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狀語從句在主從復(fù)合句中修飾主句中的動詞、形容詞或副詞等，按意義可以分為時間、地點、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、方式、比較、讓步等狀語從句。

一．時間狀語從句。

通常由從屬連詞when, whenever, as, while, before, after, as soon as, till, until, since, once (一旦), hardly……when…, no sooner…….than…; 等引導(dǎo)。例如：

The cyclist started just as the lights changed to green.

Whenever we met with difficulties , they cam to help us.

He didn’t leave his office until he had finished the day’s work.

應(yīng)注意的問題

1．在時間狀語從句中，通常要用動詞的一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)表示一般將來時態(tài)，用一般過去時態(tài)表示過去將來時態(tài)。但when 引導(dǎo)一般疑問句或名詞性從句時不受上述語法規(guī)則的限制，因此，應(yīng)該加以區(qū)分。例如：

When China will enter WTO depends on the bilateral (雙邊的)joint efforts.

Once you understand the rules of the game, you’ll enjoy it.

2.when , while, as 的不同用法。一般說來，當(dāng)主、從句的動作是同時發(fā)生的事，三者可以換用。when 既可以引導(dǎo)一個持續(xù)動作，也可以引導(dǎo)一個短暫動作，可用于主句和從句動作同時發(fā)生或從句動作先于主句動作；while 引導(dǎo)的動作必須是持續(xù)性的，強(qiáng)調(diào)主句和從句的動作同時發(fā)生，往往側(cè)重主句和從句動作的對比；as 用于引導(dǎo)“在某行為的繼續(xù)中發(fā)生某事”的“繼續(xù)之行為”，所以多與過去進(jìn)行時連用，翻譯成“一邊……一邊……”或者表示動作的變化，翻譯成“隨著……”。

例如：

I hope you’ll think of my words as/when/while you drive on the busy roads.

When he realized it, the chance had been lost.

When he came home, I was cooking dinner.

I was fat when I was a child.

He took a bath while I was preparing dinner.

As I was walking down the street, an American asked me for the directions to the nearest station.

He sang songs as he was taking a bath.

As he gets older he gets more optimistic.

另外還必須注意 when和while 的特殊用法。when 可以表示“就在這時，突然”之意；而while 則可以表示對比的含義，常可譯作“而”。例如：

She thought I was talking about her daughter, __, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.(NMET95)

A. whom B. where C. which D. while

答案：D. 本句的意思是“她認(rèn)為我在談?wù)撍畠?#xff0c;然而，實際上，我在談?wù)撐遗畠骸！?/p>

再如：

I was about to go to bed when the phone rang a second time.

我正準(zhǔn)備去睡覺，就在這時電話鈴又響了。

3．since 和before 的用法區(qū)別。兩者都可用于 “It + be + since/ before-從句”的句型，區(qū)別在于 since 表示“自從…… 以來”，所在主、從句的謂語動詞的時態(tài)關(guān)系是：It is/has been some time since sb did something. 而before 的含義則是“（過了多久）才……”,主、從句的時態(tài)關(guān)系是：It was/ had been some time before sb did sth。 表示過去和將來時，兩者相應(yīng)的句型分別是：It was some time since sb had done something. 和It will be some time before sb does something. 例如：

It was / had been years before I came back from abroad.

It will be five years before we meet again.

4.一些表示時間的名詞詞組如： the first time, the second time, last time， the moment, the minute，the year, every time, each time , next time, 或副詞immediately, instantly, directly等也可以引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句。例如：

I’ll tell you about it the moment you come.

I recognized her the minute I saw her.

I’m going to see him next time he comes to Shanghai.

He left Europe the year World War II broke out.

I got in touch with him immediately I received his letter.

My sister came directly( = as soon as ) she got my message.

5.till 和until

till 和until 意義相同，多數(shù)情況下可以換用，但用以強(qiáng)調(diào)，句首多用until; 在強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)或與not 連用時多用until. 例如：

Nothing can be done till/until the boss returns.

We waited till/until they came back.

Until we know the facts, we can’t do anything about it.

Not until midnight did the noise of the street stop.

6.hardly……when和no sooner……than相當(dāng)于as soon as 之意，也可引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句。從句謂語動詞用一般過去時，主句謂語動詞用過去完成時。hardly 及no sooner 置于句首時，語氣較強(qiáng)，主句的謂語要部分倒裝。例如：

We had hardly begun when we were told to stop.

= Hardly had we begun when we were told to stop.

The spy had no sooner returned home than he was told to go to another country.

= No sooner had the spy returned home than he was told to go to another country.

二．地點狀語從句。

地點狀語從句由 where和wherever 引導(dǎo)， 在主句前、后都可。where 表示特指，wherever 則表示泛指。但不少學(xué)生易將其和定語從句混淆，再者有的同學(xué)對地點狀語從句不太注意，所以往往做錯。例如：

You should make it a rule to leave things _ you can find them again. (NMET99)

A.when B.where C.then D.there

答案：B. 注意它引導(dǎo)的不是定語從句。

After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town __ he grew up as a child.(NMET 96)

A.which B. where C. that D. when

答案：B. 這是一個由where 引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾先行詞the small town.。再如：

Where there is a will, there’s a way.

九大狀語從句總復(fù)習(xí) （2）

狀語從句在主從復(fù)合句中修飾主句中的動詞、形容詞或副詞等，按意義可以分為時間、地點、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、方式、比較、讓步等狀語從句。

三．原因狀語從句。

1．原因狀語從句多由because, since, as 引導(dǎo)。because 引導(dǎo)的從句一般放在句末，表示直接的原因，語氣最強(qiáng)，回答why提出的問題，重點在從句；since 引導(dǎo)的從句一般放在句首，表已知的原因，全句重在交代結(jié)果，比because 語氣弱，常譯作“既然”； as 引導(dǎo)的從句放在句首或句末，表示比較明顯的原因，說明因果關(guān)系，語氣較弱，重點在主句，譯作“由于”。例如：

you have seen both fighters, will win ?(上海 95)

A.Since; do you think who B.As; who you think

C.When; whoever D.Since; who do you think

答案：D. since 表示“既然”，所傳達(dá)的信息是顯而易見的。再如：

As all the seats are full, he had to stand waiting.

—“Why aren’t you coming with us to the concert ?”

—“Because I have got a bad headache.”

此外，for 也可表示原因， 但它是并列連詞，引出并列分句，表示間接原因，用來補(bǔ)充說明內(nèi)容，或據(jù)此而作出某種推斷。例如：

She must have wept, for there are tear trails on her cheeks.

2.now that也可引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，意思是“既然”，與since 同義，但更突出事實本身。

四．目的狀語從句。

通常由so that, in order that, so, in case“以防、以免”等連詞引導(dǎo)。例如：

He took the medicine on time so that he might get well again.

The teacher must speak clearly so that his students can/may understand well.

She has bought the book in order that she can follow the TV lessons.

1．目的狀語從句中的謂語常含有may/might, can/could, should , will/would等情態(tài)動詞，通常主句在前，從句在后，主句與從句之間沒有逗號。

2．in order that 引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句和so that 引導(dǎo)的狀語從句可以換用，但in order that多用于正式文體中， 而so 可用于口語或非正式文體中。例如：

We’ll sit nearer the front so (that) we can hear better.

in case 在非正式文體中,常引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句，表示“以防、以免”等含義。例如：

He left early in case he should miss the train.

Take your raincoat in case it rains/ should rain.

五．結(jié)果狀語從句。

通常由連詞so that, so…that, such… that等引導(dǎo)。例如：

He had overslept, so that he was late for work.

He was so angry that he left the room without saying a word.

He made such an excellent speech that everyone admired him.

1.so…that和such…that 引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句都表示主句的動作或狀態(tài)達(dá)到一定的程度而引起的結(jié)果。

so 是副詞，用來修飾形容詞、副詞、分詞或其它結(jié)構(gòu)，such 是形容詞，用來修飾名詞或名詞短語。例如：

There were so many people in the room that we couldn’t get in.

So badly was he injured that he had to go to the hospital. (so短語位于句首時，主句須倒裝)

The book is so written that it gives a quite wrong idea of facts.

He told us such a funny story that we all laughed.

such修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞且名詞前有形容詞時，可用so替換such, 冠詞與形容詞交換位置，構(gòu)成“so+ adj. +a(an) +名詞”。上面的句子可以寫成：

He told us so funny a story that we all laughed.

又如：This is such a beautiful chair that I’m thinking of buying it.

(= This is so beautiful a chair that I’m thinking of buying it.)

2.如何區(qū)別so that 引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句和結(jié)果狀語從句？

（1）.根據(jù)上下文及句子所表達(dá)的意思判斷。

（2）.根據(jù)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)來判斷。從句之前有逗號的常是結(jié)果狀語從句；從句前有情態(tài)動詞的多半是目的狀語從句。例如：

She hurried , so that she caught the bus.(結(jié)果)

She hurried so that she might catch the bus.(目的)

I went to the lecture early, so that I got a good seat.(結(jié)果)

I’m going to the lecture early so that I may get a good seat.( 目的)

狀語從句在主從復(fù)合句中修飾主句中的動詞、形容詞或副詞等，按意義可以分為時間、地點、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、方式、比較、讓步等狀語從句。

六．讓步狀語從句。

1．由however, whatever, whenever, whoever等引導(dǎo)，相當(dāng)于no matter how/what/when/who 等。例如：

We’ll have to finish the job,_. (NMET99)

A. long it takes however B. it takes however long

C. long however it takes D. however long it takes

答案： D. however 是副詞性引導(dǎo)詞，必須直接位于所修飾的形容詞long之前，并放在句首引導(dǎo)狀語從句。

應(yīng)該注意：however, whatever, whenever, wherever 等還可以引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，而no matter how, no matter what, no matter when, no matter where等只能引導(dǎo)狀語從句。例如：

Whatever I said couldn’t cause his interest in the topic.

2.由though, although, as, even though/if 等引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，不能與 but 連用，但可于yet連用。

(1).由as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句，必須倒裝表語形容詞、名詞（前面不用冠詞）或者副詞狀語或者動詞原形，though 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句可以倒裝，也可以不倒裝，而although引導(dǎo)的不能倒裝。例如：

He didn’t light the fire though/although it was cold.

Although he is very old, (yet) he still jogs every day.

Rich as/though he is(=Although he is rich), I don’t envy him.

Difficult that task was, they managed to finish it in time.

Child as he is, he knows a lot.

Much as I love it, I’ll not buy it.

Try as they may, they won’t succeed.

(2).even if, even though 表示“即使，縱然”，有退一步設(shè)想的意味，多用于書面語中。

例如：

I’ll do it, even if it takes me all the afternoon.

Even if he did say so, we can not be sure that he was telling the truth.

(3).whether(…or)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,提供兩個或兩個以上供選擇的條件。注意此時的whether不能換成if. 例如：

Whether he drives or (whether he) takes the train, he’ll be there on time.

七．條件狀語從句

條件狀語從句用if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that, provided, providing, now that, in that 等引導(dǎo)。除了應(yīng)注意這些詞的語義差別之外，還需注意，在條件狀語從句中不能用將來時，只能用一般現(xiàn)在時表示一般將來時。例如：

If China becomes strong and powerful, we’ll never bully other countries.

As long as we don’t lose heart, we’ll turn our dreams into realities.

He won’t believe anything unless he sees it with his own eyes.

I will lend you the money on condition that you pay it back in one month.

有時if 條件句中也用will, 但此時用來表示主語的意愿。例如：

If you will come to work in our city, I’ll try my best to meet your demands.(如果你愿意來我市工作，我將盡力滿足你的要求。)

八．方式狀語從句

1．方式狀語從句用 as, just as, as if, as though 引導(dǎo)。

2.關(guān)于方式狀語從句值得注意兩點：

（1）.as 表示行為方式；

（2）.在打比方與事實相反或不可能實現(xiàn)時，as if /though 引導(dǎo)的從句用虛擬語氣。但當(dāng)句子謂語為過去時態(tài)時，特別是當(dāng)句子謂語為look, seem, taste, smell等感官動詞時，從句謂語動詞不用虛擬語氣。例如：

I have changed the plan as you suggested.

When at Rome do as the Romans do.(入鄉(xiāng)隨俗)

I have loved you as if you were my own son.

It looks as if it is going to rain.

九．比較狀語從句

比較狀語從句常由than, as…as , not so/as…as, the more…, the more …等引導(dǎo)。例如：

He didn’t do as much as he had promised.

I know you as well as any member of your family.

Now we can produce much more steel than Japan.

The longer you stay with him, the better you will know him.

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