智能指針手表

By Hanae Armitage

由Hanae Armitage

A new wearable technology that straps right onto your wrist can provide near-real time readouts of the level of acetaminophen in your body — and likely many other drugs too.

一項(xiàng)新的可穿戴技術(shù)可直接綁在您的手腕上，可提供您體內(nèi)對(duì)乙酰氨基酚水平的近乎實(shí)時(shí)的讀數(shù)-可能還有許多其他藥物。

This innovation — from researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles, with Stanford Medicine collaborators — could allow patients to avoid onerous pinpricks and blood draws currently needed to track the levels of a drug in their bodies.

這項(xiàng)創(chuàng)新技術(shù)是由加利福尼亞大學(xué)洛杉磯分校的研究人員與斯坦福大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)博士的合作者共同開發(fā)的，它可以使患者避免繁重的針刺和抽血，以追蹤目前體內(nèi)藥物的水平。

In addition, this kind of monitoring is right in the sweet spot for precision health and medicine, said Ron Davis, PhD, director of the Stanford Genome Technology Center. A pioneer in the field of personalized medicine, he helped conceptualize the technology.

斯坦福大學(xué)基因組技術(shù)中心主任羅恩·戴維斯 ( Ron Davis )博士說(shuō)，此外，這種監(jiān)測(cè)恰恰是精準(zhǔn)健康和醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的最佳選擇。 他是個(gè)性化醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的先驅(qū)，他幫助將該技術(shù)概念化。

Drugs — even the common, over-the-counter variety — are not one-dose-fits-all. Smaller adults often need less than is recommended, and a larger adult may need more. So, a quick, non-invasive way to measure an individual’s drug level would be helpful for many.

藥物-甚至是常見的非處方藥-都不是一刀切的藥。 較小的成年人通常需要的建議量較少，而較大的成年人可能需要的量更多。 因此，一種快速，無(wú)創(chuàng)的??方法來(lái)衡量個(gè)人的藥物水平將對(duì)許多人有所幫助。

通過(guò)電化學(xué)活性測(cè)量藥物水平 (Measuring drug levels through electrochemical activity)

The new drug-reading gadget measures something called “ pharmacokinetics,” which is essentially the rate at which a person metabolizes a drug. A paper describing the design was recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The study was led by Sam Emaminejad, PhD, an assistant professor of electrical and computer engineering at UCLA, who was formerly a graduate student and postdoctoral scholar at Stanford.

新的閱讀藥物的小工具測(cè)量一種叫做“ 藥代動(dòng)力學(xué) ”的東西，它實(shí)質(zhì)上是一個(gè)人代謝藥物的速率。 最近在《 美國(guó)國(guó)家科學(xué)院院刊》上 發(fā)表了一篇描述該設(shè)計(jì)的論文 。 該研究由加州大學(xué)洛杉磯分校電氣和計(jì)算機(jī)工程助理教授薩姆·埃米納涅賈德 ( Sam Emaminejad )領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，他曾是斯坦福大學(xué)的研究生和博士后學(xué)者。

He told me that after a person takes a drug, the drug molecules appear in very low concentrations in the body, and they’re swimming among other molecules that are present in the blood at much higher concentrations.

他告訴我，一個(gè)人服用藥物后，藥物分子在體內(nèi)的濃度很低，并且在血液中以更高濃度存在的其他分子中游動(dòng)。

With acetaminophen, or certain other types of drugs, the body secretes drug-associated molecules through sweat that electroactive, meaning they exhibit a specific electrochemical signal when voltage is applied. The larger the electrochemical signal, the higher the concentration of drug in the body, Emaminejad said.

使用對(duì)乙酰氨基酚或某些其他類型的藥物，人體會(huì)通過(guò)汗液分泌與藥物相關(guān)的分子，這些分子具有電活性，這意味著在施加電壓時(shí)它們會(huì)顯示出特定的電化學(xué)信號(hào)。 Emaminejad說(shuō)，電化學(xué)信號(hào)越大，體內(nèi)藥物的濃度越高。

The team designed a sensor that could isolate the electrochemical signal from acetaminophen or, theoretically, another target drug, while eliminating the interference of non-target molecules, Emaminejad told me. The researchers affixed this sensor to the back side of a custom-developed smartwatch.

該團(tuán)隊(duì)設(shè)計(jì)了一種傳感器，該傳感器可以從對(duì)乙酰氨基酚或理論上從另一種目標(biāo)藥物中分離出電化學(xué)信號(hào)，同時(shí)消除了非目標(biāo)分子的干擾，Emaminejad告訴我。 研究人員將該傳感器固定在定制開發(fā)的智能手表的背面。

By applying tiny amounts of voltage, the watch scans minute droplets of sweat for the signal of the target medication. Within minutes, the device translates the measured electrochemical signal to the corresponding drug concentration in the body, producing a readout. Bluetooth capability allows the data to be transmitted in almost real time and displayed on the face of the watch. All electrical activity is safely contained within the watch, so the user feels nothing.

通過(guò)施加少量的電壓，手表可以掃描細(xì)小的汗珠，以獲取目標(biāo)藥物的信號(hào)。 在幾分鐘之內(nèi)，該設(shè)備將測(cè)得的電化學(xué)信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)換為體內(nèi)相應(yīng)的藥物濃度，從而產(chǎn)生讀數(shù)。 藍(lán)牙功能使數(shù)據(jù)幾乎可以實(shí)時(shí)傳輸并顯示在表盤上。 所有電子活動(dòng)都安全地包含在手表內(nèi)，因此用戶不會(huì)有任何感覺。

原理證明 (Proof of principle)

The researchers tested their device on two participants who had ingested acetaminophen. They compared the accuracy of the sweat sensor readout with that of a saliva test, which past studies have shown yields comparable readouts to blood tests. The scientists found that results from the sweat sensor mirrored the results of the saliva test successfully.

研究人員在兩名攝入了對(duì)乙酰氨基酚的參與者身上測(cè)試了他們的設(shè)備。 他們將汗液傳感器讀數(shù)的準(zhǔn)確性與唾液測(cè)試的準(zhǔn)確性進(jìn)行了比較，過(guò)去的研究表明，該讀數(shù)可以產(chǎn)生與血液測(cè)試相當(dāng)?shù)淖x數(shù)。 科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)，汗液傳感器的結(jié)果成功地反映了唾液測(cè)試的結(jié)果。

The technology is thought to be the first proof-of-principle of a wearable solution that can analyze sweat, give rapid readouts of the body’s drug concentration and construct the pharmacokinetic profile of the drug, showing things like rates of drug metabolism, said Emaminejad.

Emaminejad說(shuō)，該技術(shù)被認(rèn)為是可穿戴解決方案的第一原理，該解決方案可以分析汗液，快速讀取人體的藥物濃度并構(gòu)建藥物的藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)特征，顯示出諸如藥物代謝率之類的東西。

Emaminejad began working on the technology back in 2016, as he was finishing his PhD and starting his postdoctoral research in Davis’ lab. Emaminejad and Davis saw potential for this technology to help keep tabs on levels of many circulating molecules that are indicators of the body’s dynamic chemical and physiological status, as it relates to drug metabolism.

Emaminejad于2016年開始研究該技術(shù)，當(dāng)時(shí)他正在完成博士學(xué)位并在戴維斯實(shí)驗(yàn)室開始博士后研究。 Emaminejad和Davis看到了這項(xiàng)技術(shù)的潛力，可以幫助控制許多循環(huán)分子的水平，這些水平是人體與藥物代謝有關(guān)的動(dòng)態(tài)化學(xué)和生理狀態(tài)的指標(biāo)。

Their latest innovation “opens up new avenues for monitoring one’s biological processes through sweat,” Davis told me.

戴維斯告訴我，他們的最新創(chuàng)新“為通過(guò)汗水監(jiān)測(cè)一個(gè)人的生物過(guò)程開辟了新途徑。”

In the future, Davis and Emaminejad hope that the sensors — or sensors like them — could be used to help people continuously monitor their health, assisting efforts to regulate blood glucose levels, adjust drug dosages or keep track of stress levels, for example.

將來(lái)，戴維斯(Davis)和埃米納賈德(Emaminejad)希望這些傳感器(或類似傳感器)可以用于幫助人們不斷地監(jiān)測(cè)自己的健康狀況，協(xié)助人們調(diào)節(jié)血糖水平，調(diào)整藥物劑量或跟蹤壓力水平。

“I think this is just the beginning of what we can do with such wearable health monitoring technologies,” Emaminejad told me. “Now our goal is to upgrade the wearable consumer electronics into powerful health monitoring platforms, so ideally everyone could learn more information about their bodies’ physiological state and take steps to improve their health, fitness and happiness.”

“我認(rèn)為這只是我們可以使用此類可穿戴健康監(jiān)控技術(shù)開展工作的起點(diǎn)，” Emaminejad告訴我。 “現(xiàn)在我們的目標(biāo)是將可穿戴式消費(fèi)電子產(chǎn)品升級(jí)為功能強(qiáng)大的健康監(jiān)測(cè)平臺(tái)，以便理想地每個(gè)人都可以了解有關(guān)其身體生理狀態(tài)的更多信息，并采取措施改善自己的健康，健身和幸福感。”

Photo by Jialun Zhu, Shuyu Lin and Yichao Zhao (Emaminejad Lab)

朱家倫，林書玉和趙以超攝(Emaminejad Lab)

Originally published at https://scopeblog.stanford.edu on August 21, 2020.

最初于 2020年8月21日 發(fā)布在 https://scopeblog.stanford.edu 。

翻譯自: https://medium.com/scope-stanford-medicine/how-a-smartwatch-can-detect-drug-levels-in-the-body-788086f64f9d

智能指針手表

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