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【视频笔记】华中农业大学-分子生物学:P7-基因的结构 1

發布時間:2024/3/12 编程问答 41 豆豆
生活随笔 收集整理的這篇文章主要介紹了 【视频笔记】华中农业大学-分子生物学:P7-基因的结构 1 小編覺得挺不錯的,現在分享給大家,幫大家做個參考.

基本上就是鄭老師PPT手抄再轉博客……很多PPT呈現得很方便并且一目了然,手抄也可以很還原,但轉成博客就有難度了,所以一些圖示這里也會嘗試轉成文字,希望自己的筆記能夠盡量準確完整地描述這些知識點。PPT截圖會同時貼上來,但是這玩意兒在上課時畢竟是動態的而我截圖是靜態……可能也許要拼一下搞個動圖?但是動圖不和老師的講解一起看也沒卵用啊就我這點筆記頂毛用……而且好費流量好卡……
視頻傳送門:華中農業大學-分子生物學:P7-基因的結構 1

文章目錄

  • 基因是DNA的片段
  • 核苷酸的結構(Nt)
  • 核苷的構象(conformation of nucleoside)
  • DNA的雙螺旋結構(DNA Double Helix Model)
  • DNA雙螺旋的結構特點
  • 階段總結
  • 影響雙螺旋結構穩定性的因素:堿基堆積的棒狀實體
  • DNA分子變性(DNA denaturation)
    • 變性過程的表現
  • 增色效應的跳躍現象(Jump of Hyperchromicity 增色躍遷)

基因是DNA的片段

基因的組成結構:

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.edge-pattern-dashed{stroke-dasharray:3}#mermaid-svg-M19TduYBV6thlIIL .edge-pattern-dotted{stroke-dasharray:2}#mermaid-svg-M19TduYBV6thlIIL .marker{fill:#333}#mermaid-svg-M19TduYBV6thlIIL .marker.cross{stroke:#333}:root { --mermaid-font-family: "trebuchet ms", verdana, arial;}#mermaid-svg-M19TduYBV6thlIIL {color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75);font: ;}聚合核酸 Nucleic Acid多聚核苷酸鏈 Polynucleotide Chain基本單位 :
核苷酸Mono-phosphate Mp:
磷酸Nuclieoside Ns:
核苷Deoxy-ribose Ribose:
脫氧核糖Base:堿基Purin Pu:
嘌呤Pyrimidine Py:
嘧啶Adenine A:
腺嘌呤Guanine G:
鳥嘌呤Cytosine C:
胞嘧啶Thymine T:
胸腺嘧啶Uracil U:
尿嘧啶

核苷酸的結構(Nt)

聚焦嘌呤和嘧啶的化學結構差異。在2號位上嘧啶比嘌呤多了一個酮基。
另外,嘌呤9號位是糖苷鍵所在位置,嘌呤間的區別主要在6號位
腺嘌呤(A)為氨基(-NH2_22?),故又稱為6氨基嘌呤
鳥嘌呤(G)為酮基(=O),故又稱為6酮基嘌呤
嘧啶1號位是糖苷鍵所在位置,三種嘧啶間的區別主要在4號位
胞嘧啶(C)為氨基(-NH2_22?),故又稱為4氨基嘧啶
胸腺嘧啶(T)為酮基(=O),故又稱為4酮基嘧啶,且其5號位帶有一個甲基(-CH3_33?);
尿嘧啶(U)也是酮基(=O),但其五號位沒有甲基。
氨基和酮基之間的反應造就了大家熟知的AT和CG配對。
以下為鄭老師PPT截圖。

核苷的構象(conformation of nucleoside)

在核苷的結構中,堿基與核糖之間存在夾角,嘌呤和嘧啶與核糖之間的夾角可用如下公式描述。
嘌呤構象公式:

x = C4_44? - N9_99? - C11^1_111? - O41^1_441?

嘧啶構象公式

x = C2_22? - N1_11? - C1^11 - O41^1_441?

其中 C11^1_111? 都是0°。
堿基(Base)的轉動會導致與核糖的C11^1_111? - O41^1_441?平面形成夾角,角度變化導致DNA結構出現差異,這種差異大體上分為兩類:反式構象(Anti)正式構象(Syn)
反式構象即是嘧啶環(對嘌呤)和酮基(對嘧啶)在核糖的外側,俯視其結構時可計算二者夾角位 180°±90°
正式構象即是嘧啶環(對嘌呤)和酮基(對嘧啶)在核糖的內側,俯視其結構時可計算二者夾角位 0°±90°

DNA的雙螺旋結構(DNA Double Helix Model)

1950年,Erwin Chargaff 法則:(A+G) / (T+C) = 1 , A+T ≠ G+C
1952年,Alexander Todd:3’,5’ phosphodiester bond 磷酸二酯鍵串聯核苷酸。
1953年,Waston & Crick:右盤旋的DNA雙螺旋結構。

螺旋擠壓的中間時堿基,DNA整體是一個堿基堆積的棒狀實體。
AT和CG這樣的堿基配對是靠氫鍵建立起來的,氫鍵是在共價鍵束縛的氫原子和帶負電的受體原子之間建立的。其中,AT之間靠兩個氫鍵連接,而GC需要靠三個氫鍵維系。

DNA雙螺旋的結構特點

因為堿基除了用于配對的氫鍵受體外仍有多余的氫鍵受體,雙螺旋間存在有大溝和小溝的結構,所以整體上有了以下幾個特點:

  • 堿基頂部基團裸露在DNA大溝內;
  • 蛋白質因子與DNA的特異結合依賴于氨基酸與DNA(即上述供體與受體)間的氫鍵的形成;
  • 蛋白質因子沿大溝(啟動子即落在大溝內)與DNA形成專一性結合的機率與多樣性高于沿小溝的結合;
  • 大溝的空間更有利于蛋白質的結合,因為蛋白質也是大分子。
  • 階段總結

  • 每一條單鏈都具有5’→3’極性;
  • 兩條單鏈間以氫鍵連接;
  • 兩條單鏈,極性相反,反向平衡;
  • 以中心為軸,向右盤旋(B-form);
  • 雙螺旋中存在大溝、小溝。
  • 影響雙螺旋結構穩定性的因素:堿基堆積的棒狀實體

    1、氫鍵 Hydrogen bond 4~6kc/mol

    • 氫鍵,可加熱解鏈;氫鍵堆積,有序排列(線性、方向)

    2、磷酸二酯鍵 Phosphodiester bond 89~90 kc/mol

    • 強鍵,需酶促解鏈

    3、0.2 mol/L Na+^++ 生理鹽條件

    • 消除DNA但臉上的磷酸基團間的靜電斥力

    4、堿基堆積力(非特異性結合力)

  • 磷酸骨架、氨基、酮基周圍水分子間的有序排列;
  • 范德華力 Van de wals force;
  • 疏水作用力
    3.1 極性 →熵增
    3.2 非極性→熵減
  • 磷酸基團之間的靜電斥力
  • 堿基間擠壓、抵御使其內能增加,堿基間有序排列的狀態被破壞(氫鍵作用力被減弱)
    • 其中 4 和 5 是不穩定的力量

    DNA分子變性(DNA denaturation)

    即雙鏈 DNA(D.S.DNA)通過加溫、極端PH、尿素、酰胺等方法處理后解鏈為單鏈 DNA(S.S.DNA)

    變性過程的表現

  • **單鏈DNA粘度降低。**因為溶液粘度取決于分子流動過程中的內摩擦力和阻力。溶液粘度大體上呈以下趨勢:
    · 高分子溶液 > 普通溶液;
    · 線狀分子 > 不規則線團 > 球形分子。
    雙鏈 DNA 剛性較強,結構較為舒展;
    單鏈 DNA 沒有氫鍵的支撐,由螺旋結構向折疊和線團結構轉變。
  • 單鏈 DNA 沉降速度加快(需使用超速離心機進行超速離心方可查看變化);
  • 單鏈 DNA 分子的A260 nmUV 值上升(增色效應);
    ·A260 nmUV:對260nm紫外線的吸收值。
    吸收紫外線的芳香環的效率比較:D.S.DNA < S.S.DNA < dNTPs。
  • Tm值(melting temperature)變性溫度=OD增加值的中點溫度(一般為85~95℃)

    Marmur-Doty formula 公式:
    在1*SSC(0.15mol NaCl + 0.015mol 檸檬酸鈉Sodium citrate)環境下且GC%在30~70%之間時,
    Tm = 69.3 + 0.41 * ( G + C )%
    等于說,在這個前提下,GC含量越高,Tm值越高。

    增色效應的跳躍現象(Jump of Hyperchromicity 增色躍遷)

    高分子量的DNA分子在熱變性的過程中,富含AT區域首先發生變性,然后逐步拓展,表現增色效應的跳躍現象,使變形過程加快。有這個現象產生時,便不可簡單根據Tm值來判斷GC含量。

    總結

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