Web框架 Bottle 、Flask 、Tornado
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Web框架 Bottle 、Flask 、Tornado
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Bottle
Flask
Tornado
Python的WEB框架
?
Bottle
Bottle是一個快速、簡潔、輕量級的基于WSIG的微型Web框架，此框架只由一個 .py 文件，除了Python的標準庫外，其不依賴任何其他模塊。
pip install bottle easy_install bottle apt-get install python-bottle wget http://bottlepy.org/bottle.pyBottle框架大致可以分為以下部分：
- 路由系統，將不同請求交由指定函數處理
- 模板系統，將模板中的特殊語法渲染成字符串，值得一說的是Bottle的模板引擎可以任意指定：Bottle內置模板、mako、jinja2、cheetah
- 公共組件，用于提供處理請求相關的信息，如：表單數據、cookies、請求頭等
- 服務，Bottle默認支持多種基于WSGI的服務，如：
server_names = {'cgi': CGIServer,'flup': FlupFCGIServer,'wsgiref': WSGIRefServer,'waitress': WaitressServer,'cherrypy': CherryPyServer,'paste': PasteServer,'fapws3': FapwsServer,'tornado': TornadoServer,'gae': AppEngineServer,'twisted': TwistedServer,'diesel': DieselServer,'meinheld': MeinheldServer,'gunicorn': GunicornServer,'eventlet': EventletServer,'gevent': GeventServer,'geventSocketIO':GeventSocketIOServer,'rocket': RocketServer,'bjoern' : BjoernServer,'auto': AutoServer, }
框架的基本使用
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from bottle import template, Bottle root = Bottle()@root.route('/hello/') def index():return "Hello World"# return template('<b>Hello {{name}}</b>!', name="Alex")root.run(host='localhost', port=8080)一、路由系統
路由系統是的url對應指定函數，當用戶請求某個url時，就由指定函數處理當前請求，對于Bottle的路由系統可以分為一下幾類：
- 靜態路由
- 動態路由
- 請求方法路由
- 二級路由
1、靜態路由
@root.route('/hello/') def index():return template('<b>Hello {{name}}</b>!', name="Alex")2、動態路由
@root.route('/wiki/<pagename>') def callback(pagename):...@root.route('/object/<id:int>') def callback(id):...@root.route('/show/<name:re:[a-z]+>') def callback(name):...@root.route('/static/<path:path>') def callback(path):return static_file(path, root='static')3、請求方法路由
@root.route('/hello/', method='POST') def index():...@root.get('/hello/') def index():...@root.post('/hello/') def index():...@root.put('/hello/') def index():...@root.delete('/hello/') def index():...4、二級路由
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from bottle import template, Bottleapp01 = Bottle()@app01.route('/hello/', method='GET') def index():return template('<b>App01</b>!') app01.py #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from bottle import template, Bottleapp02 = Bottle()@app02.route('/hello/', method='GET') def index():return template('<b>App02</b>!') app02.py #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from bottle import template, Bottle from bottle import static_file root = Bottle()@root.route('/hello/') def index():return template('<b>Root {{name}}</b>!', name="Alex")from framwork_bottle import app01 from framwork_bottle import app02root.mount('app01', app01.app01) root.mount('app02', app02.app02)root.run(host='localhost', port=8080)二、模板系統
模板系統用于將Html和自定的值兩者進行渲染，從而得到字符串，然后將該字符串返回給客戶端。我們知道在Bottle中可以使用 內置模板系統、mako、jinja2、cheetah等，以內置模板系統為例：
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"><meta charset="UTF-8"><title></title> </head> <body><h1>{{name}}</h1> </body> </html> hello_template.tpl #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from bottle import template, Bottle root = Bottle()@root.route('/hello/') def index():# 默認情況下去目錄：['./', './views/']中尋找模板文件 hello_template.html# 配置在 bottle.TEMPLATE_PATH 中return template('hello_template.tpl', name='alex')root.run(host='localhost', port=8080)1、語法
- 單值
- 單行Python代碼
- Python代碼快
- Python、Html混合
2、函數?
include(sub_template, **variables)
# 導入其他模板文件% include('header.tpl', title='Page Title') Page Content % include('footer.tpl')rebase(name, **variables)
<html> <head><title>{{title or 'No title'}}</title> </head> <body>{{!base}} </body> </html> base.tpl # 導入母版% rebase('base.tpl', title='Page Title') <p>Page Content ...</p>defined(name)
# 檢查當前變量是否已經被定義，已定義True，未定義Falseget(name, default=None)
# 獲取某個變量的值，不存在時可設置默認值setdefault(name, default)
# 如果變量不存在時，為變量設置默認值擴展：自定義函數
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"><meta charset="UTF-8"><title></title> </head> <body><h1>自定義函數</h1>{{ wupeiqi() }}</body> </html> hello_template.tpl #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from bottle import template, Bottle,SimpleTemplate root = Bottle()def custom():return '123123'@root.route('/hello/') def index():# 默認情況下去目錄：['./', './views/']中尋找模板文件 hello_template.html# 配置在 bottle.TEMPLATE_PATH 中return template('hello_template.html', name='alex', wupeiqi=custom)root.run(host='localhost', port=8080) main.py注：變量或函數前添加 【 ! 】，則會關閉轉義的功能
三、公共組件
由于Web框架就是用來【接收用戶請求】-> 【處理用戶請求】-> 【響應相關內容】，對于具體如何處理用戶請求，開發人員根據用戶請求來進行處理，而對于接收用戶請求和相應相關的內容均交給框架本身來處理，其處理完成之后將產出交給開發人員和用戶。
【接收用戶請求】
當框架接收到用戶請求之后，將請求信息封裝在Bottle的request中，以供開發人員使用
【響應相關內容】
當開發人員的代碼處理完用戶請求之后，會將其執行內容相應給用戶，相應的內容會封裝在Bottle的response中，然后再由框架將內容返回給用戶
所以，公共組件本質其實就是為開發人員提供接口，使其能夠獲取用戶信息并配置響應內容。
1、request
Bottle中的request其實是一個LocalReqeust對象，其中封裝了用戶請求的相關信息：
request.headers請求頭信息request.queryget請求信息request.formspost請求信息request.files上傳文件信息request.paramsget和post請求信息request.GETget請求信息request.POSTpost和上傳信息request.cookiescookie信息request.environ環境相關相關2、response
Bottle中的request其實是一個LocalResponse對象，其中框架即將返回給用戶的相關信息：
responseresponse.status_line狀態行response.status_code狀態碼response.headers響應頭response.charset編碼response.set_cookie在瀏覽器上設置cookieresponse.delete_cookie在瀏覽器上刪除cookie實例：
from bottle import route, request@route('/login') def login():return '''<form action="/login" method="post">Username: <input name="username" type="text" />Password: <input name="password" type="password" /><input value="Login" type="submit" /></form>'''@route('/login', method='POST') def do_login():username = request.forms.get('username')password = request.forms.get('password')if check_login(username, password):return "<p>Your login information was correct.</p>"else:return "<p>Login failed.</p>" 基本Form請求 <form action="/upload" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">Category: <input type="text" name="category" />Select a file: <input type="file" name="upload" /><input type="submit" value="Start upload" /> </form>@route('/upload', method='POST') def do_upload():category = request.forms.get('category')upload = request.files.get('upload')name, ext = os.path.splitext(upload.filename)if ext not in ('.png','.jpg','.jpeg'):return 'File extension not allowed.'save_path = get_save_path_for_category(category)upload.save(save_path) # appends upload.filename automaticallyreturn 'OK' 上傳文件?四、服務
對于Bottle框架其本身未實現類似于Tornado自己基于socket實現Web服務，所以必須依賴WSGI，默認Bottle已經實現并且支持的WSGI有：
server_names = {'cgi': CGIServer,'flup': FlupFCGIServer,'wsgiref': WSGIRefServer,'waitress': WaitressServer,'cherrypy': CherryPyServer,'paste': PasteServer,'fapws3': FapwsServer,'tornado': TornadoServer,'gae': AppEngineServer,'twisted': TwistedServer,'diesel': DieselServer,'meinheld': MeinheldServer,'gunicorn': GunicornServer,'eventlet': EventletServer,'gevent': GeventServer,'geventSocketIO':GeventSocketIOServer,'rocket': RocketServer,'bjoern' : BjoernServer,'auto': AutoServer, } WSGI使用時，只需在主app執行run方法時指定參數即可：
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from bottle import Bottle root = Bottle()@root.route('/hello/') def index():return "Hello World" # 默認server ＝'wsgiref' root.run(host='localhost', port=8080, server='wsgiref')默認server＝"wsgiref"，即：使用Python內置模塊wsgiref，如果想要使用其他時，則需要首先安裝相關類庫，然后才能使用。如：
# 如果使用Tornado的服務，則需要首先安裝tornado才能使用class TornadoServer(ServerAdapter):""" The super hyped asynchronous server by facebook. Untested. """def run(self, handler): # pragma: no cover# 導入Tornado相關模塊import tornado.wsgi, tornado.httpserver, tornado.ioloopcontainer = tornado.wsgi.WSGIContainer(handler)server = tornado.httpserver.HTTPServer(container)server.listen(port=self.port,address=self.host)tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start() bottle.py源碼PS：以上WSGI中提供了19種，如果想要使期支持其他服務，則需要擴展Bottle源碼來自定義一個ServerAdapter
更多參見：http://www.bottlepy.org/docs/dev/index.html
Flask?
Flask是一個基于Python開發并且依賴jinja2模板和Werkzeug WSGI服務的一個微型框架，對于Werkzeug本質是Socket服務端，其用于接收http請求并對請求進行預處理，然后觸發Flask框架，開發人員基于Flask框架提供的功能對請求進行相應的處理，并返回給用戶，如果要返回給用戶復雜的內容時，需要借助jinja2模板來實現對模板的處理，即：將模板和數據進行渲染，將渲染后的字符串返回給用戶瀏覽器。
“微”(micro) 并不表示你需要把整個 Web 應用塞進單個 Python 文件（雖然確實可以 ），也不意味著 Flask 在功能上有所欠缺。微框架中的“微”意味著 Flask 旨在保持核心簡單而易于擴展。Flask 不會替你做出太多決策——比如使用何種數據庫。而那些 Flask 所選擇的——比如使用何種模板引擎——則很容易替換。除此之外的一切都由可由你掌握。如此，Flask 可以與您珠聯璧合。
默認情況下，Flask 不包含數據庫抽象層、表單驗證，或是其它任何已有多種庫可以勝任的功能。然而，Flask 支持用擴展來給應用添加這些功能，如同是 Flask 本身實現的一樣。眾多的擴展提供了數據庫集成、表單驗證、上傳處理、各種各樣的開放認證技術等功能。Flask 也許是“微小”的，但它已準備好在需求繁雜的生產環境中投入使用。
安裝
pip install Flask #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from werkzeug.wrappers import Request, Response@Request.application def hello(request):return Response('Hello World!')if __name__ == '__main__':from werkzeug.serving import run_simplerun_simple('localhost', 4000, hello) werkzeug一、第一次
from flask import Flask app = Flask(__name__)@app.route("/") def hello():return "Hello World!"if __name__ == "__main__":app.run()二、路由系統
- @app.route('/user/<username>')
- @app.route('/post/<int:post_id>')
- @app.route('/post/<float:post_id>')
- @app.route('/post/<path:path>')
- @app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
常用路由系統有以上五種，所有的路由系統都是基于一下對應關系來處理：
DEFAULT_CONVERTERS = {'default': UnicodeConverter,'string': UnicodeConverter,'any': AnyConverter,'path': PathConverter,'int': IntegerConverter,'float': FloatConverter,'uuid': UUIDConverter, }注：對于Flask默認不支持直接寫正則表達式的路由，不過可以通過自定義來實現，見：https://segmentfault.com/q/1010000000125259
三、模板
1、模板的使用
Flask使用的是Jinja2模板，所以其語法和Django無差別
2、自定義模板方法
Flask中自定義模板方法的方式和Bottle相似，創建一個函數并通過參數的形式傳入render_template，如：
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"><meta charset="UTF-8"><title></title> </head> <body><h1>自定義函數</h1>{{ww()|safe}}</body> </html> index.html #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from flask import Flask,render_template app = Flask(__name__)def wupeiqi():return '<h1>Wupeiqi</h1>'@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def login():return render_template('login.html', ww=wupeiqi)app.run()四、公共組件
1、請求
對于Http請求，Flask會講請求信息封裝在request中(werkzeug.wrappers.BaseRequest)，提供的如下常用方法和字段以供使用：
request.methodrequest.argsrequest.formrequest.valuesrequest.filesrequest.cookiesrequest.headersrequest.pathrequest.full_pathrequest.script_rootrequest.urlrequest.base_urlrequest.url_rootrequest.host_urlrequest.host @app.route('/login', methods=['POST', 'GET']) def login():error = Noneif request.method == 'POST':if valid_login(request.form['username'],request.form['password']):return log_the_user_in(request.form['username'])else:error = 'Invalid username/password'# the code below is executed if the request method# was GET or the credentials were invalidreturn render_template('login.html', error=error) 表單處理Demo from flask import request from werkzeug import secure_filename@app.route('/upload', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def upload_file():if request.method == 'POST':f = request.files['the_file']f.save('/var/www/uploads/' + secure_filename(f.filename))... 上傳文件Demo from flask import request@app.route('/setcookie/') def index():username = request.cookies.get('username')# use cookies.get(key) instead of cookies[key] to not get a# KeyError if the cookie is missing.from flask import make_response@app.route('/getcookie') def index():resp = make_response(render_template(...))resp.set_cookie('username', 'the username')return resp Cookie操作2、響應
當用戶請求被開發人員的邏輯處理完成之后，會將結果發送給用戶瀏覽器，那么就需要對請求做出相應的響應。
a.字符串
@app.route('/index/', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def index():return "index"b.模板引擎
from flask import Flask,render_template,request app = Flask(__name__)@app.route('/index/', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def index():return render_template("index.html")app.run()c.重定向
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from flask import Flask, redirect, url_for app = Flask(__name__)@app.route('/index/', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def index():# return redirect('/login/')return redirect(url_for('login'))@app.route('/login/', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def login():return "LOGIN"app.run()d.錯誤頁面
from flask import Flask, abort, render_template app = Flask(__name__)@app.route('/e1/', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def index():abort(404, 'Nothing') app.run() 指定URL，簡單錯誤 from flask import Flask, abort, render_template app = Flask(__name__)@app.route('/index/', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def index():return "OK"@app.errorhandler(404) def page_not_found(error):return render_template('page_not_found.html'), 404app.run()e.設置相應信息
使用make_response可以對相應的內容進行操作
from flask import Flask, abort, render_template,make_response app = Flask(__name__)@app.route('/index/', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def index():response = make_response(render_template('index.html'))# response是flask.wrappers.Response類型# response.delete_cookie# response.set_cookie# response.headers['X-Something'] = 'A value'return responseapp.run()3、Session
除請求對象之外，還有一個 session 對象。它允許你在不同請求間存儲特定用戶的信息。它是在 Cookies 的基礎上實現的，并且對 Cookies 進行密鑰簽名要使用會話，你需要設置一個密鑰。
-
設置：session['username'] ＝ 'xxx'
- 刪除：session.pop('username', None)
4.message
message是一個基于Session實現的用于保存數據的集合，其特點是：使用一次就刪除
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"><meta charset="UTF-8"><title></title> </head> <body>{% with messages = get_flashed_messages() %}{% if messages %}<ul class=flashes>{% for message in messages %}<li>{{ message }}</li>{% endfor %}</ul>{% endif %}{% endwith %} </body> </html> index.html from flask import Flask, flash, redirect, render_template, requestapp = Flask(__name__) app.secret_key = 'some_secret'@app.route('/') def index1():return render_template('index.html')@app.route('/set') def index2():v = request.args.get('p')flash(v)return 'ok'if __name__ == "__main__":app.run()5.中間件
from flask import Flask, flash, redirect, render_template, requestapp = Flask(__name__) app.secret_key = 'some_secret'@app.route('/') def index1():return render_template('index.html')@app.route('/set') def index2():v = request.args.get('p')flash(v)return 'ok'class MiddleWare:def __init__(self,wsgi_app):self.wsgi_app = wsgi_appdef __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):return self.wsgi_app(*args, **kwargs)if __name__ == "__main__":app.wsgi_app = MiddleWare(app.wsgi_app)app.run(port=9999)Flask還有眾多其他功能，更多參見：
? ? http://docs.jinkan.org/docs/flask/
? ??http://flask.pocoo.org/
Tornado
Tornado?是?FriendFeed?使用的可擴展的非阻塞式 web 服務器及其相關工具的開源版本。這個 Web 框架看起來有些像web.py?或者?Google 的 webapp，不過為了能有效利用非阻塞式服務器環境，這個 Web 框架還包含了一些相關的有用工具 和優化。
Tornado 和現在的主流 Web 服務器框架（包括大多數 Python 的框架）有著明顯的區別：它是非阻塞式服務器，而且速度相當快。得利于其 非阻塞的方式和對?epoll?的運用，Tornado 每秒可以處理數以千計的連接，這意味著對于實時 Web 服務來說，Tornado 是一個理想的 Web 框架。我們開發這個 Web 服務器的主要目的就是為了處理 FriendFeed 的實時功能 ——在 FriendFeed 的應用里每一個活動用戶都會保持著一個服務器連接。（關于如何擴容 服務器，以處理數以千計的客戶端的連接的問題，請參閱?C10K problem。）
pip install tornado 源碼安裝https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/t/tornado/tornado-4.3.tar.gz一、快速上手
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import tornado.ioloop import tornado.webclass MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):self.write("Hello, world") ＃返回字符串self.render(s0.html，參數) #返回文件application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/index", MainHandler), ])if __name__ == "__main__":application.listen(8888)tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
第一步：執行腳本，監聽 8888 端口
第二步：瀏覽器客戶端訪問 /index ?--> ?http://127.0.0.1:8888/index
第三步：服務器接受請求，并交由對應的類處理該請求
第四步：類接受到請求之后，根據請求方式（post / get / delete ...）的不同調用并執行相應的方法
第五步：方法返回值的字符串內容發送瀏覽器
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web from tornado import httpclient from tornado.web import asynchronous from tornado import genimport uimodules as md import uimethods as mtclass MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):@asynchronous@gen.coroutinedef get(self):print 'start get 'http = httpclient.AsyncHTTPClient()http.fetch("http://127.0.0.1:8008/post/", self.callback)self.write('end')def callback(self, response):print response.bodysettings = {'template_path': 'template','static_path': 'static','static_url_prefix': '/static/','ui_methods': mt,'ui_modules': md, }application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/index", MainHandler), ], **settings)if __name__ == "__main__":application.listen(8009)tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start() 異步非阻塞實例?
'template_path': 'template', 設置模版路徑（html）
'static_path': 'static',（設置靜態文件路徑，js，css）
'static_url_prefix': '/static/',
?
?
二、路由系統
路由系統其實就是 url 和 類 的對應關系，這里不同于其他框架，其他很多框架均是 url 對應 函數，Tornado中每個url對應的是一個類。
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import tornado.ioloop import tornado.webclass MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):self.write("Hello, world")class StoryHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self, story_id):self.write("You requested the story " + story_id)class BuyHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):self.write("buy.wupeiqi.com/index")application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/index", MainHandler),(r"/story/([0-9]+)", StoryHandler), ])application.add_handlers('buy.wupeiqi.com$', [(r'/index',BuyHandler), ])if __name__ == "__main__":application.listen(80)tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()三、模板
Tornao中的模板語言和django中類似，模板引擎將模板文件載入內存，然后將數據嵌入其中，最終獲取到一個完整的字符串，再將字符串返回給請求者。
Tornado 的模板支持“控制語句”和“表達語句”，控制語句是使用?{%?和?%}?包起來的 例如?{% if len(items) > 2 %}。表達語句是使用?{{?和?}}?包起來的，例如?{{ items[0] }}。
控制語句和對應的 Python 語句的格式基本完全相同。我們支持?if、for、while?和?try，這些語句邏輯結束的位置需要用?{% end %}?做標記。還通過?extends?和?block?語句實現了模板繼承。這些在?template?模塊?的代碼文檔中有著詳細的描述。
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/><title>老男孩</title><link href="{{static_url("css/common.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />{% block CSS %}{% end %} </head> <body><div class="pg-header"></div>{% block RenderBody %}{% end %}<script src="{{static_url("js/jquery-1.8.2.min.js")}}"></script>{% block JavaScript %}{% end %} </body> </html> layout.html {% extends 'layout.html'%} {% block CSS %}<link href="{{static_url("css/index.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" /> {% end %}{% block RenderBody %}<h1>Index</h1><ul>{% for item in li %}<li>{{item}}</li>{% end %}</ul>{% end %}{% block JavaScript %}{% end %} index.html #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import tornado.ioloop import tornado.webclass MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):self.render('home/index.html')settings = {'template_path': 'template', }application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/index", MainHandler), ], **settings)if __name__ == "__main__":application.listen(80)tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()在模板中默認提供了一些函數、字段、類以供模板使用：
- escape:?tornado.escape.xhtml_escape?的別名
- xhtml_escape:?tornado.escape.xhtml_escape?的別名
- url_escape:?tornado.escape.url_escape?的別名
- json_encode:?tornado.escape.json_encode?的別名
- squeeze:?tornado.escape.squeeze?的別名
- linkify:?tornado.escape.linkify?的別名
- datetime: Python 的?datetime?模組
- handler: 當前的?RequestHandler?對象
- request:?handler.request?的別名
- current_user:?handler.current_user?的別名
- locale:?handler.locale?的別名
- _:?handler.locale.translate?的別名
- static_url: for?handler.static_url?的別名
- xsrf_form_html:?handler.xsrf_form_html?的別名
Tornado默認提供的這些功能其實本質上就是 UIMethod 和 UIModule，我們也可以自定義從而實現類似于Django的simple_tag的功能：
1、定義
2、注冊
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web from tornado.escape import linkify import uimodules as md import uimethods as mtclass MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):self.render('index.html')settings = {'template_path': 'template','static_path': 'static','static_url_prefix': '/static/','ui_methods': mt,'ui_modules': md, }application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/index", MainHandler), ], **settings)if __name__ == "__main__":application.listen(8009)tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start() main.py3、使用
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"><meta charset="UTF-8"><title></title><link href="{{static_url("commons.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" /> </head> <body><h1>hello</h1>{% module custom(123) %}{{ tab() }} </body> index.html四、實用功能
1、靜態文件
對于靜態文件，可以配置靜態文件的目錄和前段使用時的前綴，并且Tornaodo還支持靜態文件緩存。
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import tornado.ioloop import tornado.webclass MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):self.render('home/index.html')settings = {'template_path': 'template','static_path': 'static','static_url_prefix': '/static/', }application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/index", MainHandler), ], **settings)if __name__ == "__main__":application.listen(80)tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start() main.py <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"><meta charset="UTF-8"><title></title><link href="{{static_url("commons.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" /> </head> <body><h1>hello</h1> </body> </html> index.html備注：靜態文件緩存的實現
def get_content_version(cls, abspath):"""Returns a version string for the resource at the given path.This class method may be overridden by subclasses. Thedefault implementation is a hash of the file's contents... versionadded:: 3.1"""data = cls.get_content(abspath)hasher = hashlib.md5()if isinstance(data, bytes):hasher.update(data)else:for chunk in data:hasher.update(chunk)return hasher.hexdigest() 靜態文件緩存源碼2、csrf
Tornado中的夸張請求偽造和Django中的相似，跨站偽造請求(Cross-site request forgery)
settings = {"xsrf_cookies": True, } application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/", MainHandler),(r"/login", LoginHandler), ], **settings) 配置 <form action="/new_message" method="post">{{ xsrf_form_html() }}<input type="text" name="message"/><input type="submit" value="Post"/> </form> 普通表單使用 function getCookie(name) {var r = document.cookie.match("\\b" + name + "=([^;]*)\\b");return r ? r[1] : undefined; }jQuery.postJSON = function(url, args, callback) {args._xsrf = getCookie("_xsrf");$.ajax({url: url, data: $.param(args), dataType: "text", type: "POST",success: function(response) {callback(eval("(" + response + ")"));}}); }; Ajax使用注：Ajax使用時，本質上就是去獲取本地的cookie，攜帶cookie再來發送請求
3、cookie
Tornado中可以對cookie進行操作，并且還可以對cookie進行簽名以放置偽造。
a、基本操作
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):if not self.get_cookie("mycookie"):self.set_cookie("mycookie", "myvalue")self.write("Your cookie was not set yet!")else:self.write("Your cookie was set!") Codeb、簽名
Cookie 很容易被惡意的客戶端偽造。加入你想在 cookie 中保存當前登陸用戶的 id 之類的信息，你需要對 cookie 作簽名以防止偽造。Tornado 通過 set_secure_cookie 和 get_secure_cookie 方法直接支持了這種功能。 要使用這些方法，你需要在創建應用時提供一個密鑰，名字為 cookie_secret。 你可以把它作為一個關鍵詞參數傳入應用的設置中：
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):if not self.get_secure_cookie("mycookie"):self.set_secure_cookie("mycookie", "myvalue")self.write("Your cookie was not set yet!")else:self.write("Your cookie was set!")application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/", MainHandler), ], cookie_secret="61oETzKXQAGaYdkL5gEmGeJJFuYh7EQnp2XdTP1o/Vo=") Code def _create_signature_v1(secret, *parts):hash = hmac.new(utf8(secret), digestmod=hashlib.sha1)for part in parts:hash.update(utf8(part))return utf8(hash.hexdigest())def _create_signature_v2(secret, s):hash = hmac.new(utf8(secret), digestmod=hashlib.sha256)hash.update(utf8(s))return utf8(hash.hexdigest()) 內部算法 def create_signed_value(secret, name, value, version=None, clock=None,key_version=None):if version is None:version = DEFAULT_SIGNED_VALUE_VERSIONif clock is None:clock = time.timetimestamp = utf8(str(int(clock())))value = base64.b64encode(utf8(value))if version == 1:signature = _create_signature_v1(secret, name, value, timestamp)value = b"|".join([value, timestamp, signature])return valueelif version == 2:# The v2 format consists of a version number and a series of# length-prefixed fields "%d:%s", the last of which is a# signature, all separated by pipes. All numbers are in# decimal format with no leading zeros. The signature is an# HMAC-SHA256 of the whole string up to that point, including# the final pipe.# # The fields are:# - format version (i.e. 2; no length prefix)# - key version (integer, default is 0)# - timestamp (integer seconds since epoch)# - name (not encoded; assumed to be ~alphanumeric)# - value (base64-encoded)# - signature (hex-encoded; no length prefix)def format_field(s):return utf8("%d:" % len(s)) + utf8(s)to_sign = b"|".join([b"2",format_field(str(key_version or 0)),format_field(timestamp),format_field(name),format_field(value),b''])if isinstance(secret, dict):assert key_version is not None, 'Key version must be set when sign key dict is used'assert version >= 2, 'Version must be at least 2 for key version support'secret = secret[key_version]signature = _create_signature_v2(secret, to_sign)return to_sign + signatureelse:raise ValueError("Unsupported version %d" % version) 內部算法-加密 def _decode_signed_value_v1(secret, name, value, max_age_days, clock):parts = utf8(value).split(b"|")if len(parts) != 3:return Nonesignature = _create_signature_v1(secret, name, parts[0], parts[1])if not _time_independent_equals(parts[2], signature):gen_log.warning("Invalid cookie signature %r", value)return Nonetimestamp = int(parts[1])if timestamp < clock() - max_age_days * 86400:gen_log.warning("Expired cookie %r", value)return Noneif timestamp > clock() + 31 * 86400:# _cookie_signature does not hash a delimiter between the# parts of the cookie, so an attacker could transfer trailing# digits from the payload to the timestamp without altering the# signature. For backwards compatibility, sanity-check timestamp# here instead of modifying _cookie_signature.gen_log.warning("Cookie timestamp in future; possible tampering %r",value)return Noneif parts[1].startswith(b"0"):gen_log.warning("Tampered cookie %r", value)return Nonetry:return base64.b64decode(parts[0])except Exception:return Nonedef _decode_fields_v2(value):def _consume_field(s):length, _, rest = s.partition(b':')n = int(length)field_value = rest[:n]# In python 3, indexing bytes returns small integers; we must# use a slice to get a byte string as in python 2.if rest[n:n + 1] != b'|':raise ValueError("malformed v2 signed value field")rest = rest[n + 1:]return field_value, restrest = value[2:] # remove version numberkey_version, rest = _consume_field(rest)timestamp, rest = _consume_field(rest)name_field, rest = _consume_field(rest)value_field, passed_sig = _consume_field(rest)return int(key_version), timestamp, name_field, value_field, passed_sigdef _decode_signed_value_v2(secret, name, value, max_age_days, clock):try:key_version, timestamp, name_field, value_field, passed_sig = _decode_fields_v2(value)except ValueError:return Nonesigned_string = value[:-len(passed_sig)]if isinstance(secret, dict):try:secret = secret[key_version]except KeyError:return Noneexpected_sig = _create_signature_v2(secret, signed_string)if not _time_independent_equals(passed_sig, expected_sig):return Noneif name_field != utf8(name):return Nonetimestamp = int(timestamp)if timestamp < clock() - max_age_days * 86400:# The signature has expired.return Nonetry:return base64.b64decode(value_field)except Exception:return Nonedef get_signature_key_version(value):value = utf8(value)version = _get_version(value)if version < 2:return Nonetry:key_version, _, _, _, _ = _decode_fields_v2(value)except ValueError:return Nonereturn key_version 內部算法-解密簽名Cookie的本質是：
寫cookie過程：
- 將值進行base64加密
- 對除值以外的內容進行簽名，哈希算法（無法逆向解析）
- 拼接 簽名 + 加密值
讀cookie過程：
- 讀取 簽名 + 加密值
- 對簽名進行驗證
- base64解密，獲取值內容
注：許多API驗證機制和安全cookie的實現機制相同。
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import tornado.ioloop import tornado.webclass MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):login_user = self.get_secure_cookie("login_user", None)if login_user:self.write(login_user)else:self.redirect('/login')class LoginHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):self.current_user()self.render('login.html', **{'status': ''})def post(self, *args, **kwargs):username = self.get_argument('name')password = self.get_argument('pwd')if username == 'wupeiqi' and password == '123':self.set_secure_cookie('login_user', '武沛齊')self.redirect('/')else:self.render('login.html', **{'status': '用戶名或密碼錯誤'})settings = {'template_path': 'template','static_path': 'static','static_url_prefix': '/static/','cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh' }application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/index", MainHandler),(r"/login", LoginHandler), ], **settings)if __name__ == "__main__":application.listen(8888)tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start() Demo-基于cookie進行用戶驗證 #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import tornado.ioloop import tornado.webclass BaseHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get_current_user(self):return self.get_secure_cookie("login_user")class MainHandler(BaseHandler):@tornado.web.authenticateddef get(self):login_user = self.current_userself.write(login_user)class LoginHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):self.current_user()self.render('login.html', **{'status': ''})def post(self, *args, **kwargs):username = self.get_argument('name')password = self.get_argument('pwd')if username == 'wupeiqi' and password == '123':self.set_secure_cookie('login_user', '武沛齊')self.redirect('/')else:self.render('login.html', **{'status': '用戶名或密碼錯誤'})settings = {'template_path': 'template','static_path': 'static','static_url_prefix': '/static/','cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh','login_url': '/login' }application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/index", MainHandler),(r"/login", LoginHandler), ], **settings)if __name__ == "__main__":application.listen(8888)tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start() Demo-Toando內部提供基于cookie進行用戶驗證4、Ajax上傳文件
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"><meta charset="UTF-8"><title></title> </head> <body><input type="file" id="img" /><input type="button" onclick="UploadFile();" /><script>function UploadFile(){var fileObj = document.getElementById("img").files[0];var form = new FormData();form.append("k1", "v1");form.append("fff", fileObj);var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();xhr.open("post", '/index', true);xhr.send(form);}</script> </body> </html> Html #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import tornado.ioloop import tornado.webclass MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):self.render('index.html')def post(self, *args, **kwargs):file_metas = self.request.files["fff"]# print(file_metas)for meta in file_metas:file_name = meta['filename']with open(file_name,'wb') as up:up.write(meta['body'])settings = {'template_path': 'template', }application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/index", MainHandler), ], **settings)if __name__ == "__main__":application.listen(8000)tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start() Python var fileObj = $("#img")[0].files[0]; var form = new FormData(); form.append("k1", "v1"); form.append("fff", fileObj);$.ajax({type:'POST',url: '/index',data: form,processData: false, // tell jQuery not to process the datacontentType: false, // tell jQuery not to set contentTypesuccess: function(arg){console.log(arg);} }) jQuery Ajax Upload五、擴展功能
1、自定義Session
a.知識儲備
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-class Foo(object):def __getitem__(self, key):print '__getitem__',keydef __setitem__(self, key, value):print '__setitem__',key,valuedef __delitem__(self, key):print '__delitem__',keyobj = Foo() result = obj['k1'] #obj['k2'] = 'wupeiqi' #del obj['k1']b.session實現機制
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web from hashlib import sha1 import os, timesession_container = {}create_session_id = lambda: sha1('%s%s' % (os.urandom(16), time.time())).hexdigest()class Session(object):session_id = "__sessionId__"def __init__(self, request):session_value = request.get_cookie(Session.session_id)if not session_value:self._id = create_session_id()else:self._id = session_valuerequest.set_cookie(Session.session_id, self._id)def __getitem__(self, key):return session_container[self._id][key]def __setitem__(self, key, value):if session_container.has_key(self._id):session_container[self._id][key] = valueelse:session_container[self._id] = {key: value}def __delitem__(self, key):del session_container[self._id][key]class BaseHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def initialize(self):# my_session['k1']訪問 __getitem__ 方法self.my_session = Session(self)class MainHandler(BaseHandler):def get(self):print self.my_session['c_user']print self.my_session['c_card']self.write('index')class LoginHandler(BaseHandler):def get(self):self.render('login.html', **{'status': ''})def post(self, *args, **kwargs):username = self.get_argument('name')password = self.get_argument('pwd')if username == 'wupeiqi' and password == '123':self.my_session['c_user'] = 'wupeiqi'self.my_session['c_card'] = '12312312309823012'self.redirect('/index')else:self.render('login.html', **{'status': '用戶名或密碼錯誤'})settings = {'template_path': 'template','static_path': 'static','static_url_prefix': '/static/','cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh','login_url': '/login' }application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/index", MainHandler),(r"/login", LoginHandler), ], **settings)if __name__ == "__main__":application.listen(8888)tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()c. Session框架
#!/usr/bin/env python #coding:utf-8import sys import math from bisect import bisectif sys.version_info >= (2, 5):import hashlibmd5_constructor = hashlib.md5 else:import md5md5_constructor = md5.newclass HashRing(object):"""一致性哈希"""def __init__(self,nodes):'''初始化nodes : 初始化的節點，其中包含節點已經節點對應的權重默認每一個節點有32個虛擬節點對于權重，通過多創建虛擬節點來實現如：nodes = [{'host':'127.0.0.1:8000','weight':1},{'host':'127.0.0.1:8001','weight':2},{'host':'127.0.0.1:8002','weight':1},]'''self.ring = dict()self._sorted_keys = []self.total_weight = 0self.__generate_circle(nodes)def __generate_circle(self,nodes):for node_info in nodes:self.total_weight += node_info.get('weight',1)for node_info in nodes:weight = node_info.get('weight',1)node = node_info.get('host',None)virtual_node_count = math.floor((32*len(nodes)*weight) / self.total_weight)for i in xrange(0,int(virtual_node_count)):key = self.gen_key_thirty_two( '%s-%s' % (node, i) )if self._sorted_keys.__contains__(key):raise Exception('該節點已經存在.')self.ring[key] = nodeself._sorted_keys.append(key)def add_node(self,node):''' 新建節點node : 要添加的節點，格式為：{'host':'127.0.0.1:8002','weight':1}，其中第一個元素表示節點，第二個元素表示該節點的權重。'''node = node.get('host',None)if not node:raise Exception('節點的地址不能為空.')weight = node.get('weight',1)self.total_weight += weightnodes_count = len(self._sorted_keys) + 1virtual_node_count = math.floor((32 * nodes_count * weight) / self.total_weight)for i in xrange(0,int(virtual_node_count)):key = self.gen_key_thirty_two( '%s-%s' % (node, i) )if self._sorted_keys.__contains__(key):raise Exception('該節點已經存在.')self.ring[key] = nodeself._sorted_keys.append(key)def remove_node(self,node):''' 移除節點node : 要移除的節點 '127.0.0.1:8000''''for key,value in self.ring.items():if value == node:del self.ring[key]self._sorted_keys.remove(key)def get_node(self,string_key):'''獲取 string_key 所在的節點'''pos = self.get_node_pos(string_key)if pos is None:return Nonereturn self.ring[ self._sorted_keys[pos]].split(':')def get_node_pos(self,string_key):'''獲取 string_key 所在的節點的索引'''if not self.ring:return Nonekey = self.gen_key_thirty_two(string_key)nodes = self._sorted_keyspos = bisect(nodes, key)return posdef gen_key_thirty_two(self, key):m = md5_constructor()m.update(key)return long(m.hexdigest(), 16)def gen_key_sixteen(self,key):b_key = self.__hash_digest(key)return self.__hash_val(b_key, lambda x: x)def __hash_val(self, b_key, entry_fn):return (( b_key[entry_fn(3)] << 24)|(b_key[entry_fn(2)] << 16)|(b_key[entry_fn(1)] << 8)| b_key[entry_fn(0)] )def __hash_digest(self, key):m = md5_constructor()m.update(key)return map(ord, m.digest())""" nodes = [{'host':'127.0.0.1:8000','weight':1},{'host':'127.0.0.1:8001','weight':2},{'host':'127.0.0.1:8002','weight':1}, ]ring = HashRing(nodes) result = ring.get_node('98708798709870987098709879087') print result""" 一致性哈希 from hashlib import sha1 import os, timecreate_session_id = lambda: sha1('%s%s' % (os.urandom(16), time.time())).hexdigest()class Session(object):session_id = "__sessionId__"def __init__(self, request):session_value = request.get_cookie(Session.session_id)if not session_value:self._id = create_session_id()else:self._id = session_valuerequest.set_cookie(Session.session_id, self._id)def __getitem__(self, key):# 根據 self._id ，在一致性哈西中找到其對應的服務器IP# 找到相對應的redis服務器，如： r = redis.StrictRedis(host='localhost', port=6379, db=0)# 使用python redis api 鏈接# 獲取數據，即：# return self._redis.hget(self._id, name)def __setitem__(self, key, value):# 根據 self._id ，在一致性哈西中找到其對應的服務器IP# 使用python redis api 鏈接# 設置session# self._redis.hset(self._id, name, value)def __delitem__(self, key):# 根據 self._id 找到相對應的redis服務器# 使用python redis api 鏈接# 刪除，即：return self._redis.hdel(self._id, name) Session2、自定義模型版定
模型綁定有兩個主要功能：
- 自動生成html表單
- 用戶輸入驗證
在之前學習的Django中為程序員提供了非常便捷的模型綁定功能，但是在Tornado中，一切需要自己動手！！！
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"><meta charset="UTF-8"><title></title><link href="{{static_url("commons.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" /> </head> <body><h1>hello</h1><form action="/index" method="post"><p>hostname: <input type="text" name="host" /> </p><p>ip: <input type="text" name="ip" /> </p><p>port: <input type="text" name="port" /> </p><p>phone: <input type="text" name="phone" /> </p><input type="submit" /></form> </body> </html> html #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web from hashlib import sha1 import os, time import reclass MainForm(object):def __init__(self):self.host = "(.*)"self.ip = "^(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)){3}$"self.port = '(\d+)'self.phone = '^1[3|4|5|8][0-9]\d{8}$'def check_valid(self, request):form_dict = self.__dict__for key, regular in form_dict.items():post_value = request.get_argument(key)# 讓提交的數據 和 定義的正則表達式進行匹配ret = re.match(regular, post_value)print key,ret,post_valueclass MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):self.render('index.html')def post(self, *args, **kwargs):obj = MainForm()result = obj.check_valid(self)self.write('ok')settings = {'template_path': 'template','static_path': 'static','static_url_prefix': '/static/','cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh','login_url': '/login' }application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/index", MainHandler), ], **settings)if __name__ == "__main__":application.listen(8888)tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()由于請求的驗證時，需要考慮是否可以為空以及正則表達式的復用，所以：
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web import reclass Field(object):def __init__(self, error_msg_dict, required):self.id_valid = Falseself.value = Noneself.error = Noneself.name = Noneself.error_msg = error_msg_dictself.required = requireddef match(self, name, value):self.name = nameif not self.required:self.id_valid = Trueself.value = valueelse:if not value:if self.error_msg.get('required', None):self.error = self.error_msg['required']else:self.error = "%s is required" % nameelse:ret = re.match(self.REGULAR, value)if ret:self.id_valid = Trueself.value = ret.group()else:if self.error_msg.get('valid', None):self.error = self.error_msg['valid']else:self.error = "%s is invalid" % nameclass IPField(Field):REGULAR = "^(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)){3}$"def __init__(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=True):error_msg = {} # {'required': 'IP不能為空', 'valid': 'IP格式錯誤'}if error_msg_dict:error_msg.update(error_msg_dict)super(IPField, self).__init__(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=required)class IntegerField(Field):REGULAR = "^\d+$"def __init__(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=True):error_msg = {'required': '數字不能為空', 'valid': '數字格式錯誤'}if error_msg_dict:error_msg.update(error_msg_dict)super(IntegerField, self).__init__(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=required)class CheckBoxField(Field):def __init__(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=True):error_msg = {} # {'required': 'IP不能為空', 'valid': 'IP格式錯誤'}if error_msg_dict:error_msg.update(error_msg_dict)super(CheckBoxField, self).__init__(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=required)def match(self, name, value):self.name = nameif not self.required:self.id_valid = Trueself.value = valueelse:if not value:if self.error_msg.get('required', None):self.error = self.error_msg['required']else:self.error = "%s is required" % nameelse:if isinstance(name, list):self.id_valid = Trueself.value = valueelse:if self.error_msg.get('valid', None):self.error = self.error_msg['valid']else:self.error = "%s is invalid" % nameclass FileField(Field):REGULAR = "^(\w+\.pdf)|(\w+\.mp3)|(\w+\.py)$"def __init__(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=True):error_msg = {} # {'required': '數字不能為空', 'valid': '數字格式錯誤'}if error_msg_dict:error_msg.update(error_msg_dict)super(FileField, self).__init__(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=required)def match(self, name, value):self.name = nameself.value = []if not self.required:self.id_valid = Trueself.value = valueelse:if not value:if self.error_msg.get('required', None):self.error = self.error_msg['required']else:self.error = "%s is required" % nameelse:m = re.compile(self.REGULAR)if isinstance(value, list):for file_name in value:r = m.match(file_name)if r:self.value.append(r.group())self.id_valid = Trueelse:self.id_valid = Falseif self.error_msg.get('valid', None):self.error = self.error_msg['valid']else:self.error = "%s is invalid" % namebreakelse:if self.error_msg.get('valid', None):self.error = self.error_msg['valid']else:self.error = "%s is invalid" % namedef save(self, request, upload_path=""):file_metas = request.files[self.name]for meta in file_metas:file_name = meta['filename']with open(file_name,'wb') as up:up.write(meta['body'])class Form(object):def __init__(self):self.value_dict = {}self.error_dict = {}self.valid_status = Truedef validate(self, request, depth=10, pre_key=""):self.initialize()self.__valid(self, request, depth, pre_key)def initialize(self):passdef __valid(self, form_obj, request, depth, pre_key):"""驗證用戶表單請求的數據:param form_obj: Form對象（Form派生類的對象）:param request: Http請求上下文（用于從請求中獲取用戶提交的值）:param depth: 對Form內容的深度的支持:param pre_key: Html中name屬性值的前綴（多層Form時，內部遞歸時設置，無需理會）:return: 是否驗證通過，True：驗證成功；False：驗證失敗"""depth -= 1if depth < 0:return Noneform_field_dict = form_obj.__dict__for key, field_obj in form_field_dict.items():print key,field_objif isinstance(field_obj, Form) or isinstance(field_obj, Field):if isinstance(field_obj, Form):# 獲取以key開頭的所有的值，以參數的形式傳至self.__valid(field_obj, request, depth, key)continueif pre_key:key = "%s.%s" % (pre_key, key)if isinstance(field_obj, CheckBoxField):post_value = request.get_arguments(key, None)elif isinstance(field_obj, FileField):post_value = []file_list = request.request.files.get(key, None)for file_item in file_list:post_value.append(file_item['filename'])else:post_value = request.get_argument(key, None)print post_value# 讓提交的數據 和 定義的正則表達式進行匹配 field_obj.match(key, post_value)if field_obj.id_valid:self.value_dict[key] = field_obj.valueelse:self.error_dict[key] = field_obj.errorself.valid_status = Falseclass ListForm(object):def __init__(self, form_type):self.form_type = form_typeself.valid_status = Trueself.value_dict = {}self.error_dict = {}def validate(self, request):name_list = request.request.arguments.keys() + request.request.files.keys()index = 0flag = Falsewhile True:pre_key = "[%d]" % indexfor name in name_list:if name.startswith(pre_key):flag = Truebreakif flag:form_obj = self.form_type()form_obj.validate(request, depth=10, pre_key="[%d]" % index)if form_obj.valid_status:self.value_dict[index] = form_obj.value_dictelse:self.error_dict[index] = form_obj.error_dictself.valid_status = Falseelse:breakindex += 1flag = Falseclass MainForm(Form):def __init__(self):# self.ip = IPField(required=True)# self.port = IntegerField(required=True)# self.new_ip = IPField(required=True)# self.second = SecondForm()self.fff = FileField(required=True)super(MainForm, self).__init__()# # class SecondForm(Form): # # def __init__(self): # self.ip = IPField(required=True) # self.new_ip = IPField(required=True) # # super(SecondForm, self).__init__()class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):self.render('index.html')def post(self, *args, **kwargs):# for i in dir(self.request):# print i# print self.request.arguments# print self.request.files# print self.request.query# name_list = self.request.arguments.keys() + self.request.files.keys()# print name_list# list_form = ListForm(MainForm)# list_form.validate(self)# # print list_form.valid_status# print list_form.value_dict# print list_form.error_dict# obj = MainForm()# obj.validate(self)# # print "驗證結果：", obj.valid_status# print "符合驗證結果：", obj.value_dict# print "錯誤信息:"# for key, item in obj.error_dict.items():# print key,item# print self.get_arguments('favor'),type(self.get_arguments('favor'))# print self.get_argument('favor'),type(self.get_argument('favor'))# print type(self.get_argument('fff')),self.get_argument('fff')# print self.request.files# obj = MainForm()# obj.validate(self)# print obj.valid_status# print obj.value_dict# print obj.error_dict# print self.request,type(self.request)# obj.fff.save(self.request)# from tornado.httputil import HTTPServerRequest# name_list = self.request.arguments.keys() + self.request.files.keys()# print name_list# print self.request.files,type(self.request.files)# print len(self.request.files.get('fff'))# obj = MainForm()# obj.validate(self)# print obj.valid_status# print obj.value_dict# print obj.error_dict# obj.fff.save(self.request)self.write('ok')settings = {'template_path': 'template','static_path': 'static','static_url_prefix': '/static/','cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh','login_url': '/login' }application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/index", MainHandler), ], **settings)if __name__ == "__main__":application.listen(8888)tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start() Form驗證框架?
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轉載于:https://www.cnblogs.com/maskice/p/6533362.html
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