用Python快速制作海报级地图!
我是小z
今天給大家分享一篇地圖可視化干貨(沒出去玩的同學(xué),國慶節(jié)也要卷起來啊)
1 簡介
基于Python中諸如matplotlib等功能豐富、自由度極高的繪圖庫,我們可以完成各種極富藝術(shù)感的可視化作品。今天要給大家介紹的這個(gè)Python庫prettymaps非常的有趣,基于它,我們只需要簡單的代碼就可以對地球上給定坐標(biāo)和范圍的任意地區(qū)進(jìn)行地圖可視化😋。
2 利用prettymaps快速制作海報(bào)級地圖
遺憾的是,prettymaps暫時(shí)還不能通過pip或conda直接進(jìn)行安裝,但可以利用pip配合git從源碼倉庫進(jìn)行安裝,對于國內(nèi)的用戶來說,可以使用下面的語句從github的鏡像地址快速安裝:
pip?install?git+https://hub.fastgit.org/marceloprates/prettymaps.git安裝完成后,如果下面的語句執(zhí)行無誤,那么恭喜你已經(jīng)安裝完成:
from?prettymaps?import?*2.1 prettymaps的幾種使用方式
prettymaps無需用戶自行準(zhǔn)備數(shù)據(jù),會根據(jù)用戶設(shè)定的坐標(biāo)和范圍大小來自動(dòng)從OpenStreetMap上獲取相應(yīng)范圍內(nèi)的矢量數(shù)據(jù)作為繪圖素材,主要有以下幾種使用方式:
2.1.1 圓形模式
prettymaps中最簡單的繪圖模式為「圓形模式」,我們只需要傳入中心點(diǎn)經(jīng)緯度坐標(biāo),以及半徑范圍(單位:米)即可,下面的例子來自官方示例程序,我將其地點(diǎn)換成以上海外灘為中心向外2500米范圍:
from?prettymaps?import?* from?matplotlib?import?pyplot?as?plt#?創(chuàng)建圖床 fig,?ax?=?plt.subplots(figsize?=?(12,?12),?constrained_layout?=?True)layers?=?plot((31.23346,?121.492154),?#?圓心坐標(biāo),格式:(緯度, 經(jīng)度)radius?=?2500,?#?半徑ax?=?ax,?#?綁定圖床layers?=?{'perimeter':?{},?#?控制繪圖模式,{}即相當(dāng)于圓形繪圖模式#?下面的參數(shù)用于定義從OsmStreetMap選擇獲取的矢量圖層要素,不了解的無需改動(dòng)照搬即可'streets':?{'custom_filter':?'["highway"~"motorway|trunk|primary|secondary|tertiary|residential|service|unclassified|pedestrian|footway"]','width':?{'motorway':?5,'trunk':?5,'primary':?4.5,'secondary':?4,'tertiary':?3.5,'residential':?3,'service':?2,'unclassified':?2,'pedestrian':?2,'footway':?1,}},'building':?{'tags':?{'building':?True,?'landuse':?'construction'},?'union':?False},'water':?{'tags':?{'natural':?['water',?'bay']}},'green':?{'tags':?{'landuse':?'grass',?'natural':?['island',?'wood'],?'leisure':?'park'}},'forest':?{'tags':?{'landuse':?'forest'}},'parking':?{'tags':?{'amenity':?'parking',?'highway':?'pedestrian',?'man_made':?'pier'}}},#?下面的參數(shù)用于定義OpenStreetMap中不同矢量圖層的樣式,嫌麻煩的直接照抄下面的官方示例即可drawing_kwargs?=?{'background':?{'fc':?'#F2F4CB',?'ec':?'#dadbc1',?'hatch':?'ooo...',?'zorder':?-1},'perimeter':?{'fc':?'#F2F4CB',?'ec':?'#dadbc1',?'lw':?0,?'hatch':?'ooo...',??'zorder':?0},'green':?{'fc':?'#D0F1BF',?'ec':?'#2F3737',?'lw':?1,?'zorder':?1},'forest':?{'fc':?'#64B96A',?'ec':?'#2F3737',?'lw':?1,?'zorder':?1},'water':?{'fc':?'#a1e3ff',?'ec':?'#2F3737',?'hatch':?'ooo...',?'hatch_c':?'#85c9e6',?'lw':?1,?'zorder':?2},'parking':?{'fc':?'#F2F4CB',?'ec':?'#2F3737',?'lw':?1,?'zorder':?3},'streets':?{'fc':?'#2F3737',?'ec':?'#475657',?'alpha':?1,?'lw':?0,?'zorder':?3},'building':?{'palette':?['#FFC857',?'#E9724C',?'#C5283D'],?'ec':?'#2F3737',?'lw':?.5,?'zorder':?4},},osm_credit?=?{'color':?'#2F3737'} )#?導(dǎo)出圖片文件 plt.savefig('上海外灘-圓形模式.png',?dpi=500)2.1.2 圓角矩形模式
除了上述的「圓形模式」之外,prettymaps中還可以使用「圓角矩形模式」,同樣需要定義中心點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)和半徑,接著為參數(shù)layers下的每個(gè)鍵值對添加鍵值對{'circle': False, 'dilate': 圓角半徑}即可,其中圓角半徑為數(shù)值型,這次我們換一個(gè)地方,以故宮為例,半徑選擇600米:
#?創(chuàng)建圖床 fig,?ax?=?plt.subplots(figsize?=?(12,?12),?constrained_layout?=?True)dilate?=?100layers?=?plot((39.91645697864148,?116.39077532493388),?#?圓心坐標(biāo),格式:(緯度, 經(jīng)度)radius?=?600,?#?半徑ax?=?ax,?#?綁定圖床layers?=?{'perimeter':?{'circle':?False,?'dilate':?dilate},?#?控制繪圖模式,{}即相當(dāng)于圓形繪圖模式#?下面的參數(shù)用于定義從OsmStreetMap選擇獲取的矢量圖層要素,不了解的無需改動(dòng)照搬即可'streets':?{'custom_filter':?'["highway"~"motorway|trunk|primary|secondary|tertiary|residential|service|unclassified|pedestrian|footway"]','width':?{'motorway':?5,'trunk':?5,'primary':?4.5,'secondary':?4,'tertiary':?3.5,'residential':?3,'service':?2,'unclassified':?2,'pedestrian':?2,'footway':?1,},'circle':?False,?'dilate':?dilate},'building':?{'tags':?{'building':?True,?'landuse':?'construction'},?'union':?False,?'circle':?False,?'dilate':?dilate},'water':?{'tags':?{'natural':?['water',?'bay']},?'circle':?False,?'dilate':?dilate},'green':?{'tags':?{'landuse':?'grass',?'natural':?['island',?'wood'],?'leisure':?'park'},?'circle':?False,?'dilate':?dilate},'forest':?{'tags':?{'landuse':?'forest'},?'circle':?False,?'dilate':?dilate},'parking':?{'tags':?{'amenity':?'parking',?'highway':?'pedestrian',?'man_made':?'pier'},?'circle':?False,?'dilate':?dilate}},#?下面的參數(shù)用于定義OpenStreetMap中不同矢量圖層的樣式,嫌麻煩的直接照抄下面的官方示例即可drawing_kwargs?=?{'background':?{'fc':?'#F2F4CB',?'ec':?'#dadbc1',?'hatch':?'ooo...',?'zorder':?-1},'perimeter':?{'fc':?'#F2F4CB',?'ec':?'#dadbc1',?'lw':?0,?'hatch':?'ooo...',??'zorder':?0},'green':?{'fc':?'#D0F1BF',?'ec':?'#2F3737',?'lw':?1,?'zorder':?1},'forest':?{'fc':?'#64B96A',?'ec':?'#2F3737',?'lw':?1,?'zorder':?1},'water':?{'fc':?'#a1e3ff',?'ec':?'#2F3737',?'hatch':?'ooo...',?'hatch_c':?'#85c9e6',?'lw':?1,?'zorder':?2},'parking':?{'fc':?'#F2F4CB',?'ec':?'#2F3737',?'lw':?1,?'zorder':?3},'streets':?{'fc':?'#2F3737',?'ec':?'#475657',?'alpha':?1,?'lw':?0,?'zorder':?3},'building':?{'palette':?['#FFC857',?'#E9724C',?'#C5283D'],?'ec':?'#2F3737',?'lw':?.5,?'zorder':?4},},osm_credit?=?{'color':?'#2F3737'} )#?導(dǎo)出圖片文件 plt.savefig('北京故宮-圓角矩形模式.png',?dpi=500)2.1.3 添加文字內(nèi)容
有了這樣美觀大方的藝術(shù)地圖,我們還可以基于matplotlib中自定義字體的方法,在地圖上添加標(biāo)注信息,仍然以上海外灘為例,我們利用外部的書法字體,在正中心繪制文字標(biāo)注信息:
import?matplotlib.font_manager?as?fm#?創(chuàng)建圖床 fig,?ax?=?plt.subplots(figsize?=?(12,?12),?constrained_layout?=?True)layers?=?plot((31.23346,?121.492154),?#?圓心坐標(biāo),格式:(緯度, 經(jīng)度)radius?=?2500,?#?半徑ax?=?ax,?#?綁定圖床layers?=?{'perimeter':?{},?#?控制繪圖模式,{}即相當(dāng)于圓形繪圖模式#?下面的參數(shù)用于定義從OsmStreetMap選擇獲取的矢量圖層要素,不了解的無需改動(dòng)照搬即可'streets':?{'custom_filter':?'["highway"~"motorway|trunk|primary|secondary|tertiary|residential|service|unclassified|pedestrian|footway"]','width':?{'motorway':?5,'trunk':?5,'primary':?4.5,'secondary':?4,'tertiary':?3.5,'residential':?3,'service':?2,'unclassified':?2,'pedestrian':?2,'footway':?1,}},'building':?{'tags':?{'building':?True,?'landuse':?'construction'},?'union':?False},'water':?{'tags':?{'natural':?['water',?'bay']}},'green':?{'tags':?{'landuse':?'grass',?'natural':?['island',?'wood'],?'leisure':?'park'}},'forest':?{'tags':?{'landuse':?'forest'}},'parking':?{'tags':?{'amenity':?'parking',?'highway':?'pedestrian',?'man_made':?'pier'}}},#?下面的參數(shù)用于定義OpenStreetMap中不同矢量圖層的樣式,嫌麻煩的直接照抄下面的官方示例即可drawing_kwargs?=?{'background':?{'fc':?'#F2F4CB',?'ec':?'#dadbc1',?'hatch':?'ooo...',?'zorder':?-1},'perimeter':?{'fc':?'#F2F4CB',?'ec':?'#dadbc1',?'lw':?0,?'hatch':?'ooo...',??'zorder':?0},'green':?{'fc':?'#D0F1BF',?'ec':?'#2F3737',?'lw':?1,?'zorder':?1},'forest':?{'fc':?'#64B96A',?'ec':?'#2F3737',?'lw':?1,?'zorder':?1},'water':?{'fc':?'#a1e3ff',?'ec':?'#2F3737',?'hatch':?'ooo...',?'hatch_c':?'#85c9e6',?'lw':?1,?'zorder':?2},'parking':?{'fc':?'#F2F4CB',?'ec':?'#2F3737',?'lw':?1,?'zorder':?3},'streets':?{'fc':?'#2F3737',?'ec':?'#475657',?'alpha':?1,?'lw':?0,?'zorder':?3},'building':?{'palette':?['#FFC857',?'#E9724C',?'#C5283D'],?'ec':?'#2F3737',?'lw':?.5,?'zorder':?4},},osm_credit?=?{'color':?'#2F373700'} )#?添加文字標(biāo)注 ax.text(0.5,?0.5,'外灘,?上海',zorder?=?6,ha='center',va='center',fontsize=120,fontproperties?=?fm.FontProperties(fname='FZZJ-HLYHXSJW.TTF'),transform=ax.transAxes )#?導(dǎo)出圖片文件 plt.savefig('上海外灘-添加文字標(biāo)注.png',?dpi=500)你可以找到你關(guān)注地點(diǎn)的經(jīng)緯度坐標(biāo),盡情地繪制出各種藝術(shù)地圖作品,譬如下面這些地標(biāo):
以上。
●關(guān)于 AB Test 你要知道的一切
●10大Python數(shù)據(jù)可視化庫!
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