAVA_HOME/lib/tools.jar
重新導? 環境變量并驗證:# source /etc/profile
# java -version
java version"1.8.0_212"
Java(TM)SERuntimeEnvironment(build1.8.0_212-b10)
JavaHotSpot(TM)64-BitServerVM(build25.212-b10,mixed mode)
3.5 安裝 OpenJDK
# apt install openjdk-8-jdk
3.6 安裝常? 系統命令# apt purge ufw lxd lxd-client lxcfs lxc-common
# apt install iproute2 ntpdate tcpdump telnet traceroute nfs-kernel-server nfs-common lrzsz tree openssl libssl-dev libpcre3 libpcre3-dev zlib1g-dev ntpdate tcpdump telnet traceroute gcc openssh-server lrzsz tree openssl libssl-dev libpcre3 libpcre3-dev zlib1g-dev ntpdate tcpdump telnet traceroute iotop unzip zip
3.7 系統資源限制優化#cat /etc/security/limits.conf
#root 賬? 的資源軟限制和硬限制
root soft core unlimited
root hard core unlimited
root soft nproc1000000
root hard nproc1000000
root soft nofile1000000
root hard nofile1000000
root soft memlock32000
root hard memlock32000
root soft msgqueue8192000
root hard msgqueue8192000
# 其他賬? 的資源軟限制和硬限制
*soft core unlimited
*hard core unlimited
*soft nproc1000000
*hard nproc1000000
*soft nofile1000000
*hard nofile1000000
*soft memlock32000
*hard memlock32000
*soft msgqueue8192000
*hard msgqueue8192000
3.8e 內核參數優化# Controls source route verification
net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter=1
net.ipv4.ip_nonlocal_bind=1
net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
# Do not accept source routing
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route=0
# Controls the System Request debugging functionality of the kernel
kernel.sysrq=0
# Controls whether core dumps will append the PID to the core filename.
# Useful for debugging multi-threaded applications.
kernel.core_uses_pid=1
# Controls the use of TCP syncookies
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies=1
# Disable netfilter on bridges.
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables=0
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables=0
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-arptables=0
# Controls the default maxmimum size of a mesage queue
kernel.msgmnb=65536
# # Controls the maximum size of a message, in bytes
kernel.msgmax=65536
# Controls the maximum shared segment size, in bytes
kernel.shmmax=68719476736
# # Controls the maximum number of shared memory segments, in pages
kernel.shmall=4294967296
# TCP kernel paramater
net.ipv4.tcp_mem=78643210485761572864
net.ipv4.tcp_rmem=4096873804194304
net.ipv4.tcp_wmem=4096163844194304
net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling=1
net.ipv4.tcp_sack=1
# socket buffer
net.core.wmem_default=8388608
net.core.rmem_default=8388608
net.core.rmem_max=16777216
net.core.wmem_max=16777216
net.core.netdev_max_backlog=262144
net.core.somaxconn=20480
net.core.optmem_max=81920
# TCP conn
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog=262144
net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries=3
net.ipv4.tcp_retries1=3
net.ipv4.tcp_retries2=15
# tcp conn reuse
net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps=0
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse=0
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle=0
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout=1
net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets=20000
net.ipv4.tcp_max_orphans=3276800
net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries=1
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies=1
# keepalive conn
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time=300
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_intvl=30
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_probes=3
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range=1000165000
# swap
vm.overcommit_memory=0
vm.swappiness=10
#net.ipv4.conf.eth1.rp_filter = 0
#net.ipv4.conf.lo.arp_ignore = 1
#net.ipv4.conf.lo.arp_announce = 2
#net.ipv4.conf.all.arp_ignore = 1
#net.ipv4.conf.all.arp_announce = 2
Ubuntu1804(Server 版)安裝及使用
來源: http://www.bubuko.com/infodetail-3355286.html
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