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STK中的传感器、雷达、发射机、接收机、天线

發布時間:2024/3/24 编程问答 51 豆豆
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1. 來自STK官網的解釋

主要信息來源:https://help.agi.com/stk/

STK在線幫助版本:12.0

Google在線翻譯,有補充。

1.1?Sensor(傳感器)

Sensor performance is a major concern for satellite system engineers and integrators. Sensors can be used to represent such equipment as optical or radar sensors, receiving or transmitting antennas, and lasers. The sensor object can also be useful for defining another object's field of view. Sensors are children of vehicles, facilities and targets. The sensor object can also have children of its own.

傳感器性能是衛星系統工程師和集成商關注的主要問題。傳感器可用于表示光學或雷達傳感器、接收或發射天線和激光器等設備。傳感器對象也可用于定義針對另一個對象的視野。傳感器是車輛設施目標對象的子節點(傳感器本身不能作為場景的子節點)。傳感器對象也可以有自己的子節點,傳感器的可能子節點包括:雷達接收機發射機天線

1.1.1?傳感器基本屬性

roperty

Description

Definition

Set parameters defining a sensor's field of view.

設置定義傳感器視場的參數。包括七類傳感器:

  • Simple Conic(簡單錐角)
  • Complex Conic(復雜錐角)
  • Half Power(半功率點傳感器),模擬拋物線天線。
  • Rectangular(矩形視場)
  • SAR(合成孔徑)
  • EOIR(光電與紅外傳感器),需要單獨授權。
  • Custom(用戶自定義)
  • Location

    Position a sensor with respect to its parent object.

    設置傳感器相對于父對象的位置,有5種模式:

  • Center(中心)
  • Fixed(固定)
  • 3D Model(三維模型)
  • 3D Model with Scale(三維模型比例)
  • Point(使用用戶指定的參考點定義)
  • Pointing

    Set parameters to determine how a sensor is aimed, e.g. with respect to its parent object, the central body, objects selected for tracking, etc.

    設置參數以確定傳感器相對于其父對象、中心體、指定跟蹤的目標等的指向/瞄準方式,包括:

  • 3D Model(三維模型)
  • Along Vector(沿適量/向量方向),需借助適量幾何工具。
  • Fixed(固定指向)
  • Targeted(目標瞄準)
  • Spinning(旋轉方式)
  • External(外部文件)
  • Grazing Altitude,對傳感器建模,使視軸矢量在指定高度掠過中心體。
  • Fixed in Axes(軸固定)
  • Scheduled(當通過Connect接口創建對象時的遠程/外部調度方式)
  • Sensor AzEl Mask

    Define an azimuth-elevation mask for the sensor.

    為傳感器定義方位仰角掩碼。

    Refraction

    Select a refraction model to constrain an atmosphere-based sensor's line of sight and elevation angles.

    選擇折射模型來約束基于大氣的傳感器的視線和仰角(大氣折射)。

    Resolution

    Define the resolution of the sensor in terms of focus and image quality.

    根據焦點和圖像質量定義傳感器的分辨率。

    Description

    Record useful information about the sensor.

    1.1.2?傳感器約束(Constraints)屬性

    Property

    Description

    Basic

    Impose minimum elevation and line-of-sight constraints on access from the sensor to another object.

    對從傳感器到另一個物體的訪問施加最小仰角和視線限制。

    Sun

    Impose a variety of access constraints from the sensor to another object based on the position of the Sun and the Moon.

    根據太陽和月亮的位置,對從傳感器到另一個物體的各種訪問限制。

    Temporal

    Impose time-based access constraints from the sensor to another object.

    從傳感器到另一個物體施加基于時間的訪問限制。

    Advanced

    impose a variety of sensor-specific constraints.

    施加各種傳感器特定的約束。

    Zones

    Use inclusion and exclusion zones to define areas where access is or is not allowed.

    使用包含區和排除區來定義允許或不允許訪問的區域。

    Resolution

    Limit access based on sensor characteristics and the quality of the inview.

    根據傳感器特性和考慮中的(inview)質量限制訪問。

    Targeting

    Define the relationship between the sensor and the target of that sensor.

    定義傳感器與該傳感器的目標之間的關系。

    Vector

    Constrain access computations with respect to any valid vector or angle.

    約束關于任何有效向量或角度的訪問計算。

    Special

    Special access constraints are defined in terms of geostationary belt exclusion, height above horizon, terrain grazing angle and exclusion of other scenario objects.

    根據地球靜止帶排除、地平線以上高度、地形放牧角度和排除其他場景對象定義的特殊訪問限制。

    Plugins

    An interface is provided for defining custom constraints in terms of user-supplied scripts created in Perl, VBScript and MATLAB.

    根據在PerlVBScriptMATLAB中創建的用戶提供的腳本提供一個用戶自定義約束的接口。

    EOIR

    Set a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) on an?EOIR?sensor.

    設置EOIR傳感器的信噪比(SNR)。

    1.2 ???????Radar(雷達)

    The Radar object models the characteristics of a radar system and its environment.

    雷達對象對雷達系統及其環境的特征進行建模。雷達對象的父節點可能是:衛星飛機艦船車輛工具(GroundVehicle)、運載工具導彈地面站目標傳感器等。雷達對象沒有(也不能有)子節點。

    雷達是傳感器的一種,是對傳感器的進一步建模。

    雷達分析模塊是STK中的一個(相對獨立的)專業分析工具,它提供了專業的雷達系統的建模分析和圖形顯示功能,可以設計多種任務中的雷達應用,而且能夠為對象的RCS特征建模,計算可見性以及生成雷達的報告和圖表等。

    ???????1.2.1?雷達基本屬性

    Property

    Description

    Definition

    Define the characteristics of the radar.

    定義雷達的特性。在雷達基本屬性中,包括:

  • 雷達系統參數(System),指定雷達類型(單站/雙站)、雷達天線類型(9.2.2版有11種天線可選擇)、系統溫度、降雨模型、信號功率譜密度及RF頻譜過濾器等。
  • 雷達極化參數(polarization
  • 搜索/跟蹤參數(Search/Track),設置搜索/跟蹤模式、探測概率、脈波積分、濾波器等。
  • SAR(合成孔徑雷達)參數
  • 雷達干擾發射機(Jammers)參數
  • 大氣折射(Refraction)參數
  • 各參數設置本文不再展開,可以看出雷達就是一類特殊的傳感器,而且有許多不同種類的雷達。

    Refraction

    Model atmospheric refraction.

    對大氣折射模型建模。

    Description

    Record useful information about the antenna.

    ???????1.2.2?雷達約束屬性

    Property

    Description

    Search/Track

    Radar Search/Track Constraints property pages allow minimum and maximum values to be entered for several parameters and presents a variety of doppler options:

    雷達搜索/跟蹤約束屬性頁面允許為多個參數輸入最小值和最大值,并提供各種多普勒選項:

    • Search/Track. These parameters correspond to the radar's main channel. These parameters account for the polarization mismatch, if polarization is selected on the?Basic Polarization?page.
    • ST w/Jamming. These parameters correspond to the main channel radar receiver that is under the influence of jamming. When the radar receiver polarization is set and the jammers are polarized, the search/track parameters take polarization mismatch into account. Most of these parameters are re-computed under the impact of jamming on the radar receiver main channel. For more information on the effects of jamming on constraints, see?Constraints with Jamming.
    • S/T OrthoPol. These parameters correspond to the radar's orthogonal polarization channel.
    • S/T OrthoPolJam. These parameters correspond to the radar's orthogonal polarization channel under the threat of jamming.

    The STK Radar SAR computation and constraints can be extended with the Search/Track plug-in constraint. See?Search/Track User Plugin.

    SAR

    SAR property pages allow for the imposition of a variety of constraints on?synthetic aperture?(SAR) radar.

    • SAR. These parameters correspond to the main channel (SAR).
    • SAR w/Jamming. These parameters correspond to the main channel under jamming. For more information on the effects of jamming on constraints, see?Constraints with Jamming.
    • SAR OrthoPol. These parameters are enabled when the receiver side orthogonal polarization is selected.
    • SAR OrthoPolJam. These parameters are enabled when the receiver side orthogonal polarization is selected. For more information on the effects of jamming on constraints, see?Constraints with Jamming.

    The STK Radar SAR computation and constraints can be extended with the Search/Track plug-in constraint. See?SAR User Plugin.

    Bistatic

    Enforce access constraints between the transmitter and receiver and set minimum and maximum values for the bistatic angle. While other access constraints are always enforced between the bistatic transmitter and the target/receiver, radar-specific constraints defined for a bistatic transmitter do not constrain access for the radar using it.

    在發射器和接收器之間實施訪問限制,并設置雙站角度的最小值和最大值。 雖然在雙基地發射器和目標/接收器之間總是強制執行其他訪問約束,但為雙基地發射器定義的雷達特定約束不會限制使用它的雷達的訪問。

    Basic

    Impose minimum elevation and line-of-sight constraints on access from the radar to another object.

    對從雷達到另一個物體的訪問施加最小仰角和視線限制。

    Noise

    Impose constraints on a radar related to system noise temperature.

    對雷達施加與系統噪聲溫度相關的約束。

    Sun

    ——

    Temporal

    ——

    Advanced

    ——

    Zones

    ——

    Targeting

    ——

    Vector

    ——

    Special

    ——

    ???????1.2.3?雷達RF屬性

    Property

    Description

    Environment

    Apply environmental factors that affect the performance of a communications link or a radar system.

    應用影響通信鏈路或雷達系統性能的環境因素。

    ???????1.3?Transmitter(發射機)

    The Transmitter object models the characteristics of the transmitter, the antenna it uses and the environment in which it operates.

    發射機對象對發射機的特性、它使用的天線以及它運行的環境進行建模。發射機對象的父節點可能是(參見雷達對象的父節點)。發射機對象沒有(也不能有)子節點。

    ???????1.3.1?發射機基本屬性

    Property

    Description

    Definition

    Define the characteristics of the transmitter.

    定義發射機特性。STK提供9類(內置)發射機,其中有3類為re-transmitter,各類發射機的基本特性包括:規格型號(頻率/功率/增益)、調制器、濾波器、附加增益和損耗等。

    Transmitter Models

  • Simple Transmitter
  • Cable Transmitter
  • Medium Transmitter
  • Complex Transmitter
  • Multibeam Transmitter
  • Plugin Transmitter
  • Laser Transmitter
  • GPS Satellite Transmitter
  • Basic Re-Transmitter Models

  • Simple Retransmitter
  • Medium Retransmitter
  • Complex Retransmitter
  • Refraction

    Model atmospheric refraction.

    Description

    Record useful information about the antenna.

    ???????1.3.2?發射機約束屬性

    Property

    Description

    Basic

    Impose minimum elevation and line-of-sight constraints on access from the transmitter to another object.

    對從發射器到另一個物體的訪問施加最小仰角和視線限制。

    Noise

    Impose constraints on a transmitter related to system noise temperature.

    對發射機施加與系統噪聲溫度相關的約束。

    Comm

    Impose a variety of communications link constraints on the transmitter.

    對發射機施加各種通信鏈路約束。

    Interference

    Set constraints in terms of certain link performance indicators as affected by interference.

    根據受干擾影響的某些鏈路性能指標設置約束。

    Sun

    ——

    Temporal

    ——

    Advanced

    ——

    Zones

    ——

    Targeting

    ——

    Vector

    ——

    Special

    ——

    Plugins

    ——

    ??????????????1.3.3?發射機RF屬性

    Property

    Description

    Environment

    Apply environmental factors that affect the performance of a communications link or a radar system.

    應用影響通信鏈路或雷達系統性能的環境因素。

    Radar Cross Section

    Specify the radar cross section (RCS) parameters.

    指定雷達橫截面 (RCS) 參數。

    Radar Clutter

    Specify a Clutter Coefficient for the Clutter Map or load the Radar Advanced Environment (RAE) Database.

    為雜波圖指定雜波系數或加載雷達高級環境 (RAE) 數據庫。

    ???????1.3.4?發射機Laser屬性

    Property

    Description

    Environment

    Apply environmental factors that affect the performance of a laser communications link.

    應用影響激光通信鏈路性能的環境因素。

    ???????1.4?Receiver(接收機)

    The Receiver object models the characteristics of a receiver, the antenna it uses and the environment in which it operates.

    接收機對象對接收器的特性、它使用的天線以及它運行的環境進行建模。接收機對象的父節點可能是(參見雷達對象的父節點)。接收機對象沒有(也不能有)子節點。

    ???????1.4.1?接收機基本屬性

    Property

    Description

    Definition

    Define the characteristics of the receiver.

    定義接收機特性。STK提供8類(內置)接收機,各類接收機的基本特性包括:規格型號(頻率/功率/增益)、濾波器、附加增益和損耗。(相比發射機少了調制器)。

  • Cable Receiver
  • Complex Receiver
  • Laser Receiver
  • Medium Receiver
  • Multibeam Receiver
  • Script Plugin Laser Receiver
  • Script Plugin RF Receiver
  • Simple Receiver
  • Refraction

    Model atmospheric refraction.

    Description

    Record useful information about the receiver.

    ???????1.4.2?接收機約束屬性

    Property

    Description

    Basic

    Impose minimum elevation and line-of-sight constraints on access from the receiver to another object.

    對從接收器到另一個對象的訪問施加最小仰角和視線限制。

    Noise

    Impose constraints on a receiver related to system noise temperature.

    對接收機施加與系統噪聲溫度相關的約束

    Comm

    Impose a variety of communications link constraints on the receiver.

    對接收機施加各種通信鏈路約束。

    Interference

    Set constraints in terms of certain link performance indicators as affected by interference.

    根據受干擾影響的某些鏈路性能指標設置約束。

    Sun

    ——

    Temporal

    ——

    Advanced

    ——

    Zones

    ——

    Targeting

    ——

    Vector

    ——

    Special

    ——

    Plugins

    ——

    ???????1.4.3?接收機RF屬性

    參見發射機對象。

    ???????1.4.4?接收機Rader屬性

    參見發射機對象。

    ???????1.5 Antenna(天線)

    The Antenna object models the properties and behavior of an antenna.

    天線對象對天線的屬性和行為進行建模。天線對象的父節點可能是(參見雷達對象的父節點)。天線機對象沒有(也不能有)子節點。

    經實測,STK9.2.2中,天線不能直接作為雷達發射機接收機的子節點。

    ???????1.5.1?天線基本屬性

    Property

    Description

    Definition

    Define the characteristics of the antenna.

    STK9.2.245種內置的天線。

    Orientation

    Specify the orientation of the antenna coordinate frame relative to the coordinate frame of the parent object.

    Refraction

    Model atmospheric refraction.

    Description

    Record useful information about the antenna.

    ???????1.5.2?天線約束屬性

    Property

    Description

    Basic

    Impose minimum elevation and line-of-sight constraints on access from the antenna to another object.

    對從天線到另一個物體的訪問施加最小仰角和視線限制。

    Sun

    ——

    Temporal

    ——

    Zones

    ——

    Vector

    ——

    Special

    ——

    Plugins

    ——

    ???????1.5.3?天線RF屬性

    參見發射機對象。

    ???????1.5.4?天線Rader屬性

    參見發射機對象。

    2. STK關于“Linking to an Antenna that Resides on a Sensor”的解釋

    https://help.agi.com/stk/11.7.1/index.htm#comm/CommRadar03.htm#sensor

    To model actual, real-world configurations as closely as possible, STK anticipates that the antenna object will be placed on the sensor, so it can inherit sensor properties such as location and pointing. Conversely, radar, receiver, or transmitter objects that link to this antenna must be on the sensor's parent object, not on the sensor itself. It is helpful in this context, to think of the sensor as the gimbal for the antenna. Yet, the radar, receiver, or transmitter represents the electronic components that do not need pointing and whose location does not affect RF properties. While STK allows a radar, receiver, or transmitter object to be placed directly on a sensor, the use of embedded antennas is the only available option in this case.

    為了盡可能模擬真實世界的配置,STK預期天線對象將放置在傳感器上,因此它可以繼承傳感器屬性,例如位置和指向。相反,鏈接到此天線的雷達、接收器或發射器對象必須位于傳感器的父對象上,而不是傳感器本身。 在這種情況下,將傳感器視為天線的萬向節是很有幫助的。 然而,雷達、接收器或發射器代表了不需要指向并且其位置不會影響射頻特性的電子元件。 雖然STK允許將雷達、接收器或發射器物體直接放置在傳感器上,但在這種情況下,使用嵌入式天線是唯一可用的選項。

    3. 個人理解

    注:純屬個人理解,非專業!

  • 四者共性:都必須有父節點,不能單獨作為場景中的對象。四者為STK中建立通信系統(CommSystem)的基本對象。
  • 傳感器可以作為父節點,其子節點可以是雷達、發射機、接收機、天線。
  • 傳感器:概念更寬泛,例如溫度傳感器、壓力傳感器等,STK中的傳感器為通信傳感器,STK中傳感器主要用于一個對象針對另一個對象的視野(field of view)。
  • 雷達是傳感器的一個大類,傳感器有一種類型為SAR,就是雷達的一種,具體類型的雷達參數更為具體,雷達除了傳感,通常還需要識別(探測),例如雷達搜索/跟蹤的參數‘探測概率’。
  • 發射機/接收機比雷達更為進一步,為信號的發射和接收進一步指定參數。
  • 天線作為無線電波與發射/接收模塊之間的接口,通常與發射機和接收機一同使用。
  • 總結

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