### 導航

- [索引](../genindex.xhtml "總目錄")

- [模塊](../py-modindex.xhtml "Python 模塊索引") |

- [下一頁](os.xhtml "os --- 操作系統接口模塊") |

- [上一頁](secrets.xhtml "secrets --- Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets") |

- 

- [Python](https://www.python.org/) ?

- zh\_CN 3.7.3 [文檔](../index.xhtml) ?

- [Python 標準庫](index.xhtml) ?

- $('.inline-search').show(0); |

# 通用操作系統服務

本章中描述的各模塊提供了在(幾乎)所有的操作系統上可用的操作系統特性的接口，例如文件和時鐘。這些接口通常以 Unix 或 C 接口為參照對象設計，不過在大多數其他系統上也可用。這里有一個概述：

- [`os` --- 操作系統接口模塊](os.xhtml)

- [文件名，命令行參數，以及環境變量。](os.xhtml#file-names-command-line-arguments-and-environment-variables)

- [進程參數](os.xhtml#process-parameters)

- [創建文件對象](os.xhtml#file-object-creation)

- [文件描述符操作](os.xhtml#file-descriptor-operations)

- [Querying the size of a terminal](os.xhtml#querying-the-size-of-a-terminal)

- [Inheritance of File Descriptors](os.xhtml#inheritance-of-file-descriptors)

- [Files and Directories](os.xhtml#files-and-directories)

- [Linux extended attributes](os.xhtml#linux-extended-attributes)

- [Process Management](os.xhtml#process-management)

- [Interface to the scheduler](os.xhtml#interface-to-the-scheduler)

- [Miscellaneous System Information](os.xhtml#miscellaneous-system-information)

- [Random numbers](os.xhtml#random-numbers)

- [`io` --- 處理流的核心工具](io.xhtml)

- [概述](io.xhtml#overview)

- [Text I/O](io.xhtml#text-i-o)

- [Binary I/O](io.xhtml#binary-i-o)

- [Raw I/O](io.xhtml#raw-i-o)

- [High-level Module Interface](io.xhtml#high-level-module-interface)

- [In-memory streams](io.xhtml#in-memory-streams)

- [Class hierarchy](io.xhtml#class-hierarchy)

- [I/O Base Classes](io.xhtml#i-o-base-classes)

- [Raw File I/O](io.xhtml#raw-file-i-o)

- [Buffered Streams](io.xhtml#buffered-streams)

- [Text I/O](io.xhtml#id1)

- [性能](io.xhtml#performance)

- [Binary I/O](io.xhtml#id2)

- [Text I/O](io.xhtml#id3)

- [多線程](io.xhtml#multi-threading)

- [Reentrancy](io.xhtml#reentrancy)

- [`time` --- 時間的訪問和轉換](time.xhtml)

- [函數](time.xhtml#functions)

- [Clock ID 常量](time.xhtml#clock-id-constants)

- [時區常量](time.xhtml#timezone-constants)

- [`argparse` --- 命令行選項、參數和子命令解析器](argparse.xhtml)

- [示例](argparse.xhtml#example)

- [創建一個解析器](argparse.xhtml#creating-a-parser)

- [添加參數](argparse.xhtml#adding-arguments)

- [解析參數](argparse.xhtml#parsing-arguments)

- [ArgumentParser 對象](argparse.xhtml#argumentparser-objects)

- [prog](argparse.xhtml#prog)

- [usage](argparse.xhtml#usage)

- [description](argparse.xhtml#description)

- [epilog](argparse.xhtml#epilog)

- [parents](argparse.xhtml#parents)

- [formatter\_class](argparse.xhtml#formatter-class)

- [prefix\_chars](argparse.xhtml#prefix-chars)

- [fromfile\_prefix\_chars](argparse.xhtml#fromfile-prefix-chars)

- [argument\_default](argparse.xhtml#argument-default)

- [allow\_abbrev](argparse.xhtml#allow-abbrev)

- [conflict\_handler](argparse.xhtml#conflict-handler)

- [add\_help](argparse.xhtml#add-help)

- [add\_argument() 方法](argparse.xhtml#the-add-argument-method)

- [name or flags](argparse.xhtml#name-or-flags)

- [action](argparse.xhtml#action)

- [nargs](argparse.xhtml#nargs)

- [const](argparse.xhtml#const)

- [default](argparse.xhtml#default)

- [type](argparse.xhtml#type)

- [choices](argparse.xhtml#choices)

- [required](argparse.xhtml#required)

- [help](argparse.xhtml#help)

- [metavar](argparse.xhtml#metavar)

- [dest](argparse.xhtml#dest)

- [Action classes](argparse.xhtml#action-classes)

- [The parse\_args() method](argparse.xhtml#the-parse-args-method)

- [Option value syntax](argparse.xhtml#option-value-syntax)

- [Invalid arguments](argparse.xhtml#invalid-arguments)

- [Arguments containing `-`](argparse.xhtml#arguments-containing)

- [Argument abbreviations (prefix matching)](argparse.xhtml#argument-abbreviations-prefix-matching)

- [Beyond `sys.argv`](argparse.xhtml#beyond-sys-argv)

- [The Namespace object](argparse.xhtml#the-namespace-object)

- [Other utilities](argparse.xhtml#other-utilities)

- [Sub-commands](argparse.xhtml#sub-commands)

- [FileType objects](argparse.xhtml#filetype-objects)

- [Argument groups](argparse.xhtml#argument-groups)

- [Mutual exclusion](argparse.xhtml#mutual-exclusion)

- [Parser defaults](argparse.xhtml#parser-defaults)

- [Printing help](argparse.xhtml#printing-help)

- [Partial parsing](argparse.xhtml#partial-parsing)

- [Customizing file parsing](argparse.xhtml#customizing-file-parsing)

- [Exiting methods](argparse.xhtml#exiting-methods)

- [Intermixed parsing](argparse.xhtml#intermixed-parsing)

- [Upgrading optparse code](argparse.xhtml#upgrading-optparse-code)

- [`getopt` --- C-style parser for command line options](getopt.xhtml)

- [模塊 `logging` --- Python 的日志記錄工具](logging.xhtml)

- [Logger Objects](logging.xhtml#logger-objects)

- [日志級別](logging.xhtml#logging-levels)

- [Handler Objects](logging.xhtml#handler-objects)

- [Formatter Objects](logging.xhtml#formatter-objects)

- [Filter Objects](logging.xhtml#filter-objects)

- [LogRecord Objects](logging.xhtml#logrecord-objects)

- [LogRecord attributes](logging.xhtml#logrecord-attributes)

- [LoggerAdapter Objects](logging.xhtml#loggeradapter-objects)

- [線程安全](logging.xhtml#thread-safety)

- [模塊級別函數](logging.xhtml#module-level-functions)

- [Module-Level Attributes](logging.xhtml#module-level-attributes)

- [Integration with the warnings module](logging.xhtml#integration-with-the-warnings-module)

- [`logging.config` --- 日志記錄配置](logging.config.xhtml)

- [Configuration functions](logging.config.xhtml#configuration-functions)

- [Configuration dictionary schema](logging.config.xhtml#configuration-dictionary-schema)

- [Dictionary Schema Details](logging.config.xhtml#dictionary-schema-details)

- [Incremental Configuration](logging.config.xhtml#incremental-configuration)

- [Object connections](logging.config.xhtml#object-connections)

- [User-defined objects](logging.config.xhtml#user-defined-objects)

- [Access to external objects](logging.config.xhtml#access-to-external-objects)

- [Access to internal objects](logging.config.xhtml#access-to-internal-objects)

- [Import resolution and custom importers](logging.config.xhtml#import-resolution-and-custom-importers)

- [Configuration file format](logging.config.xhtml#configuration-file-format)

- [`logging.handlers` --- Logging handlers](logging.handlers.xhtml)

- [StreamHandler](logging.handlers.xhtml#streamhandler)

- [FileHandler](logging.handlers.xhtml#filehandler)

- [NullHandler](logging.handlers.xhtml#nullhandler)

- [WatchedFileHandler](logging.handlers.xhtml#watchedfilehandler)

- [BaseRotatingHandler](logging.handlers.xhtml#baserotatinghandler)

- [RotatingFileHandler](logging.handlers.xhtml#rotatingfilehandler)

- [TimedRotatingFileHandler](logging.handlers.xhtml#timedrotatingfilehandler)

- [SocketHandler](logging.handlers.xhtml#sockethandler)

- [DatagramHandler](logging.handlers.xhtml#datagramhandler)

- [SysLogHandler](logging.handlers.xhtml#sysloghandler)

- [NTEventLogHandler](logging.handlers.xhtml#nteventloghandler)

- [SMTPHandler](logging.handlers.xhtml#smtphandler)

- [MemoryHandler](logging.handlers.xhtml#memoryhandler)

- [HTTPHandler](logging.handlers.xhtml#httphandler)

- [QueueHandler](logging.handlers.xhtml#queuehandler)

- [QueueListener](logging.handlers.xhtml#queuelistener)

- [`getpass` --- 便攜式密碼輸入工具](getpass.xhtml)

- [`curses` --- 終端字符單元顯示的處理](curses.xhtml)

- [函數](curses.xhtml#functions)

- [Window Objects](curses.xhtml#window-objects)

- [常量](curses.xhtml#constants)

- [`curses.textpad` --- Text input widget for curses programs](curses.xhtml#module-curses.textpad)

- [文本框對象](curses.xhtml#textbox-objects)

- [`curses.ascii` --- Utilities for ASCII characters](curses.ascii.xhtml)

- [`curses.panel` --- A panel stack extension for curses](curses.panel.xhtml)

- [函數](curses.panel.xhtml#functions)

- [Panel Objects](curses.panel.xhtml#panel-objects)

- [`platform` --- Access to underlying platform's identifying data](platform.xhtml)

- [Cross Platform](platform.xhtml#cross-platform)

- [Java Platform](platform.xhtml#java-platform)

- [Windows Platform](platform.xhtml#windows-platform)

- [Win95/98 specific](platform.xhtml#win95-98-specific)

- [Mac OS Platform](platform.xhtml#mac-os-platform)

- [Unix Platforms](platform.xhtml#unix-platforms)

- [`errno` --- Standard errno system symbols](errno.xhtml)

- [`ctypes` --- Python 的外部函數庫](ctypes.xhtml)

- [ctypes 教程](ctypes.xhtml#ctypes-tutorial)

- [載入動態連接庫](ctypes.xhtml#loading-dynamic-link-libraries)

- [操作導入的動態鏈接庫中的函數](ctypes.xhtml#accessing-functions-from-loaded-dlls)

- [調用函數](ctypes.xhtml#calling-functions)

- [基礎數據類型](ctypes.xhtml#fundamental-data-types)

- [調用函數，繼續](ctypes.xhtml#calling-functions-continued)

- [使用自定義的數據類型調用函數](ctypes.xhtml#calling-functions-with-your-own-custom-data-types)

- [Specifying the required argument types (function prototypes)](ctypes.xhtml#specifying-the-required-argument-types-function-prototypes)

- [Return types](ctypes.xhtml#return-types)

- [Passing pointers (or: passing parameters by reference)](ctypes.xhtml#passing-pointers-or-passing-parameters-by-reference)

- [Structures and unions](ctypes.xhtml#structures-and-unions)

- [Structure/union alignment and byte order](ctypes.xhtml#structure-union-alignment-and-byte-order)

- [Bit fields in structures and unions](ctypes.xhtml#bit-fields-in-structures-and-unions)

- [Arrays](ctypes.xhtml#arrays)

- [Pointers](ctypes.xhtml#pointers)

- [Type conversions](ctypes.xhtml#type-conversions)

- [Incomplete Types](ctypes.xhtml#incomplete-types)

- [Callback functions](ctypes.xhtml#callback-functions)

- [Accessing values exported from dlls](ctypes.xhtml#accessing-values-exported-from-dlls)

- [Surprises](ctypes.xhtml#surprises)

- [Variable-sized data types](ctypes.xhtml#variable-sized-data-types)

- [ctypes reference](ctypes.xhtml#ctypes-reference)

- [Finding shared libraries](ctypes.xhtml#finding-shared-libraries)

- [Loading shared libraries](ctypes.xhtml#loading-shared-libraries)

- [Foreign functions](ctypes.xhtml#foreign-functions)

- [Function prototypes](ctypes.xhtml#function-prototypes)

- [Utility functions](ctypes.xhtml#utility-functions)

- [Data types](ctypes.xhtml#data-types)

- [基礎數據類型](ctypes.xhtml#ctypes-fundamental-data-types-2)

- [Structured data types](ctypes.xhtml#structured-data-types)

- [Arrays and pointers](ctypes.xhtml#arrays-and-pointers)

### 導航

- [索引](../genindex.xhtml "總目錄")

- [模塊](../py-modindex.xhtml "Python 模塊索引") |

- [下一頁](os.xhtml "os --- 操作系統接口模塊") |

- [上一頁](secrets.xhtml "secrets --- Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets") |

- 

- [Python](https://www.python.org/) ?

- zh\_CN 3.7.3 [文檔](../index.xhtml) ?

- [Python 標準庫](index.xhtml) ?

- $('.inline-search').show(0); |

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