pygame Notebook

由于使用emacs-org進行編輯，為方便使用了英文

Table of Contents

chimp (instance)

importing modules

loading resources

image

sound

game object classes

fist

chimp

init everything

create the background

create the surface

put text on the background

display the background (after the setup)

prepare game obj

main loop

handle input events

update all the sprites

draw the entire scene

no need to do anything cleaning up

sprites

use group

group types

Group

GroupSingle

RenderPlain

RenderClear

RenderUpdates

collision detection

spritecollide(sprite, group, dokill) -> list

groupcollide(group1, group2, dokill1, dokill2) -> dictionary

create my own group class

numpy (Numeric Python) intro

mathematical operations

array slice

2d array slice

surfarray

making game

chimp (instance)

importing modules

import os, sys import pygame from pygame.locals import *if not pygame.font: print('Warning, fonts disabled') if not pygame.mixer: print('Warning, sound disabled')

os, sys modules can get independent on platforms.
pygame.locals: commonly used constants and functions,
not necessary to include, just include pygame is enough.

loading resources

image

def load_image(name, colorkey = None):fullname = os.path.join("assets", name)try:image = pygame.image.load(fullname)except pygame.error as message:print("cannot load image:", name)raise SystemExit(message)image = image.convert()if colorkey is not None:if colorkey is -1:colorkey = image.get_at((0, 0,))image.set_colorkey(colorkey, RLEACCEL)return image, image.get_rect()

create a fullname, tryna load the img,
raise exception if failed, convert the img to the format
of the screen to make it faster to blit,
set a transparent colorkey,
default the (0, 0,) point’s color,
return the img and its rect.

REACCEL can boost up blitting but slow down modifying.

sound

def load_sound(name):class NoneSound:def play(self): passif not pygame.mixer:return NoneSound()fullname = os.path.join("assets", name)try:sound = pygame.mixer.Sound(fullname)except pygame.error as message:print("cannot load sound", wav)raise SystemExit(message)return sound

game object classes

fist

class Fist(pygame.sprite.Sprite):def __init__(self):pygame.sprite.Sprite.__init__(self)self.image, self.rect = load_image("fist.bmp", -1)self.punching = 0def update(self):pos = pygame.mouse.get_pos()self.rect.midtop = posif self.punching:self.rect.move_ip(5, 10)def punch(self, target):if not self.punching:self.punching = 1hitbox = self.rect.inflate(-5, -5)return hitbox.colliderect(target.rect)def unpunch(self):self.punching = 0

use one of the sprite drawing Group classes.

These classes can draw sprites that have image and rect
attribute.

By simply changing these two attributes, the renderer will
draw the current image at the current position.

All sprites have an update() method, called once per frame.
should put in code that moves and updates the variables
for the sprite.

chimp

class Chimp(pygame.sprite.Sprite):def __init__(self):pygame.sprite.Sprite.__init__(self)self.image, self.rect = load_image("chimp.bmp", -1)screen = pygame.display.get_surface()self.area = screen.get_rect()self.rect.topleft = 10, 10self.move = 9self.dizzy = 0def update(self):if self.dizzy():self._spin()else:self._walk()def _walk(self):newpos = self.rect.move((self.move, 0))if not self.area.contains(newpos):if self.rect.left < self.area.left or \self.rect.right > self.area.right:self.move = -self.movenewpos = self.rect.move((self.move, 0))self.image = pygame.transform.flip(self.image, 1, 0)self.rect = newposdef _spin(self):center = self.rect.centerself.dizzy += 12if self.dizzy >= 360:self.dizzy = 0self.image = self.originalelse:rotate = pygame.transform.rotateself.image = rotate(self.original, self.dizzy)self.rect = self.image.get_rect(center = center)def punched(self):if not self.dizzy:self.dizzy = 1self.original = self.image

rotate was made as a local reference,
to make that line shorter.

ALWAYS ROTATE FROM THE ORIGINAL PICTURE!!!

'cause each rotation will cost a loss of quality and size.

– when to make a copy?

– when first punched.

init everything

pygame.init() screen = pygame.display.set_mode((468, 60)) pygame.display.set_caption("Chimp Fever") pygame.mouse.set_visible(0)

init(): initialize all the pygame modules imported.

display: if not set, pygame’ll choose the best
color depth.

mouse.set_visible(0): set invisible

create the background

create a single surface to represent the background

create the surface

background = pygame.Surface(screen.get_size()) background = background.convert() background.fill((250, 250, 250))

put text on the background

get text rendered onto the background surface

if pygame.font:font = pygame.font.Font(None, 36)text = font.render("Pummel The Chimp, And Win $$$", 1, (1, 10, 10))textpos = text.get_rect(centerx = background.get_width() / 2)background.blit(text, textpos)

None can be replaced by a TrueType font.

render: create a new surface with appropriate size

1 to tell the renderer to use antialiased text

display the background (after the setup)

screen.blit(background, (0, 0)) pygame.display.flip()

flip: handles the entire window area
both single-buffered and double-buffered surfaces

• Note taken on [2020-01-10 周五 00:45]

double-buffering:
在圖形圖像顯示過程中，計算機從顯示緩沖區取數據然后顯示，
很多圖形的操作都很復雜需要大量的計算，
很難訪問一次顯示緩沖區就能寫入待顯示的完整圖形數據，
通常需要多次訪問顯示緩沖區，每次訪問時寫入最新計算的圖形數據。
而這樣造成的后果是一個需要復雜計算的圖形，
你看到的效果可能是一部分一部分地顯示出來的，造成很大的閃爍不連貫。
而使用雙緩沖，可以使你先將計算的中間結果存放在另一個緩沖區中，
待全部的計算結束，該緩沖區已經存儲了完整的圖形之后，
再將該緩沖區的圖形數據一次性復制到顯示緩沖區。

prepare game obj

create all the objects

whiff_sound = load_sound("whiff.wav") punch_sound = load_sound("punch.wav") chimp = Chimp() fist = Fist() allsprites = pygame.sprite.RenderPlain((fist, chimp)) clock = pygame.time.Clock()

allsprites: a sprite Group named RenderPlain.

RenderPlain can draw all the sprites it contains
to the screen.

clock: used in the mainloop to control the
framerate

main loop

while 1:clock.tick(60)

no more than 60 frames per second

handle input events

work with the event queue

for event in pygame.event.get():if event.type == QUIT:returnelif event.type == KEYDOWN and event.key == K_ESCAPEreturnelif event.type == MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:if fist.punch(chimp):punch_sound.play()chimp.punched()else:whiff_sound.play()elif event.type == MOUSEBUTTONUP:fist.unpunch()

K_ESCAPE: ESC.

update all the sprites

allsprites.update()

sprite groups have an update() method,
which simply calls the update() for all the sprites
it contains.

draw the entire scene

screen.blit(background, (0, 0)) allsprites.draw(screen) pygame.display.flip()

no need to do anything cleaning up

sprites

remember to Sprite.__init__(self), or respond:

AttributeError: 'mysprite' instance has no attribute '_Sprite__g'

use group

• Note taken on [2020-01-11 周六 00:48]
  get some methods here

belong to a group -> alive.

not belong to any group -> cleared up.

kill(): remove the sprite from all the groups it belonged to.

sprites(): return a iteratable object shows all the sprites
a group has.

update(): update all.

group types

Group

GroupSingle

contain at most 1 sprites, when added to, forget the old one.

RenderPlain

every sprite has a image and a rect.

has a draw() method that draw all the sprites on a surface
or a screen.

RenderClear

derived from RenderPlain.
add a method clear(): clear sprites from the screen
with background.

RenderUpdates

derived from RenderClear, Cadillac of rendering Groups.

the draw() method will return a list of rects of all sprites
showing all the area that is occupied.

collision detection

spritecollide(sprite, group, dokill) -> list

check for collisions between a single sprite
and a sprite group.

require a rect attribute for all the sprites used.

dokill: (boolean)
whether to call kill() on all crashed sprites.

return a list of all the sprites in the group that collides.

groupcollide(group1, group2, dokill1, dokill2) -> dictionary

dokill1: if true, kill all the crashed sprites in group1.

dokill2: if true, kill all the crashed sprites in group2.

dict: key is sprites in group1 that crashed.
its value is sprites in group2 that the key crashed

create my own group class

to get extra features.

numpy (Numeric Python) intro

deal with array, holds an array of fixed size,
and all elements inside an array are of the same type.

mathematical operations

apply to all elements in an array. (element-wise operations)

but only when able to apply the operation.

ex.

>>> array((1, 2, 3)) + array((4, 5, 6)) array([5, 7, 9])>>> array((1, 2, 3)) + array((3, 4)) Traceback (most recent call last):File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> ValueError: operands could not be broadcast together with shapes (3,) (2,) # different size arrays cannot be added up.

array slice

same to python list.

sliced-out array still refers to the original array.
so if when changing the sliced-out array,
the original one changes, too.

2d array slice

use , to separate different dimention’s indices,
and for each dimention’s index,
almost same to 1d scenario, but can use : to show “all”.

ex.

>>> b = array(((1, 2, 3), (3, 4, 5))) >>> b[0, 1] 2 >>> b[1, :] array([3, 4, 5]) >>> b[1] array([3, 4, 5]) >>> b[:, :2] array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])

surfarray

be sure to import: use exception ImportError

try: import numpy as npimport pygame.surfarray as surfarray except ImportError:raise ImportErrer, "NumPy and Surfarray are required"

making game

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