本文實例講述了Python實現的井字棋（Tic Tac Toe）游戲。分享給大家供大家參考，具體如下：

說明

用python實現了井字棋，整個框架是本人自己構思的，自認為比較滿意。另外，90%+的代碼也是本人逐字逐句敲的。

minimax算法還沒完全理解，所以參考了這里的代碼，并作了修改。

特點

可以選擇人人、人機、機人、機機四種對戰模式之一

電腦玩家的AI使用了minimax算法，帶apha-beta剪枝

電腦玩家在思考時，時時刻刻都有一個“假想敵”。以便使得minimax算法運轉起來

代碼

#作者：hhh5460

#時間：2017年6月26日

# 棋盤

class Board(object):

def __init__(self):

#self._board = '-'*9 # 坑！！

self._board = ['-' for _ in range(9)]

self._history = [] # 棋譜

# 按指定動作，放入棋子

def _move(self, action, take):

if self._board[action] == '-':

self._board[action] = take

self._history.append((action, take)) # 加入棋譜

# 撤銷動作，拿走棋子

def _unmove(self, action):

self._board[action] = '-'

self._history.pop()

# 棋盤快照

def get_board_snapshot(self):

return self._board[:]

# 取棋盤上的合法走法

def get_legal_actions(self):

actions = []

for i in range(9):

if self._board[i] == '-':

actions.append(i)

return actions

# 判斷走法是否合法

def is_legal_action(self, action):

return self._board[action] == '-'

# 終止檢測

def teminate(self):

board = self._board

lines = [board[0:3], board[3:6], board[6:9], board[0::3], board[1::3], board[2::3], board[0::4], board[2:7:2]]

if ['X']*3 in lines or ['O']*3 in lines or '-' not in board:

return True

else:

return False

# 勝負檢查

def get_winner(self):

board = self._board

lines = [board[0:3], board[3:6], board[6:9], board[0::3], board[1::3], board[2::3], board[0::4], board[2:7:2]]

if ['X']*3 in lines:

return 0

elif ['O']*3 in lines:

return 1

else:

return 2

# 打印棋盤

def print_b(self):

board = self._board

for i in range(len(board)):

print(board[i], end='')

if (i+1)%3 == 0:

print()

# 打印棋譜

def print_history(self):

print(self._history)

# 玩家

class Player(object):

'''

玩家只做兩件事：思考、落子

1. 思考 --> 得到走法

2. 落子 --> 執行走法，改變棋盤

'''

def __init__(self, take='X'): # 默認執的棋子為 take = 'X'

self.take=take

def think(self, board):

pass

def move(self, board, action):

board._move(action, self.take)

# 人類玩家

class HumanPlayer(Player):

def __init__(self, take):

super().__init__(take)

def think(self, board):

while True:

action = input('Please input a num in 0-8:')

if len(action)==1 and action in '012345678' and board.is_legal_action(int(action)):

return int(action)

# 電腦玩家

class AIPlayer(Player):

def __init__(self, take):

super().__init__(take)

def think(self, board):

print('AI is thinking ...')

take = ['X','O'][self.take=='X']

player = AIPlayer(take) # 假想敵！！！

_, action = self.minimax(board, player)

#print('OK')

return action

# 極大極小法搜索，α-β剪枝

def minimax(self, board, player, depth=0) :

'''參考：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/44089757/minimax-algorithm-for-tic-tac-toe-python'''

if self.take == "O":

bestVal = -10

else:

bestVal = 10

if board.teminate() :

if board.get_winner() == 0 :

return -10 + depth, None

elif board.get_winner() == 1 :

return 10 - depth, None

elif board.get_winner() == 2 :

return 0, None

for action in board.get_legal_actions() : # 遍歷合法走法

board._move(action, self.take)

val, _ = player.minimax(board, self, depth+1) # 切換到 假想敵！！！

board._unmove(action) # 撤銷走法，回溯

if self.take == "O" :

if val > bestVal:

bestVal, bestAction = val, action

else :

if val < bestVal:

bestVal, bestAction = val, action

return bestVal, bestAction

# 游戲

class Game(object):

def __init__(self):

self.board = Board()

self.current_player = None

# 生成玩家

def mk_player(self, p, take='X'): # p in [0,1]

if p==0:

return HumanPlayer(take)

else:

return AIPlayer(take)

# 切換玩家

def switch_player(self, player1, player2):

if self.current_player is None:

return player1

else:

return [player1, player2][self.current_player == player1]

# 打印贏家

def print_winner(self, winner): # winner in [0,1,2]

print(['Winner is player1','Winner is player2','Draw'][winner])

# 運行游戲

def run(self):

ps = input("Please select two player's type:\n\t0.Human\n\t1.AI\nSuch as:0 0\n")

p1, p2 = [int(p) for p in ps.split(' ')]

player1, player2 = self.mk_player(p1, 'X'), self.mk_player(p2, 'O') # 先手執X，后手執O

print('\nGame start!\n')

self.board.print_b() # 顯示棋盤

while True:

self.current_player = self.switch_player(player1, player2) # 切換當前玩家

action = self.current_player.think(self.board) # 當前玩家對棋盤進行思考后，得到招法

self.current_player.move(self.board, action) # 當前玩家執行招法，改變棋盤

self.board.print_b() # 顯示當前棋盤

if self.board.teminate(): # 根據當前棋盤，判斷棋局是否終止

winner = self.board.get_winner() # 得到贏家 0,1,2

break

self.print_winner(winner)

print('Game over!')

self.board.print_history()

if __name__ == '__main__':

Game().run()

下圖是人人對戰的結果

希望本文所述對大家Python程序設計有所幫助。

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