Windows 10 / 11 環(huán)境變量 (用戶(hù)變量與系統(tǒng)變量)

1. 環(huán)境變量 (environment variables)

環(huán)境變量 (environment variables) 是在操作系統(tǒng)中用來(lái)指定操作系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行環(huán)境的一些參數(shù)。環(huán)境變量是在操作系統(tǒng)中一個(gè)具有特定名字的對(duì)象，它包含了一個(gè)或者多個(gè)應(yīng)用程序所使用到的信息。Windows 和 DOS 操作系統(tǒng)中的 path 環(huán)境變量，當(dāng)要求系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行一個(gè)程序而沒(méi)有告訴它程序所在的完整路徑時(shí)，系統(tǒng)除了在當(dāng)前目錄下面尋找此程序外，還應(yīng)到 path 中指定的路徑去找。用戶(hù)通過(guò)設(shè)置環(huán)境變量，來(lái)更好的運(yùn)行進(jìn)程。

environment variables：環(huán)境變量 user variables：用戶(hù)變量 system variables：系統(tǒng)變量

環(huán)境變量可分為用戶(hù)變量與系統(tǒng)變量?jī)深?lèi)，在注冊(cè)表中都有對(duì)應(yīng)的項(xiàng)。

1.1 用戶(hù)變量

• 用戶(hù)變量所在位置：HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Environment

1.2 系統(tǒng)變量

• 系統(tǒng)變量所在位置：HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\ControlSet001\Control\Session Manager\Environment

在原有變量的基礎(chǔ)上添加英文狀態(tài)下的分號(hào)，然后添加路徑名。不要?jiǎng)h除原先的系統(tǒng)變量，只要用分號(hào)隔開(kāi)，然后添加路徑名，最后也要加上分號(hào)。

添加路徑之后，要保存，再重啟 cmd，確保生效。

1.3 Windows 10 - echo %path%

Microsoft Windows [版本 10.0.17763.1158] (c) 2018 Microsoft Corporation。保留所有權(quán)利。C:\Users\cheng>echo %path% C:\Program Files (x86)\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\iCLS\;C:\Program Files\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\iCLS\;C:\Windows\system32;C:\Windows;C:\Windows\System32\Wbem;C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\;C:\Windows\System32\OpenSSH\;C:\Program Files (x86)\NVIDIA Corporation\PhysX\Common;C:\Program Files (x86)\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\DAL;C:\Program Files\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\DAL;C:\Program Files (x86)\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\IPT;C:\Program Files\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\IPT;C:\Program Files\Intel\WiFi\bin\;C:\Program Files\Common Files\Intel\WirelessCommon\;C:\Windows\system32;C:\Windows;C:\Windows\System32\Wbem;C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\;C:\Windows\System32\OpenSSH\;C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\130\Tools\Binn\;C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\Windows Performance Toolkit\;C:\Users\cheng\AppData\Local\Microsoft\WindowsApps;C:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %PATH% C:\Program Files (x86)\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\iCLS\;C:\Program Files\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\iCLS\;C:\Windows\system32;C:\Windows;C:\Windows\System32\Wbem;C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\;C:\Windows\System32\OpenSSH\;C:\Program Files (x86)\NVIDIA Corporation\PhysX\Common;C:\Program Files (x86)\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\DAL;C:\Program Files\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\DAL;C:\Program Files (x86)\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\IPT;C:\Program Files\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\IPT;C:\Program Files\Intel\WiFi\bin\;C:\Program Files\Common Files\Intel\WirelessCommon\;C:\Windows\system32;C:\Windows;C:\Windows\System32\Wbem;C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\;C:\Windows\System32\OpenSSH\;C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\130\Tools\Binn\;C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\Windows Performance Toolkit\;C:\Users\cheng\AppData\Local\Microsoft\WindowsApps;C:\Users\cheng>

1.4 Windows 11 - echo %path%

Microsoft Windows [版本 10.0.22621.1265] (c) Microsoft Corporation。保留所有權(quán)利。C:\Users\cheng>echo %PATH% D:\VulkanSDK\1.3.216.0\Bin;C:\Program Files\NVIDIA GPU Computing Toolkit\CUDA\v10.1\bin;C:\Program Files\NVIDIA GPU Computing Toolkit\CUDA\v10.1\libnvvp;C:\Program Files (x86)\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\iCLS\;C:\Program Files\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\iCLS\;C:\Windows\system32;C:\Windows;C:\Windows\System32\Wbem;C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\;C:\Windows\System32\OpenSSH\;C:\Program Files (x86)\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\DAL;C:\Program Files\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\DAL;C:\Program Files (x86)\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\IPT;C:\Program Files\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\IPT;C:\Program Files\Intel\WiFi\bin\;C:\Program Files\Common Files\Intel\WirelessCommon\;C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\130\Tools\Binn\;C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\Windows Performance Toolkit\;C:\Program Files\NVIDIA Corporation\Nsight Compute 2019.1\;C:\WINDOWS\system32;C:\WINDOWS;C:\WINDOWS\System32\Wbem;C:\WINDOWS\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\;C:\WINDOWS\System32\OpenSSH\;D:\Program Files\platform-tools;C:\Program Files (x86)\AMD APP SDK\3.0\bin\x86_64;C:\Program Files (x86)\AMD APP SDK\3.0\bin\x86;C:\Program Files\dotnet\;C:\Program Files\NVIDIA Corporation\NVIDIA NvDLISR;C:\Program Files (x86)\NVIDIA Corporation\PhysX\Common;C:\Users\cheng\AppData\Local\Microsoft\WindowsApps;C:\Program Files\NVIDIA Corporation\NVSMI;;D:\Program Files\Microsoft VS Code\binC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %path% D:\VulkanSDK\1.3.216.0\Bin;C:\Program Files\NVIDIA GPU Computing Toolkit\CUDA\v10.1\bin;C:\Program Files\NVIDIA GPU Computing Toolkit\CUDA\v10.1\libnvvp;C:\Program Files (x86)\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\iCLS\;C:\Program Files\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\iCLS\;C:\Windows\system32;C:\Windows;C:\Windows\System32\Wbem;C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\;C:\Windows\System32\OpenSSH\;C:\Program Files (x86)\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\DAL;C:\Program Files\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\DAL;C:\Program Files (x86)\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\IPT;C:\Program Files\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\IPT;C:\Program Files\Intel\WiFi\bin\;C:\Program Files\Common Files\Intel\WirelessCommon\;C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\130\Tools\Binn\;C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\Windows Performance Toolkit\;C:\Program Files\NVIDIA Corporation\Nsight Compute 2019.1\;C:\WINDOWS\system32;C:\WINDOWS;C:\WINDOWS\System32\Wbem;C:\WINDOWS\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\;C:\WINDOWS\System32\OpenSSH\;D:\Program Files\platform-tools;C:\Program Files (x86)\AMD APP SDK\3.0\bin\x86_64;C:\Program Files (x86)\AMD APP SDK\3.0\bin\x86;C:\Program Files\dotnet\;C:\Program Files\NVIDIA Corporation\NVIDIA NvDLISR;C:\Program Files (x86)\NVIDIA Corporation\PhysX\Common;C:\Users\cheng\AppData\Local\Microsoft\WindowsApps;C:\Program Files\NVIDIA Corporation\NVSMI;;D:\Program Files\Microsoft VS Code\binC:\Users\cheng>

設(shè)置

系統(tǒng)信息

高級(jí)系統(tǒng)設(shè)置 -> 高級(jí)

環(huán)境變量

環(huán)境變量可以理解為系統(tǒng)的視線 (作用域) 范圍，配置進(jìn)入環(huán)境變量的可執(zhí)行程序，就是進(jìn)入了系統(tǒng)的視線范圍。打開(kāi)命令窗口后輸入程序名，系統(tǒng)就會(huì)把在其視線內(nèi)的 (環(huán)境變量?jī)?nèi)) 的程序找出來(lái)。如果程序沒(méi)有配置進(jìn)入環(huán)境變量的話，那系統(tǒng)自然就找不到。

• 系統(tǒng)變量針對(duì)所有用戶(hù)起作用，為了安全起見(jiàn)，一般配置用戶(hù)環(huán)境變量。
• 用戶(hù)變量只對(duì)當(dāng)前用戶(hù)起作用，不建議為了省事而配置系統(tǒng)環(huán)境變量。

1.5 用戶(hù)變量和系統(tǒng)變量的優(yōu)先級(jí)

1.5.1 普通變量

如果在用戶(hù)變量和系統(tǒng)變量中創(chuàng)建同名變量，那么 Windows 會(huì)將用戶(hù)變量覆蓋系統(tǒng)變量。在 cmd 中輸出的是用戶(hù)變量中該變量的值。

對(duì)于普通變量，用戶(hù)環(huán)境變量?jī)?yōu)先級(jí)高于系統(tǒng)環(huán)境變量。系統(tǒng)會(huì)先檢查用戶(hù)變量，之后再檢查系統(tǒng)變量。

Microsoft Windows [版本 10.0.22621.1265] (c) Microsoft Corporation。保留所有權(quán)利。C:\Users\cheng>echo %TEMP% C:\Users\cheng\AppData\Local\TempC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %TMP% C:\Users\cheng\AppData\Local\TempC:\Users\cheng>

1.5.2 Path 變量

?1. 環(huán)境變量不區(qū)分大小寫(xiě)，path / PATH / Path 表示指定可執(zhí)行文件的搜索路徑。
2. echo %path% 可以得到 path 變量的值 (系統(tǒng)變量中的值與用戶(hù)變量中的值的組合)，用戶(hù)變量 path 內(nèi)容會(huì)跟在系統(tǒng)變量 path 內(nèi)容的后面。
3. 對(duì)于 Path 變量，系統(tǒng)環(huán)境變量?jī)?yōu)先級(jí)高于用戶(hù)環(huán)境變量。
4. Windows 系統(tǒng)在執(zhí)行用戶(hù)命令時(shí)，若用戶(hù)未給出文件的絕對(duì)路徑，則首先在當(dāng)前目錄下尋找相應(yīng)的可執(zhí)行文件。然后在系統(tǒng)變量的 path / PATH / Path 路徑中查找，如果找不到，再到用戶(hù)變量的 path / PATH / Path 路徑中查找。

Windows 對(duì)于 Path 變量的處理方式是，將用戶(hù)變量的 Path 添加到系統(tǒng)變量 Path 后面。Windows 在查找指令的時(shí)候，是按 Path 中的路徑從前往后找，直至在某個(gè)路徑中找到了該指令。如果系統(tǒng)變量 Path 中有對(duì)應(yīng)指令的話，Windows 就不會(huì)再去用戶(hù)變量 Path 中查找。

2. Setting the path and variables in Windows 10

From the desktop, right-click the Computer icon and select Properties. If you don’t have a Computer icon on your desktop, click Start, right-click the Computer option in the Start menu, and select Properties.

Click the Advanced System Settings link in the left column.

In the System Properties window, click on the Advanced tab, then click the Environment Variables button near the bottom of that tab.

In the Environment Variables window, highlight the Path variable in the System variables section and click the Edit button. Add or modify the path lines with the paths you want the computer to access. Each different directory is separated with a semicolon, as shown below.

You can edit other environment variables by highlighting the variable in the System variables section and clicking Edit. If you need to create a new environment variable, click New and enter the variable name and variable value.

此電腦 -> 高級(jí)系統(tǒng)設(shè)置

環(huán)境變量

3. List of environment variables in Windows 10

Microsoft Windows [版本 10.0.17763.1158] (c) 2018 Microsoft Corporation。保留所有權(quán)利。C:\Users\cheng>echo %COMMONPROGRAMFILES% C:\Program Files\Common FilesC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %COMMONPROGRAMFILES(x86)% C:\Program Files (x86)\Common FilesC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %COMSPEC% C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exeC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %HOMEDRIVE% C:C:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %HOMEPATH% \Users\chengC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %SYSTEMROOT% C:\WindowsC:\Users\cheng>echo %WINDIR% C:\WindowsC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %TMP% C:\Users\cheng\AppData\Local\TempC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %TEMP% C:\Users\cheng\AppData\Local\TempC:\Users\cheng>

%COMMONPROGRAMFILES% - C:\Program Files\Common Files
%COMMONPROGRAMFILES(x86)% - C:\Program Files (x86)\Common Files
%COMSPEC% - C:\Windows\System32\cmd.exe
%HOMEDRIVE% - C:
%HOMEPATH% - C:\Users\<username>
%SYSTEMROOT% - C:\Windows
%WINDIR% - C:\Windows
%TMP% - C:\Users\<username>\AppData\Local\Temp
%TEMP% - C:\Users\<username>\AppData\Local\Temp

Microsoft Windows [版本 10.0.17763.1158] (c) 2018 Microsoft Corporation。保留所有權(quán)利。C:\Users\cheng>echo %APPDATA% C:\Users\cheng\AppData\RoamingC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %ALLUSERSPROFILE% C:\ProgramDataC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %CD% C:\Users\chengC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %CMDEXTVERSION% 2C:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %DATE% 2020/05/04 周一C:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %ERRORLEVEL% 0C:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %LOCALAPPDATA% C:\Users\cheng\AppData\LocalC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %LOGONSERVER% \\YONGQIANGC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %PATH% C:\Program Files (x86)\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\iCLS\;C:\Program Files\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\iCLS\;C:\Windows\system32;C:\Windows;C:\Windows\System32\Wbem;C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\;C:\Windows\System32\OpenSSH\;C:\Program Files (x86)\NVIDIA Corporation\PhysX\Common;C:\Program Files (x86)\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\DAL;C:\Program Files\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\DAL;C:\Program Files (x86)\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\IPT;C:\Program Files\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\IPT;C:\Program Files\Intel\WiFi\bin\;C:\Program Files\Common Files\Intel\WirelessCommon\;C:\Windows\system32;C:\Windows;C:\Windows\System32\Wbem;C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\;C:\Windows\System32\OpenSSH\;C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\130\Tools\Binn\;C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\Windows Performance Toolkit\;C:\Users\cheng\AppData\Local\Microsoft\WindowsApps;C:\Program Files\NVIDIA Corporation\NVSMI;C:\Users\cheng>

%APPDATA% - C:\Users\<username>\AppData\Roaming
%ALLUSERSPROFILE% - C:\ProgramData
%CD% - Typing in this command will give you the current directory you are working in.
%CMDEXTVERSION% - This variable expands to the version of the command-line extensions.
%DATE% - This variable will give you the current date according to date format preferences.
%ERRORLEVEL% - Determines the error level set by last executing command.
%LOCALAPPDATA% - C:\Users\<username>\AppData\Local
%LOGONSERVER% - \\<domain_logon_server>
%PATH% - C:\Windows\system32;C:\Windows;

Microsoft Windows [版本 10.0.17763.1158] (c) 2018 Microsoft Corporation。保留所有權(quán)利。C:\Users\cheng>echo %PATHEXT% .COM;.EXE;.BAT;.CMD;.VBS;.VBE;.JS;.JSE;.WSF;.WSH;.MSCC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %PROGRAMDATA% C:\ProgramDataC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %PROGRAMFILES% C:\Program FilesC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %PROGRAMW6432% C:\Program FilesC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %PROGRAMFILES(X86)% C:\Program Files (x86)C:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %PROMPT% $P$GC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %SYSTEMDRIVE% C:C:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %TIME% 12:34:57.39C:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %USERNAME% chengC:\Users\cheng>

%PATHEXT% - .com;.exe;.bat;.cmd;.vbs;.vbe;.js;.jse;.wsf;.wsh;.msc
%PROGRAMDATA% - C:\ProgramData
%PROGRAMFILES% - C:\Program Files
%PROGRAMW6432% - C:\Program Files
%PROGRAMFILES(X86)% - C:\Program Files (x86)
%PROMPT% - $P$G
%SYSTEMDRIVE% - C:
%TIME% - Similarly, it gives you current time according to the time format preferences.
%USERNAME% - <username>

Microsoft Windows [版本 10.0.17763.1158] (c) 2018 Microsoft Corporation。保留所有權(quán)利。C:\Users\cheng>echo %USERPROFILE% C:\Users\chengC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %USERDOMAIN% YONGQIANGC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %USERDOMAIN_ROAMINGPROFILE% YONGQIANGC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %PUBLIC% C:\Users\PublicC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %PSMODULEPATH% C:\Program Files\WindowsPowerShell\Modules;C:\Windows\system32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\ModulesC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %ONEDRIVE% C:\Users\cheng\OneDriveC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %CMDCMDLINE% "C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe"C:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %COMPUTERNAME% YONGQIANGC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %PROCESSOR_REVISION% 9e0aC:\Users\cheng>

%USERPROFILE% - C:\Users\<username>
%USERDOMAIN% - Userdomain associated with current user.
%USERDOMAIN_ROAMINGPROFILE% - Userdomain associated with roaming profile.
%PUBLIC% - C:\Users\Public
%PSMODULEPATH% - %SystemRoot%\system32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\Modules\
%ONEDRIVE% - C:\Users\<username>\OneDrive
%CMDCMDLINE% - Outputs command line used to launch the current Command Prompt session.
%COMPUTERNAME% -Outputs the system name.
%PROCESSOR_REVISION% - Outputs processor revision.

Microsoft Windows [版本 10.0.17763.1158] (c) 2018 Microsoft Corporation。保留所有權(quán)利。C:\Users\cheng>echo %PROCESSOR_IDENTIFIER% Intel64 Family 6 Model 158 Stepping 10, GenuineIntelC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %PROCESSOR_LEVEL% 6C:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %RANDOM% 25197C:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS% 12C:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %OS% Windows_NTC:\Users\cheng>

%PROCESSOR_IDENTIFIER% - Outputs processor identifier.
%PROCESSOR_LEVEL% - Outputs processor level.
%RANDOM% - This variable prints a random number from 0 through 32767
%NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS% - Outputs the number of physical and virtual cores.
%OS% - Windows_NT

References

https://yongqiang.blog.csdn.net/

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