定語

什么是定語?

修飾名詞的成分就是定語

只要聽到 "…的 + 名詞"或者"名詞 + of …"就是定語

什么樣的結(jié)構(gòu)可以做定語?

形容詞修飾名詞(做定語)

那只善良的夜鶯失去了他的生命。

The naive nightingale lost his life.

名詞修飾名詞(做定語)

名詞修飾名詞時, 該名詞已經(jīng)被形容詞化了

夜鶯的歌聲能使這朵玫瑰花開放。

The nightingale's singing can make the rose bloom. The singing of nightingale can make the rose bloom.

介詞短語做定語

窗外的夜鶯聽到了年輕人的感嘆

The nightingale out of the window heard the sighs of the young man.

非謂語動詞修飾名詞(做定語)

唱歌的夜鶯最終因愛而死

In the end, the singing nightingale died because of love.

單純的夜鶯一定是愛上了那個被女孩欺騙的學(xué)生。

The innocent nightingale must have fallen in love with the student deceived by the girl.

從句修飾名詞(從句做定語)

The rose which the nightingale exchanged with his life failed to help the student.

定語的位置

當(dāng)一個單詞修飾名詞(短語)時, 通常放在單詞之前

當(dāng)多個單詞修飾名詞(短語)時, 通常放在單詞之后

前小后大

這是一個夜鶯和玫瑰的故事。

This is a story about a rose and a nightingale.

可數(shù)名詞不能單獨使用

在王子的舞會上，那個懂愛的年輕人被拒絕了。

At the party of prince, the young man understanding love was rejected.

那個被拋棄的男孩看起來很可憐

The dumped boy looks pitiful.The boy dumped looks pitiful.

當(dāng)過去分詞修飾名詞的時候即使是一個單詞的時候都放在名詞之后

定語從句

什么是定語從句?

找個句子限定主干需要限定的名詞(我們叫先行詞), 并且用關(guān)系詞連接起來, 而關(guān)系詞充當(dāng)從句成分

所白了就是兩個句子, 找個相同的名詞, 用關(guān)系詞代替, 并將關(guān)系詞提前, 最后連接兩個句子

Law is discipline. discipline encourages responsible judgement.

將上面兩個句子找出相同的名詞連接起來

Law is discipline(先行詞) which(關(guān)系詞, 這里叫關(guān)系代詞) encourages responsible judgment

注意

定語從句的關(guān)系詞都做成分

關(guān)系詞 = 先行詞

構(gòu)成

[名詞(短語)] + 引導(dǎo)詞 + 分句

名詞 <> 先行詞, 引導(dǎo)詞 <> 關(guān)系詞

關(guān)系詞(引導(dǎo)詞)

定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞是按照先行詞的種類分的類, 一種把引導(dǎo)詞分成 5 類

• 當(dāng)先行詞是人的時候引導(dǎo)詞有: that who whom whose
• 當(dāng)先行詞是物的時候引導(dǎo)詞有: that which whose
• 當(dāng)先行詞是時間的時候引導(dǎo)詞有: that which when
• 當(dāng)先行詞是地點的時候有: that which where
• 當(dāng)先行詞是原因的時候: that which why

到底是誰決定了定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞用法?

I will never forget the day when I met you

這里為什么選 when ? 不選 that?

因為 that 是一個代詞, 代詞能作為 主語 , 賓語 和 表語

明顯上面的從句 I met you 的主語 賓語 表語 都不缺成分, 所以不能用 代詞 that

所以只能選擇 when , 因為 when 是 副詞 且 前面的 the day 表示時間

副詞不能做 主語, 謂語, 賓語

I will never forget the day that(which) we spent

正常人看到前面的 the day 第一時間一般都以為這里填寫 when 但 when 是個副詞, 從句 spent 過去分詞做謂語, 表示"花費", 具體用盡了什么不知道, 明顯缺少賓語, 只能用 that 或者 which

You had better have some reason why you are late.You had better have some reason that/which sounds perfect.

到底是什么決定了關(guān)系詞用哪一個?

我們再拿這兩句判斷

I will never forget the day that(which) we spentI will never forget the day when I met you

為什么上面一句, 寫 that 卻不寫 when ?

我們發(fā)現(xiàn)從句其實缺少成分, spent(花費) 什么? 缺少 賓語

那么我們就不能選用 when 做關(guān)系詞(這里叫關(guān)系副詞)了

所以完整的兩句話應(yīng)該是

I will never forget the day. We spent the day.

這里的 the day 表示事物, 絕對可以用 which , 沒有特殊情況還可以用 that

總結(jié):

根據(jù)從句判斷是否缺少成分

從主干中找先行詞(一般和關(guān)系詞緊貼在一起, 當(dāng)然還有特殊情況)

找到對應(yīng)的 先行詞 將其代替成 關(guān)系詞

將關(guān)系詞放在從句句首

那么對于下面那句話呢? I will never forget the day when I met you

為什么下面那句話又可以用 when

按照上面總結(jié)的方式看看

從句不缺少成分, 所以這里需要用 關(guān)系副詞 when where why

從主句中找名詞, 從主句末尾開始找名詞, 找到一個名詞代替放入從句看看是否符合

the day 是時間, 又只能用 關(guān)系副詞, 所以只能用 when

注意: 我們需要注意一點, 定語從句的先行詞一般是比較寬泛的, 有點像同位語從句被修飾名詞的另一種解釋一樣, 同位語從句有抽象名詞, 而定語從句的先行詞也差不多類似抽象名詞

還有更多的例子

He is the man who loves me. 做主語, who/that

He is the man who/whom I love. 可以做賓語的 who/whom

He is the man whose father is wealthy. 先行詞是名詞 人, 所以 who whom whose, 然后 從句不缺少成分, 只能是 whose

關(guān)系詞按照本身的詞性分類

• 代詞(在從句中一定要充當(dāng)主語或者賓語的成分): who whom that which
• 副詞(在從句中補(bǔ)充當(dāng)任何主干成分): where when why
• 形容詞(在從句中修飾離他最近的名詞): whose

我喜歡屋頂是圓的房子

I love the house whose roofs are round.

那個老人在她兒子到達(dá)的那天去世了

The old lady died on that day when her son arrived.

我們應(yīng)該尊重那些堅持夢想的窮孩子

We should respect those children who stick to their dreams.

她從來都喜歡父母有錢的男生.

She love the man whose parents are rich.Boys whose parents are rich never fail to fascinate her.

母親出生的那個小城鎮(zhèn)這么多年來一直是我向往的地方。

The town where my mother was born has always been an attraction for me over the years.

定語從句的特殊用法

定語從句關(guān)系詞做從句賓語時可以省略

如何判斷是否省略了關(guān)系詞

我們可以用 謂語 判斷, 如果兩個動詞都能夠做謂語, 一般就有一個謂語是從句的

因為一個謂語能夠描述一件事情

我們還可以判斷如果兩個 名詞 連續(xù)在一起, 也可能是省略了 關(guān)系詞

The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science-fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage.

看上面的possibilities we 這種兩個名詞連續(xù)在一起的, 一般情況下被認(rèn)為省略了that

限制和非限制定語從句

He will call his friend who is working in London. He will call his mother, who is working in London.

看上面兩句話, 區(qū)別就在于:

朋友有很多個, 必須限定為某個, 或者某些, 后面的從句做了限定功能

媽只有一個(正常情況), 所以根本不需要后面的從句限定, 后面的從句頂多做了補(bǔ)充功能

決定因素

名詞(先行詞)范圍明確了, 所以不需要限定, 加上了 逗號

• 限制性定語從句和先行詞關(guān)系緊密, 刪除從句意思表示不完整, 非限制反之

• 限制性定語從句前面不能有逗號, 非限制反之

• 限制性定語從句可以用 that , 非限制反之

• 限制性定語從句作為賓語可以省略 which/that , 非限制反之

• 限制性定語從句不能指前面一句話, 非限制反之, 可以翻譯成"它…"

• 限制性定語從句翻譯成 “…的”, 非限制定語從句表示兩個獨立的句子

Jane Eyre, whom I have learned a lot from, is a persistent lady.

如果沒這個逗號, 這個 whom 還可以用 that

He said he had climbed up the top of the Everest, which I suspect very much.

這里的 which 指的是前面的一整句話 He said he had climbed up the top of the Everest

翻譯成兩個獨立的句子

Edison, whose inventions have been over 2,000，is a famous scientist.

翻譯成 “這; 它; 那”

The picture is fairly thought provoking, which intends to convey to us this message.

非限制關(guān)系詞修飾一個句子

只有兩個關(guān)系詞才能啟動一個從句 as 和 which

A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it So quickly.

介詞和關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句

1.兩種常見用法

1)關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中作狀語時,可以用“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”代替關(guān)系副詞

This is the city where I have lived for 20 years. = This is the city in which I have lived for 20 years.

原句 This is the city where I have lived for 20 years. 這句話其實省略了一個介詞

This is the city where I have lived in for 20 years. 因為 lived 是不及物動詞, lived in 必須要一個介詞, 特別是換成 which之后

2)定語從句中的謂語為"動詞+介詞"并且先行詞在從句中作賓語時

This is a subject about which we might argue for a long while.

argue about… 是所謂的固定搭配, 而在上面的定語從句中 about 被提前了

從句應(yīng)該是這樣: we might argue about which for a long while

2."介詞+關(guān)系代詞” 中代詞的選擇

1)修飾人時，只能用whom

He is the student with whom my teacher talked.

記住, 有介詞的時候 不能使用 that

上面的 whom 好像也可以用 who (某位考研老師說的), 不過既然做了從句的賓語, 那么最好還是使用 whom

2)修飾物時，只能用which

This is the hotel at which Mr. Jason likes to stay.

whose可以用of which/whom替換

Mr. Liu criticized the students whose/of whom homework hasn't been handed in.We live in a house whose/of which windows open to the south.

這不是屁話么? whose 本來就翻譯 誰的, of whom

the same… as和the same… that引導(dǎo)的定語從句

Mr. Darcy is the same man as I love. Mr. Darcy is the same man that I love.

as 像, that 是

the same… as :所引導(dǎo)的從句內(nèi)容與先行詞同類而不同物,翻譯成"像…一樣的”

the same… that :所引導(dǎo)的從句內(nèi)容與先行詞同類且同物,翻譯成“正是…"

as和which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句

1)as引導(dǎo)的從句可位于前、中、后，翻譯成“正如”; which只能放在所修飾的句子的后面

as 和 which 的用法都是一樣的, 而 which 只能放在句末, as 能夠放在任何位置

As is known to us all, man struggles upwards and water flows downwards.

這里的 as 就是后面的 man struggles upwards and water flows downwards.這句話

man struggles upwards and water flows downwards, as is known to us all.

man, as is known to us all struggles upwards and water flows downwards.

這些變化都是可以的

Man struggles upwards and water flows downwards, which is known to us all.

2)緊跟as后的往往是be動詞;而which后可以跟任一類型的動詞

• As is known to the United States, Mark Twain is a great writer.
• He changed his mind, which made me very angry.

## 引導(dǎo)詞which和that的區(qū)別自己做筆記## 引導(dǎo)詞who和that的區(qū)別自己做筆記

區(qū)分定語從句和同位語從句

定語從句是修飾which, 同位語從句是解釋what

同位語從句跟在抽象名詞之后, 定語從句后面可以跟著抽象和不抽象

定語從句的關(guān)系詞做成分, 同位語從句的引導(dǎo)詞不做成分

定語從句有9個先行詞, 同位語從句一般只有 that , 偶爾有別的(當(dāng)你在解釋一個名詞的時候一般都是陳述句, 所以絕大多數(shù)都是 that), 偶爾會見到 whether

定語從句的至難點 ==> 找先行詞

The words used by the speacker may stir up unfavorable reactions in the listener which interface with his comprehension; hence, the transmission-reception system breaks down.

先行詞和關(guān)系詞 相連

When someone abandons you, he is the one who should get loss because for him, he loses someone who loves him but for you, you lose someone who does not love you.

定語從句的先行詞是他前面的幾個名詞

For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of importance that came from being a loyal employee.

定語從句先行詞是前面一個從句(而且是非限制性定語從句才有)

The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe C long before people realized how diverse languages could be.

定語從句先行詞可能是前面一整個句子

My husband enjoys talking with other young ladies, which really gets me go mad.

先行詞被一坨東西隔開了

As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-
standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive – there exists no
language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas.

英漢差異的對比

漢語意合, 英語形合

句子結(jié)構(gòu), 漢語基本沒有, 英語必須要有

邏輯關(guān)系詞

漢語多主動, 英語多被動

漢語多短句, 英語多長句

獨立主格/非謂語動詞

并列句(連詞)

主從復(fù)合句

長難句分析

能夠找到定語從句, 然后把他們翻譯出來

如何找定語?

找定語的關(guān)鍵就是找名詞, 只要名詞后有一坨東西. 只要他們不是動詞, 就暫定為修飾這個名詞的定語成分

很多人會說那賓補(bǔ)呢? 其實 賓補(bǔ) 不也修飾這個名詞的成分么? 只不過不是定語

但名詞后面還可以是:

定語

同位語

謂語動詞

插入語(插入語前后有逗號)

狀語

定語從句從哪開始到哪結(jié)束

定語從名詞后開始通常到主句的謂語動詞之前結(jié)束

如果從句在主句的謂語動詞之后, 則定語就從名詞后開始通常到(可能有狀語或者連詞)句末結(jié)束

注意: 每一個小定語都是到下一個名詞結(jié)束, 但是需要注意是不是固定搭配

注意: 如果定語在主句的謂語動詞之后, 定語從名詞后開始通常到句末結(jié)束, 但是如果定語后有連詞的話, 定語不再到句末結(jié)束, 而是到連詞之前結(jié)束

例子

Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures and may report their findings soon.

Astrophysicists 天體物理學(xué)家

ground-based detectors 路基探測器

balloon-borne 氣球運載的

are closing in on 正在逼近的

Astrophysicists 是一個名詞, 說明后面可能是定語, 根據(jù)前面給的定義, 看到后面主干的謂語 are closing in on , 那么這中間都是定語(當(dāng)然還有可能是狀語)

working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments 這中間都是定語

working 是動名詞, 一般做定語

還有小定語 “at the South Pole” 在南極的

翻譯下 “天體物理學(xué)家以在南極的地基探測器和氣球運載器為工作手段”

后面的 and 決定了兩個句子, 后面的 may report their findings soon 缺少了前面的主語, report 是后面一句的謂語, 和 are closing in on對應(yīng), 所以are closing in on 的主語就是 report 的主語, Astrophysicists

翻譯成 “天體物理學(xué)家以在南極的地基探測器和氣球運載器為工作手段正在逼近這種結(jié)構(gòu), 并且他們或許能夠馬上提交他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)”

The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labor to create a fabulous machine that could
function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier.

謂語是 saw , 那么前面都認(rèn)為是主語, 后面都認(rèn)為是賓語(saw 及物動詞, 后面只能是賓語)

geniuses 天才, warriors 勇士, entrepreneurs 企業(yè)家, visionaries labor 有見識的勞工? , fabulous 極好的

翻譯成 “二十世紀(jì)下半個中葉看見了一群天才, 有志之士, 企業(yè)家和有遠(yuǎn)見的人創(chuàng)造了一臺神器的機(jī)器, 這臺機(jī)器能夠作為打字機(jī)和印刷機(jī), 演播室和劇院, 畫筆和畫廊, 感情和收音機(jī), 郵件以及發(fā)送郵件”

After six months of arguing(定語) and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates(定語), Australia’s Northern Territory became(謂語) the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.

became 謂語

主干翻譯 “澳大利亞北部 成為 第一個合法機(jī)構(gòu)”

狀語: After six months of arguing(定語) and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates(定語)

主語: Australia’s Northern Territory

謂語: became

表語: the first legal authority

定語一: in the world 全世界的 the first legal authority

定語二: to allow doctors to take the lives 允許醫(yī)生帶走(結(jié)束)生命

allow sb to do sth

定語三: of incurably ill patients

定語從句四: who wish to die

翻譯成 “經(jīng)過六個月的討論和國會16個小時激烈的討論, 澳大利亞北部成為全世界第一個允許醫(yī)生帶走希望死亡的絕癥病人生命的合法機(jī)構(gòu)”

Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as costs and availability.

謂語: depends

主語: Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation

賓語: upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as costs and availability.

就這么簡單的認(rèn)為就好, 等會兒拆開, 一個一個看

插入語: , therefore, 狀語做插入語, 可以直接提到句子前面

狀語一般修飾的都是動詞, 而動詞一般是說的一件事, 所以狀語也可以當(dāng)作修飾一件事(一句話), 只要翻譯后, 找到恰當(dāng)?shù)奈恢貌迦霠钫Z的翻譯便可

Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation

看介詞, to or(先當(dāng)作介詞) in

看句子能夠明顯的看到 to do xxx, yyy, or zzz 這種形式的主語

所以 or 是 連詞 可能有省略部分 Whether to use tests, to use other kinds of information, or to use both

in a particular situation 翻譯成: 在特定的情況下 明顯是狀語

不能翻譯成什么什么的名詞, 或者做了限制某個名詞功能的, 都是定語, 一般修飾整個句子

翻譯: 在特定的情況下, 是否使用測試, 還是使用其他種類的信息, 又或者是兩者都使用 (主語翻譯完畢)

把 動詞帶上

depends upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as costs and availability.

depends upon 依賴于

找介詞和連詞: and as

注意 and 是連詞, 明顯有省略 : (depends) and upon

記住, 如果一個名詞意思比較寬泛, 一般都會有定語, 用于限定名詞, 比如上面的 factors n. 因素, 哪種因素? evidence n. 證明;根據(jù) 什么樣的證明? experience n. 經(jīng)驗;經(jīng)歷 什么樣的經(jīng)驗?

賓語整體是 depends upon xxx and depends upon yyy as n1 and n2

翻譯成: “取決于來自關(guān)于相對經(jīng)驗的證明和取決于成本和可用性的因素”

整體翻譯: 在特定的情況下, 是否使用測試, 還是使用其他種類的信息, 又或者是兩者都使用取決于來自關(guān)于相對經(jīng)驗的證明和取決于成本和可用性的因素

找定語的關(guān)鍵在于找名詞, 只要找到的這一坨東西不是動詞, 就暫定為定語, 定語從名詞后開始到主句謂語動詞結(jié)束, 又或者定語在主句的謂語動詞之后, 如果在謂語動詞之后, 則定語從名詞開始到句末, 但是有連詞的時候到連詞之前結(jié)束

一個大定語中有很多小定語, 每個小定語都到名詞之后結(jié)束, 一般翻譯都要從后往前翻譯, 但是需要注意固定搭配, 那要怎么判斷呢? 翻譯完看看是還是不是小定語的名詞后結(jié)束? 如果翻譯不通暢, 那就可能有固定搭配

外表看起來非常邋遢的他其實內(nèi)心很高尚

He who looks rather slovenly is really noble in nature.

功夫是中國武術(shù)的俗稱. 中國武術(shù)的起源可以追溯到職位的需要, 狩獵活動以及古代中國的軍事訓(xùn)練.

Kung Fu is the common name of Chinese martial arts which can be traced back to self-defense needs, hunting activities and millitary training in ancient China.

人們還會在門上粘貼對聯(lián)(couplets) 對聯(lián)的主題有健康, 發(fā)財和好運.

Doors will be decorated with couplets whose topics are involved in health, weather and good luck.

繼父經(jīng)常在假期里帶她出國旅游, 這使她感到在同學(xué)面前很驕傲.

Her stepfather often takes her to travel abroad during the vaction, which makes her feel proud in front of her classmates.

注意: 上面的 which 的非限制定語從句, which 指前面一句話

剪紙(paper cutting) 是中國最為流行的傳統(tǒng)民間藝術(shù)形式之一. 中國剪紙有一千五百多年的歷史, 在明朝和清朝期間(the Ming and Qing Dynastices)特別流行.

Paper cutting is one of the most popular arts in China which has a 1500-year history and was quite famous in the Ming and Qing dynamices.

那些全力以赴去實現(xiàn)夢想的人, 即使最終沒有成功也不會感到遺憾, 這很重要.

Those sparing no efforts to realize their dreams will never feel regretful even if they fail finally, which is quite significant.

那些課堂上不集中精力, 又希望通過考試的學(xué)生, 常常發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)果并不能令人滿意.

Those who fail to concentrate in class but hope to pass the examination often find that the consequence is unsatisfactory.

長江流經(jīng)多種不同的生態(tài)系統(tǒng), 是諸多瀕危物種的棲息地, 灌溉了中國五分之一的土地.

The Yangzi River flowing through different ecological systems is the habitat of plentiful endangered animals, irrigating one fifth of China’s lang.

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