Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire.

同位語是名詞詞組的一部分。同位語也有限制性和非限制性之分。限制性同位語通常用逗號(hào)隔開。和定語一樣，同位語應(yīng)該盡量接近被解釋的名詞。因此，上句中的同位語解釋的是intelligence. 語法上不允許將其視為intellect的同位語。如果它是intellect的同位語，就應(yīng)該放在according to之前。如：

Intellect, a quality we reluctantly admire，according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence.

不存在就近指代的說法，

同位語或定語應(yīng)該盡量接近其修飾的名詞，以避免誤解。注意是盡量接近，不是說離它最近的

那個(gè)名詞。

如：The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency?that?so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.這里的“that”指代什么 是decline 還是 efficiency還是decline in efficiency？

答案是decline。

句子中the decline in efficiency, 介詞短語作后置定語修飾decline，當(dāng)decline再需要一個(gè)定語從句時(shí)，該定語從句應(yīng)該盡量接近decline，但由于decline已經(jīng)有后置的介詞短語作定語，因此定語從句置于介詞短語之后已經(jīng)是盡量接近了。

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The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency?that?so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.這里的“that”指代什么 是decline 還是 efficiency還是decline in efficiency？

family firms?家族企業(yè)

不過我們來分析一下這個(gè)長(zhǎng)難句的成分：

The change met the technical requirements (of the new age) (by engaging a large professional element) and { prevented the decline in efficiency?[?that?so commonly spoiled the fortunes (of family firms (in the second and third generation)]( after the energetic founders ) ] }.

這種變化通過引入大量的專業(yè)元素來滿足新時(shí)代的技術(shù)要求，并防止了效率的下降，這種下降通常會(huì)破壞家族企業(yè)在充滿活力的創(chuàng)始人之后的第二代和第三代的財(cái)富。

原始句子應(yīng)該是這樣的：

The change met the technical requirements and?prevented the decline in efficiency.

典型的不劃括號(hào)讀不懂系列。

專八所表現(xiàn)的中式考試的味道依然很重。

可以看出一些明顯的中國(guó)人特有的堆壘詞匯，疊加句式的現(xiàn)象。可以說是無病呻吟。

?

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