Cooperation、Collaboration與Coordination的區別

作者：凱魯嘎吉 - 博客園http://www.cnblogs.com/kailugaji/

1.Cooperation

1.1 同根詞

v. cooperate

n. cooperation

adj. cooperative

1.2 詞義解釋

Cooperation is simply splitting up the work and getting it done. To work or act together toward a common end or purpose. Cooperation is important in networks where individuals exchange relevant information and resources in support of each other’s goals, rather than a shared goal. Something new may be achieved as a result, but it arises from the individual, not from a collective team effort.

Cooperation 的意思有“合作、協作”， 通力協作但是各有分工，大家各取所需，解決某些問題，另外它還有“配合、協助”的意思，指“一方與其它方相互配合完成任務”，表示的意思定義較為廣泛，而且傳達純粹的“共同努力”的概念，重點在于共同努力本身的過程。通常在英文語境中Cooperation 給人“長期合作”的印象。

1.3 例句

The leaders met to discuss future cooperation between the two countries.

領導人會晤討論兩國未來的合作。這里用 cooperation 來體現兩國可以在眾多領域“相互配合”，通過合作對各自的國家都有利。

This biography was written with the cooperation of the Nobel Prize winner’s family.

這篇傳記是得到了諾貝爾獎獲獎者家庭的配合寫成的。這里我們可以從 cooperation 看出，諾貝爾獎獲獎者的家人提供了信息幫助作家寫書，起“協助”作用。

We make mobile phone components in cooperation with our US partner.

我們與美國合作伙伴聯合生產手機零件。這里 cooperation 指“長期的合作”，我們公司與美國合作伙伴各自有明確的責任，相互配合完成生產任務。

The patient did not cooperate with her physical therapist.

病人沒有和她的理療師合作。

Your cooperation in dealing with this problem is requested.

請你們合作處理這個問題。

The referee did not cooperate with the editor.

裁判沒有與編輯合作。

Japan and France cooperate on improving safety of nuclear power stations.

日本和法國在改善核電站安全方面進行合作。（這里，雙方將從合作中受益，但都是為了各自的利益。）

以下幾個例句中，只能用 cooperation，指“配合、協助”。比如:

Thank you for your cooperation!

感謝您的配合。這是一個固定表達，經常出現在公共告示上。

We ask for your full cooperation during the investigation.

我們要求你完全配合我們的調查。

以上我們可以感覺 cooperation 所表述的合作是“單純的合作，配合對方”，沒有 collaboration 所表達的“不分彼此的合作”的意思。

2.Collaboration

2.1 同根詞

v. collaborate

n. collaboration

adj. collaborative

2.2 詞義解釋

Collaboration is when you brainstorm, create, and share possible solutions. To work together, especially in a joint intellectual effort. Collaboration is working together to create something new in support of a shared vision. The key points are that it is not through individual effort, something new is created, and that the glue is the shared vision.

Collaboration 的意思是“合作、協作”，指“兩個或更多的人或團隊一起合作，共同創造或實現同一個目標”。為了一個共同目標而努力奮斗，不分彼此。通常情況下是不可數名詞，當它指具體項目時就是可數名詞了。Collaboration 通常給人有“積極、主動參與”的印象，表達的概念更為精準。具體而言，Collaboration不僅是純粹的“共同努力”，其表達了“通過共同努力達到特定結果”的概念，強調這個過程希望達到的成果。通常在英文語境中Collaboration 給人感覺是針對一個“有時限的項目”。

2.3 例句

We can work in collaboration to make this conference a success.

我們可以一起合作，使這次會議取得成功。這里 collaboration 是不可數名詞。

Jake wrote a book on UK early years education in collaboration with child development specialist Ruth.

Jake 與兒童發展專家 Ruth 合作，共同撰寫了一本有關“英國早教”的書。

Our company was involved in a collaboration with another organization to raise awareness of cyberbullying.

我們公司和另一家機構合作，共同提高大眾對“網絡欺凌”的認識。

It’s important that creative collaboration is encouraged between departments.

鼓勵部門之間有創造性的合作是很重要的。

Thomas and Yamada have collaborated on several research projects.

托馬斯和山田合作了幾個研究項目。

We are presently collaborating on three papers.

我們目前正在合作寫三篇論文。

Their collaboration produced important results.

他們的合作產生了重要的成果。

USA and Russia collaborated to build the International Space Station.

美國和俄羅斯合作建造了國際空間站。（這里，最終目標是所有相關方的共同目標。）

在以上幾個例句中我們都能感受到合作方之間那種“不分彼此，積極、主動合作或參與”的感覺。

3.Coordination

3.1 同根詞

v. coordinate

n. coordination

adj. coordinative

3.2 詞義解釋

Coordination is sharing information and resources so that each party can accomplish their part in support of a mutual objective. It is about teamwork in implementation. Not creating something new. Work together harmoniously. The regulation of diverse elements into an integrated and harmonious operation.

3.3 例句

Intoxication interferes with speech and coordination.

醉酒會影響言語能力和協調性。

This grave situation shows the urgency of enhancing international coordination and cooperation.

形勢越嚴峻，越顯示出加強國際協調和合作的必要和迫切。

Facilitate team collaboration and coordination throughout the software lifecycle.

促進團隊協作和整個軟件生命周期中的協作。

4. 三者比較

	Coordination	Cooperation	Collaboration
Preconditions for Success ("Must-Haves")	Shared objectives; Need for more than one person to be involved; Understanding of who needs to do what by when	Shared objectives; Need for more than one person to be involved; Mutual trust and respect; Acknowledgment of mutual benefit of working together	Shared objectives; Sense of urgency and commitment; Dynamic process; Sense of belonging; Open communication; Mutual trust and respect; Complementary, diverse skills and knowledge; Intellectual agility
Enablers (Additional "Nice to Haves")	Appropriate tools; Problem resolution mechanism	Frequent consultation and knowledge-sharing between participants; Clear role definitions; Appropriate tools	Right mix of people; Collaboration skills and practice collaborating; Good facilitator(s); Collaborative 'Four Practices' mindset and other appropriate tools
Purpose of Using This Approach	Avoid gaps & overlap in individuals' assigned work	Obtain mutual benefit by sharing or partitioning work	Achieve collective results that the participants would be incapable of accomplishing working alone
Desired Outcome	Efficiently-achieved results meeting objectives	Same as for Coordination, plus savings in time and cost	Same as for Cooperation, plus innovative, extraordinary, breakthrough results, and collective 'we did that!' accomplishment
Optimal Application	Harmonizing tasks, roles and schedules insimple environments and systems	Solving problems incomplicated environments and systems	Enabling the emergence of understanding and realization of shared visions incomplex environments and systems
Examples	Project to implement off-the-shelf IT application; Traffic flow regulation	Marriage; Operating a local community-owned utility or grain elevator; Coping with an epidemic or catastrophe	Brainstorming to discover a dramatically better way to do something; Jazz or theatrical improvisation; Co-creation
Appropriate Tools	Project management tools with schedules, roles, critical path (CPM), PERT and GANTT charts; "who will do what by when" action lists	Systems thinking; Analytical tools (root cause analysis etc.)	Appreciative inquiry; Open Space meeting protocols; Four Practices; Conversations; Stories
Degree of interdependence in designing the effort's work-products (and need for physical co-location of participants)	Minimal	Considerable	Substantial
Degree of individual latitude in carrying out the agreed-upon design	Minimal	Considerable	Substantial

5. 參考資料

Collaboration 和 cooperation 的區別 http://www.xdf.cn/bbc/yingyu/201707/10697111.html

Cooperate 與 Collaboratehttps://www.enago.cn/academy/cooperate-%E4%B8%8E-collaborate/

cooperative 和 collaborative的區別？https://www.zhihu.com/question/24216541

如何使用正確的英文詞匯系列講座(26）: 合作的英文怎么說？http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-3316383-1181939.html

collaborate COOPERATE COODINATE有什么細微的區別嗎？https://zhidao.baidu.com/question/586719279.html

cooperation VS. collaboration 區別http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_6478252a01011gqi.html

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