Public sequential transaction logging. 很多IoT網(wǎng)絡(luò)收集數(shù)據(jù),打上時(shí)間戳之后要求序列存儲(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)。如果具有安全保證,或者鮮有攻擊,依舊可以使用傳統(tǒng)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)實(shí)現(xiàn)。
IBM ADEPT 是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)機(jī)器自動(dòng)驗(yàn)證、自我維護(hù)的平臺(tái)。【S. Panikkar, S. Nair, P. Brody, and V. Pureswaran, ‘‘ADEPT: An IoT practitioner perspective,’’ IBM Inst. Bus. Value, New York, NY, USA, White Paper, 2015, pp. 1–18.】
該論文中描述了Fog computing和Cloud與Blockchain相結(jié)合的架構(gòu),并在Intel Edison 單板電腦上用golang進(jìn)行了驗(yàn)證。【M. Samaniego and R. Deters, ‘‘Blockchain as a service for IoT,’’ in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Internet Things (iThings), IEEE Green Comput. Commun. (GreenCom), IEEE Cyber, Phys. Social Comput. (CPSCom), IEEE Smart Data (SmartData), Chengdu, China, Dec. 2016, pp. 433–436.】
利用K8S/docker構(gòu)建的邊緣計(jì)算架構(gòu)。由兩層組成,基于Hyperledger Fabric. 【A. Stanciu, ‘‘Blockchain based distributed control system for edge computing,’’ in Proc. 21st Int. Conf. Control Syst. Comput. Sci., Bucharest, Romania, May 2017, pp. 667–671.】
SDN + Fog + Blockchain. 該文章中提出了利用SDN控制霧節(jié)點(diǎn)的系統(tǒng)。云用于處理計(jì)算密集的任務(wù),而fog node與Blockchain協(xié)作,處理延時(shí)敏感的任務(wù),并可以實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)攻擊。P. K. Sharma, M.-Y. Chen, and J.-H. Park, ‘‘A software defined fog node based distributed blockchain cloud architecture for IoT,’’ IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 115–124, Sep. 2017.
DPoS(Delegated Proof of Stake). 是對(duì)PoS的改進(jìn),選舉出部分節(jié)點(diǎn)最為授權(quán)節(jié)點(diǎn),參與區(qū)塊的生成和驗(yàn)證。這使得同時(shí)參與共識(shí)的節(jié)點(diǎn)數(shù)量更少,提高了性能。
Ripple consensus algorithm. 共識(shí)判定時(shí)在幾個(gè)可信的節(jié)點(diǎn)中使用同步的通信方式,因而可以減少延遲。【D. Schwartz, N. Youngs, and A. Britto, ``The ripple protocol consensus?????? algorithm,'' Ripple Labs, San Francisco, CA, USA, White Paper, 2014】
SCP(Stellar Consensus Protocol). 類似于PBFT的思想,但使用了聯(lián)邦拜占庭協(xié)議(Federated Byzantine Agreement),不用等待所有將軍的同意。【D. Mazieres. The Stellar Consensus Protocol: A Federated Model forInternet-Level Consensus. Accessed: Apr. 10, 2018. [Online]. Available:https://www.stellar.org/papers/stellar-consensus-protocol.pdf】
PoB (Proof-of-Burn). 礦工需要燃燒一些加密貨幣以表挖礦的決心,背后的思想是,用燃燒貨幣代替POW中的燃燒計(jì)算力,因?yàn)樨泿藕退懔σ粯佣夹枰鷥r(jià)。
PoP (Proof-of-Personhood). 使用環(huán)簽名和集體簽名(ring signatures and collective signing),綁定虛擬身份和物理身份。【M. Borge, E. Kokoris-Kogias, P. Jovanovic, L. Gasser, N. Gailly, andB. Ford, ``Proof-of-personhood: Redemocratizing permissionless cryptocurrencies,'' 】
Ref:
[T. M. Fernández-Caramés and P. Fraga-Lamas, “A Review on the Use of Blockchain for the Internet of Things,” IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 32979–33001, 2018.]