謝謝你你給了我們?cè)谶@篇文章前兩個(gè)部分的喜歡,美言和支持。在第一部分文章中我們討論了那些都只是切換到 Linux 和linux新手所需的必要知識(shí)的用戶的命令。
對(duì) Linux 新手非常有用的 20 個(gè)命令 第二篇文章中我們討論了中級(jí) 用戶管理自己的系統(tǒng)所需要的命令。
對(duì)中級(jí) Linux 用戶非常有用的 20 個(gè)命令 接下來呢？在這篇文章中我將解釋管理?Linux 服務(wù)器 所需的一些命令。
41. 命令: ifconfig ifconfig 用來配置常駐內(nèi)核的網(wǎng)絡(luò)接口信息。在系統(tǒng)啟動(dòng)必要時(shí)用來設(shè)置網(wǎng)絡(luò)適配器的信息。之后，它通常是只需要在調(diào)試時(shí)或當(dāng)系統(tǒng)需要調(diào)整時(shí)使用。
檢查活動(dòng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)適配器 01 [avishek@tecmint ~]$?ifconfig
03 eth0????? Link encap:Ethernet? HWaddr 40:2C:F4:EA:CF:0E?
04 ??????????inet addr:192.168.1.3? Bcast:192.168.1.255? Mask:255.255.255.0
05 ??????????inet6 addr: fe80::422c:f4ff:feea:cf0e/64 Scope:Link
06 ??????????UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST? MTU:1500? Metric:1
07 ??????????RX packets:163843 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
08 ??????????TX packets:124990 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
09 ??????????collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
10 ??????????RX bytes:154389832 (147.2 MiB)? TX bytes:65085817 (62.0 MiB)
11 ??????????Interrupt:20 Memory:f7100000-f7120000
13 lo??????? Link encap:Local Loopback?
14 ??????????inet addr:127.0.0.1? Mask:255.0.0.0
15 ??????????inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
16 ??????????UP LOOPBACK RUNNING? MTU:16436? Metric:1
17 ??????????RX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
18 ??????????TX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
19 ??????????collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
20 ??????????RX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB)? TX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB)
檢查所有的網(wǎng)絡(luò)適配器 “-a” 參數(shù)用來顯示所有網(wǎng)絡(luò)適配器(網(wǎng)卡)的詳細(xì)信息,包括那些停用的適配器。
01 [avishek@tecmint ~]$?ifconfig?-a
03 eth0????? Link encap:Ethernet? HWaddr 40:2C:F4:EA:CF:0E?
04 ??????????inet addr:192.168.1.3? Bcast:192.168.1.255? Mask:255.255.255.0
05 ??????????inet6 addr: fe80::422c:f4ff:feea:cf0e/64 Scope:Link
06 ??????????UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST? MTU:1500? Metric:1
07 ??????????RX packets:163843 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
08 ??????????TX packets:124990 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
09 ??????????collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
10 ??????????RX bytes:154389832 (147.2 MiB)? TX bytes:65085817 (62.0 MiB)
11 ??????????Interrupt:20 Memory:f7100000-f7120000
13 lo??????? Link encap:Local Loopback?
14 ??????????inet addr:127.0.0.1? Mask:255.0.0.0
15 ??????????inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
16 ??????????UP LOOPBACK RUNNING? MTU:16436? Metric:1
17 ??????????RX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
18 ??????????TX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
19 ??????????collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
20 ??????????RX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB)? TX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB)
22 virbr0??? Link encap:Ethernet? HWaddr 0e:30:a3:3a:bf:03?
23 ??????????inet addr:192.168.122.1? Bcast:192.168.122.255? Mask:255.255.255.0
24 ??????????UP BROADCAST MULTICAST? MTU:1500? Metric:1
25 ??????????RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
26 ??????????TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
27 ??????????collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
28 ??????????RX bytes:0 (0.0 B)? TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)
停用網(wǎng)絡(luò)適配器 1 [avishek@tecmint ~]$?ifconfig?eth0 down
啟用網(wǎng)絡(luò)適配器 1 [avishek@tecmint ~]$?ifconfig?eth0 up
指定IP地址到網(wǎng)絡(luò)適配器 為網(wǎng)絡(luò)適配器eth0設(shè)定IP地址“192.168.1.12”.
1 [avishek@tecmint ~]$?ifconfig?eth0 192.168.1.12
更改網(wǎng)絡(luò)適配器eth0的子網(wǎng)掩碼 1 [avishek@tecmint ~]$?ifconfig?eth0 netmask 255.255.255.
更改網(wǎng)絡(luò)適配器eth0的廣播地址 1 [avishek@tecmint ~]$?ifconfig?eth0 broadcast 192.168.1.255
為網(wǎng)絡(luò)適配器eth0指定IP地址,子網(wǎng)掩碼，廣播地址 1 [avishek@tecmint ~]$?ifconfig?eth0 192.168.1.12 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.1.255
注Note :?如果你設(shè)置一塊無線網(wǎng)卡的信息,你可以使用的命令是“iwconfig”.欲知更多ifconfig命令的例子和使用方法，讀“15個(gè)有用的ifconfig 命令”.
42. 命令: netstat netstat 命令顯示各種網(wǎng)絡(luò)相關(guān)的信息，如網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接,路由表,接口統(tǒng)計(jì),偽裝連接,組播成員身份等....
列出所有的網(wǎng)絡(luò)端口 01 [avishek@tecmint ~]$?netstat?-a
03 Active UNIX domain sockets (servers and established)
04 Proto RefCnt Flags?????? Type?????? State???????? I-Node?? Path
05 unix? 2????? [ ACC ]???? STREAM???? LISTENING???? 741379?? /run/user/user1/keyring-I5cn1c/gpg
06 unix? 2????? [ ACC ]???? STREAM???? LISTENING???? 8965???? /var/run/acpid.socket
07 unix? 2????? [ ACC ]???? STREAM???? LISTENING???? 18584??? /tmp/.X11-unix/X0
08 unix? 2????? [ ACC ]???? STREAM???? LISTENING???? 741385?? /run/user/user1/keyring-I5cn1c/ssh
09 unix? 2????? [ ACC ]???? STREAM???? LISTENING???? 741387?? /run/user/user1/keyring-I5cn1c/pkcs11
10 unix? 2????? [ ACC ]???? STREAM???? LISTENING???? 20242??? @/tmp/dbus-ghtTjuPN46
11 unix? 2????? [ ACC ]???? STREAM???? LISTENING???? 13332??? /var/run/samba/winbindd_privileged/pipe
12 unix? 2????? [ ACC ]???? STREAM???? LISTENING???? 13331??? /tmp/.winbindd/pipe
13 unix? 2????? [ ACC ]???? STREAM???? LISTENING???? 11030??? /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock
14 unix? 2????? [ ACC ]???? STREAM???? LISTENING???? 19308??? /tmp/ssh-qnZadSgJAbqd/agent.3221
15 unix? 2????? [ ACC ]???? STREAM???? LISTENING???? 436781?? /tmp/HotShots
16 unix? 2????? [ ACC ]???? STREAM???? LISTENING???? 46110??? /run/user/ravisaive/pulse/native
17 unix? 2????? [ ACC ]???? STREAM???? LISTENING???? 19310??? /tmp/gpg-zfE9YT/S.gpg-agent
顯示所有tcp相關(guān)端口 01 [avishek@tecmint ~]$?netstat?-at
03 Active Internet connections (servers and established)
04 Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address?????????? Foreign Address???????? State?????
05 tcp??????? 0????? 0 localhost:mysql???????? *:*???????????????????? LISTEN????
06 tcp??????? 0????? 0 *:5901????????????????? *:*???????????????????? LISTEN????
07 tcp??????? 0????? 0 *:5902????????????????? *:*???????????????????? LISTEN????
08 tcp??????? 0????? 0 *:x11-1???????????????? *:*???????????????????? LISTEN????
09 tcp??????? 0????? 0 *:x11-2???????????????? *:*???????????????????? LISTEN????
10 tcp??????? 0????? 0 *:5938????????????????? *:*???????????????????? LISTEN????
11 tcp??????? 0????? 0 localhost:5940????????? *:*???????????????????? LISTEN????
12 tcp??????? 0????? 0 ravisaive-OptiPl:domain *:*???????????????????? LISTEN????
13 tcp??????? 0????? 0 ravisaive-OptiPl:domain *:*???????????????????? LISTEN????
14 tcp??????? 0????? 0 localhost:ipp?????????? *:*???????????????????? LISTEN????
15 tcp??????? 0????? 0 ravisaive-OptiPle:48270 ec2-23-21-236-70.c:http ESTABLISHED
16 tcp??????? 0????? 0 ravisaive-OptiPle:48272 ec2-23-21-236-70.c:http TIME_WAIT?
17 tcp??????? 0????? 0 ravisaive-OptiPle:48421 bom03s01-in-f22.1:https ESTABLISHED
18 tcp??????? 0????? 0 ravisaive-OptiPle:48269 ec2-23-21-236-70.c:http ESTABLISHED
19 tcp??????? 0????? 0 ravisaive-OptiPle:39084 channel-ecmp-06-f:https ESTABLISHED
顯示所有連接的統(tǒng)計(jì)信息 01 [avishek@tecmint ~]$?netstat?-s
04 ????4994239 total packets received
06 ????0 incoming packets discarded
07 ????4165741 incoming packets delivered
08 ????3248924 requests sent out
09 ????8 outgoing packets dropped
11 ????29460 ICMP messages received
12 ????566 input ICMP message failed.
13 ????ICMP input histogram:
14 ????????destination unreachable: 98
15 ????????redirects: 29362
16 ????2918 ICMP messages sent
17 ????0 ICMP messages failed
18 ????ICMP output histogram:
19 ????????destination unreachable: 2918
25 ????94533 active connections openings
26 ????23 passive connection openings
27 ????5870 failed connection attempts
28 ????7194 connection resets received
1 [avishek@tecmint ~]$?netstat?-an
1 [avishek@tecmint ~]$?netstat?-c
更多關(guān)于“netstat”的例子和使用方法，瀏覽文章“20個(gè)netstat 的使用案例”。
43. 命令： nslookup 網(wǎng)絡(luò)實(shí)用程序，用于獲得互聯(lián)網(wǎng)服務(wù)器的信息。顧名思義，該實(shí)用程序?qū)l(fā)現(xiàn)通過查詢 DNS 域的名稱服務(wù)器信息。
1 [avishek@tecmint ~]$?nslookuptecmint.com
4 Address:??? 192.168.1.1#53
6 Non-authoritative answer:
查詢?郵件?交換器?記錄
01 [avishek@tecmint ~]$?nslookup-query=mx tecmint.com
03 Server:???? 192.168.1.1
04 Address:??? 192.168.1.1#53
06 Non-authoritative answer:
07 tecmint.com mail exchanger = 0 smtp.secureserver.net.
08 tecmint.com mail exchanger = 10 mailstore1.secureserver.net.
10 Authoritative answers can be found from:
查詢域名服務(wù)器 01 [avishek@tecmint ~]$?nslookup-type=ns tecmint.com
03 Server:???? 192.168.1.1
04 Address:??? 192.168.1.1#53
06 Non-authoritative answer:
07 tecmint.com nameserver = ns3404.com.
08 tecmint.com nameserver = ns3403.com.
10 Authoritative answers can be found from:
查詢DNS記錄 01 [avishek@tecmint ~]$?nslookup-type=any tecmint.com
03 Server:???? 192.168.1.1
04 Address:??? 192.168.1.1#53
06 Non-authoritative answer:
07 tecmint.com mail exchanger = 10 mailstore1.secureserver.net.
08 tecmint.com mail exchanger = 0 smtp.secureserver.net.
09 tecmint.com nameserver = ns06.domaincontrol.com.
10 tecmint.com nameserver = ns3404.com.
11 tecmint.com nameserver = ns3403.com.
12 tecmint.com nameserver = ns05.domaincontrol.com.
14 Authoritative answers can be found from:
查詢?起始?授權(quán)機(jī)構(gòu)
01 [avishek@tecmint ~]$?nslookup-type=soa tecmint.com
03 Server:???? 192.168.1.1
04 Address:??? 192.168.1.1#53
06 Non-authoritative answer:
08 ????origin = ns3403.hostgator.com
09 ????mail addr = dnsadmin.gator1702.hostgator.com
10 ????serial = 2012081102
16 Authoritative answers can be found from:
查詢端口號(hào) 更改使用你想要連接的端口號(hào)
1 [avishek@tecmint ~]$?nslookup?-port 56 tecmint.com
4 Address:??? 50.16.76.239#53
更多閱讀?8個(gè)Nslookup 命令
44. 命令: dig dig是查詢DNS 域名服務(wù)器的工具，可以查詢的主機(jī)地址、 郵件交流、 域名服務(wù)器相關(guān)的信息。在任何 Linux (Unix) 或 Macintosh OS X 操作系統(tǒng)上，都可以使用該工具。dig的最典型的用法是單個(gè)主機(jī)的查詢。
1 [avishek@tecmint ~]$?dig?tecmint.com
3 ; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> tecmint.com
關(guān)閉注釋行 01 [avishek@tecmint ~]$?digtecmint.com +nocomments
03 ; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> tecmint.com +nocomments
04 ;; global options: +cmd
05 ;tecmint.com.?????????? IN? A
06 tecmint.com.??????? 14400?? IN? A?? 40.216.66.239
07 ;; Query?time: 418 msec
08 ;; SERVER: 192.168.1.1#53(192.168.1.1)
09 ;; WHEN: Sat Jun 29 13:53:22 2013
關(guān)閉認(rèn)證塊
1 [avishek@tecmint ~]$?digtecmint.com +noauthority
3 ; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> tecmint.com +noauthority
關(guān)閉?其他?塊
1 [avishek@tecmint ~]$?dig?tecmint.com +noadditional
3 ; <<>> DiG 9.9.2-P1 <<>> tecmint.com +noadditional
關(guān)閉 統(tǒng)計(jì)塊 1 [avishek@tecmint ~]$?digtecmint.com +nostats
3 ; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> tecmint.com +nostats
關(guān)閉回復(fù)塊 1 [avishek@tecmint ~]$?digtecmint.com +noanswer
3 ; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> tecmint.com +noanswer
關(guān)閉所有塊 1 [avishek@tecmint ~]$?digtecmint.com +noall
3 ; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> tecmint.com +noall
10 個(gè)Linux?Dig 命令實(shí)例
45.命令: uptime 你連接到你的?Linux 服務(wù)器 時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)一些不尋?；驉阂獾臇|西，你會(huì)做什么？猜測(cè)......不，絕不！你可以運(yùn)行uptime來驗(yàn)證當(dāng)服務(wù)器無人值守式到底發(fā)生了什么事情。
1 [avishek@tecmint ~]$ uptime
3 14:37:10 up? 4:21,? 2?users,? load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.04
46. 命令: wall 對(duì)系統(tǒng)管理員來說一個(gè)最重要的命令.wall發(fā)送一條消息到大家登錄端將其?mesg ?權(quán)限設(shè)置為"yes"。這條信息可以被wall 作為參數(shù)，或者可以將它作為wall 的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)輸入。
1 [avishek@tecmint ~]$ wall?"we will be going down for maintenance for one hour sharply at 03:30 pm"
3 Broadcast message from root@localhost.localdomain (pts/0) (Sat Jun 29 14:44:02 2013):
5 we will be going down?for?maintenance?for?one hour sharply at 03:30 pm
47. 命令: mesg 其他人們可以使用"wtrite"命令,將在在向您發(fā)送文本到屏幕上。你可以控制是否顯示。
1 mesg [<strong>n</strong>|<strong>y</strong>] <strong>n</strong> - prevents the message from others popping up on the?screen. <strong>y</strong> – Allows messages to appear on your?screen.
48. 命令: write 如果 'mesg' 是 'y'，讓你的文本直接發(fā)送到另一臺(tái) Linux 機(jī)器的屏幕。.
1 [avishek@tecmint ~]$ write ravisaive
49. 命令: talk 增強(qiáng)的write命令，talk命令可讓你與其他登錄的用戶交談。
1 [avishek@tecmint ~]$ talk ravisaive
注釋 : 如果?talk ?命令沒安裝的話,可以通過apt?或yum 安裝所需的包.
1 [avishek@tecmint ~]$ yum?install?talk
3 [avishek@tecmint ~]$ apt-get?install?talk
50. 命令：w 是否覺得命令'w'很滑稽？但是事實(shí)上不是的。它是一個(gè)命令，盡管只有一個(gè)字符長(zhǎng)！命令"w "是uptime 和who 命令，以前后的順序組合在一起。
3 15:05:42 up? 4:49,? 3?users,? load average: 0.02, 0.01, 0.00
4 USER???? TTY????? FROM????????????? LOGIN@?? IDLE?? JCPU?? PCPU WHAT
5 server?? tty7???? :0?????????????? 14:06??? 4:43m? 1:42?? 0.08s pam: gdm-passwo
6 server?? pts/0??? :0.0???????????? 14:18??? 0.00s? 0.23s? 1.65s gnome-terminal
7 server?? pts/1??? :0.0???????????? 14:47??? 4:43?? 0.01s? 0.01s?bash
51. 命令: rename 見名知意，這個(gè)命令重命名文件。rename將會(huì)通過從文件名的首字符開始替換，重命名為指定的文件名。
1 Give the?file?names a1, a2, a3, a4.....1213
僅僅寫這些命令：[@Lesus 注： 在Ubuntu上不支持這種格式， rename與mv不同的是，rename可以批量修改，如同帶了while的mv操作。]
52. 命令: top 顯示CPU 進(jìn)程信息。這個(gè)命令自動(dòng)刷新，默認(rèn)是持續(xù)顯示CPU進(jìn)程信息，除非使用了中斷指令。
01 [avishek@tecmint ~]$?top
03 top?- 14:06:45 up 10 days, 20:57,? 2?users,? load average: 0.10, 0.16, 0.21
04 Tasks: 240 total,?? 1 running, 235 sleeping,?? 0 stopped,?? 4 zombie
05 %Cpu(s):? 2.0 us,? 0.5 sy,? 0.0 ni, 97.5?id,? 0.0 wa,? 0.0 hi,? 0.0 si,? 0.0 st
06 KiB Mem:?? 2028240 total,? 1777848 used,?? 250392?free,??? 81804 buffers
07 KiB Swap:? 3905532 total,?? 156748 used,? 3748784?free,?? 381456 cached
09 ??PID USER????? PR? NI? VIRT? RES? SHR S? %CPU %MEM??? TIME+ COMMAND???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
10 23768 ravisaiv? 20?? 0 1428m 571m? 41m S?? 2.3 28.9? 14:27.52 firefox???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
11 24182 ravisaiv? 20?? 0? 511m 132m? 25m S?? 1.7? 6.7?? 2:45.94 plugin-containe???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
12 26929 ravisaiv? 20?? 0? 5344 1432? 972 R?? 0.7? 0.1?? 0:00.07?top???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
13 24875 ravisaiv? 20?? 0? 263m? 14m? 10m S?? 0.3? 0.7?? 0:02.76 lxterminal????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
14 ????1 root????? 20?? 0? 3896 1928 1228 S?? 0.0? 0.1?? 0:01.62 init??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
15 ????2 root????? 20?? 0???? 0??? 0??? 0 S?? 0.0? 0.0?? 0:00.06 kthreadd??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
16 ????3 root????? 20?? 0???? 0??? 0??? 0 S?? 0.0? 0.0?? 0:17.28 ksoftirqd/0???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
17 ????5 root?????? 0 -20???? 0??? 0??? 0 S?? 0.0? 0.0?? 0:00.00 kworker/0:0H??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
18 ????7 root?????? 0 -20???? 0??? 0??? 0 S?? 0.0? 0.0?? 0:00.00 kworker/u:0H??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
19 ????8 root????? rt?? 0???? 0??? 0??? 0 S?? 0.0? 0.0?? 0:00.12 migration/0???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
20 ????9 root????? 20?? 0???? 0??? 0??? 0 S?? 0.0? 0.0?? 0:00.00 rcu_bh????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
21 ???10 root????? 20?? 0???? 0??? 0??? 0 S?? 0.0? 0.0?? 0:26.94 rcu_sched?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
22 ???11 root????? rt?? 0???? 0??? 0??? 0 S?? 0.0? 0.0?? 0:01.95 watchdog/0????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
23 ???12 root????? rt?? 0???? 0??? 0??? 0 S?? 0.0? 0.0?? 0:02.00 watchdog/1????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
24 ???13 root????? 20?? 0???? 0??? 0??? 0 S?? 0.0? 0.0?? 0:17.80 ksoftirqd/1???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
25 ???14 root????? rt?? 0???? 0??? 0??? 0 S?? 0.0? 0.0?? 0:00.12 migration/1???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
26 ???16 root?????? 0 -20???? 0??? 0??? 0 S?? 0.0? 0.0?? 0:00.00 kworker/1:0H??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
27 ???17 root?????? 0 -20???? 0??? 0??? 0 S?? 0.0? 0.0?? 0:00.00 cpuset????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
28 ???18 root?????? 0 -20???? 0??? 0??? 0 S?? 0.0? 0.0?? 0:00.00 khelper???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
29 ???19 root????? 20?? 0???? 0??? 0??? 0 S?? 0.0? 0.0?? 0:00.00 kdevtmpfs?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
30 ???20 root?????? 0 -20???? 0??? 0??? 0 S?? 0.0? 0.0?? 0:00.00 netns?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
31 ???21 root????? 20?? 0???? 0??? 0??? 0 S?? 0.0? 0.0?? 0:00.04 bdi-default???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
32 ???22 root?????? 0 -20???? 0??? 0??? 0 S?? 0.0? 0.0?? 0:00.00 kintegrityd???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
33 ???23 root?????? 0 -20???? 0??? 0??? 0 S?? 0.0? 0.0?? 0:00.00 kblockd???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
34 ???24 root?????? 0 -20???? 0??? 0??? 0 S?? 0.0? 0.0?? 0:00.00 ata_sff
另查看?12 TOP命令例子?·[@Lesus 注：htop比top命令更好用，不過需要自己安裝
53. 命令: mkfs.ext4 這個(gè)命令在指定的設(shè)備上創(chuàng)建一個(gè)新的ext4文件系統(tǒng)，如果這個(gè)命令后面跟的是個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的設(shè)備，那么整個(gè)設(shè)備就會(huì)被擦除和格式化，所以建議不要運(yùn)行這個(gè)命令，除非你清楚自己正在干什么。
1 Mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1 (sda1 block will be formatted)
2 mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1 (sdb1 block will be formatted)
更多查看：?Ext4是什么及怎么創(chuàng)建和轉(zhuǎn)換
54. vi/emac/nano 命令 vi ?(visual),?emac ,?nano ?是 linux 中最常用的一些編輯器。它們經(jīng)常用于編輯文本，配置,… 等文件. A quick guide to work around vi and nano is, emac is a.
vi 編輯器： 1 [avishek@tecmint ~]$?toucha.txt (創(chuàng)建一個(gè)名為a.txt的文本文件)
2 [avishek@tecmint ~]$?vi?a.txt (用vi打開a.txt)
[按下‘i ’鍵進(jìn)入插入模式, 否則你不能輸入任何內(nèi)容]
1 echo?"Hello"??(這里的文本會(huì)存到文件中)
alt+x ?(退出插入模式, 記得在最后的字符間留有一些空格.ctrl+x ?命令或你上一個(gè)單詞將被刪除).:wq! ?(以當(dāng)前的文本保存文件, 記住‘!’ 是覆蓋的意思).nano 編輯器： 1 [avishek@tecmint ~]$ nano a.txt (用nano打開 a.txt)
1 edit, with the content, required
ctrl +x (關(guān)閉編輯器).它會(huì)顯示如下的提示輸出信息:
1 Save modified buffer (ANSWERING?"No"WILL DESTROY CHANGES) ????????????????????
3 ?N No?????????? ^C Cancel
點(diǎn)擊‘y ’ 選擇 yes 并輸入文件名,就完成編輯了.
55. 命令: rsync Rsync 復(fù)制文件，參數(shù)-P 開啟進(jìn)度條。如果你已經(jīng)安裝了rsync，你可以使用一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的別名。
現(xiàn)在嘗試在終端復(fù)制一個(gè)大文件，這樣將會(huì)看到顯示剩余部分的輸出，與進(jìn)度條類似。
而且，保持和維護(hù)備份是系統(tǒng)管理員不得不做的最重要、最無聊的工作之一。Rsync是一個(gè)用于新建和維護(hù)備份的非常好用的終端工具（也存在許多其它工具）。
1 [avishek@tecmint ~]$?rsync-zvr IMG_5267\ copy\=33\ copy\=ok.jpg ~/Desktop/
3 sending incremental?filelist
4 IMG_5267 copy=33 copy=ok.jpg
6 sent 2883830 bytes? received 31 bytes? 5767722.00 bytes/sec
7 total size is 2882771? speedup is 1.00
注意 :?-z 表示壓縮， -v表示詳細(xì)信息，-r表示遞歸。
56. 命令: free 跟蹤內(nèi)存的使用和資源一樣重要，就像管理員執(zhí)行的任何其它任務(wù)，可以使用 'free' 命令來在這里救援.
當(dāng)前內(nèi)存使用狀態(tài)Current Usage Status of Memory 1 [avishek@tecmint ~]$?free
3 ?????????????total?????? used???????free?????shared??? buffers???? cached
4 Mem:?????? 2028240??? 1788272???? 239968????????? 0????? 69468???? 363716
5 -/+ buffers/cache:??? 1355088???? 673152
6 Swap:????? 3905532???? 157076??? 3748456
設(shè)置輸出單位為KB，MB或GB 1 [avishek@tecmint ~]$?free?-b
3 ?????????????total?????? used???????free?????shared??? buffers???? cached
4 Mem:??? 2076917760 1838272512? 238645248????????? 0?? 71348224? 372670464
5 -/+ buffers/cache: 1394253824? 682663936
6 Swap:?? 3999264768? 160845824 3838418944
1 [avishek@tecmint ~]$?free?-k
3 ?????????????total?????? used???????free?????shared??? buffers???? cached
4 Mem:?????? 2028240??? 1801484???? 226756????????? 0????? 69948???? 363704
5 -/+ buffers/cache:??? 1367832???? 660408
6 Swap:????? 3905532???? 157076??? 3748456
1 [avishek@tecmint ~]$?free?-m
3 ?????????????total?????? used???????free?????shared??? buffers???? cached
4 Mem:????????? 1980?????? 1762??????? 218????????? 0???????? 68??????? 355
5 -/+ buffers/cache:?????? 1338??????? 641
6 Swap:???????? 3813??????? 153?????? 3660
1 [avishek@tecmint ~]$?free?-g
3 ?????????????total?????? used???????free?????shared??? buffers???? cached
4 Mem:???????????? 1????????? 1????????? 0????????? 0????????? 0????????? 0
5 -/+ buffers/cache:????????? 1????????? 0
6 Swap:??????????? 3????????? 0????????? 3
以可讀的格式顯示，檢查當(dāng)前內(nèi)存使用 1 [avishek@tecmint ~]$?free?-h
3 ?????????????total?????? used???????free?????shared??? buffers???? cached
4 Mem:????????? 1.9G?????? 1.7G?????? 208M???????? 0B??????? 68M?????? 355M
5 -/+ buffers/cache:?????? 1.3G?????? 632M
6 Swap:???????? 3.7G?????? 153M?????? 3.6G
設(shè)定?時(shí)間間隔?后?，持續(xù)檢查?使用狀態(tài)
01 [avishek@tecmint ~]$?free?-s 3
03 ?????????????total?????? used???????free?????shared??? buffers???? cached
04 Mem:?????? 2028240??? 1824096???? 204144????????? 0????? 70708???? 364180
05 -/+ buffers/cache:??? 1389208???? 639032
06 Swap:????? 3905532???? 157076??? 3748456
08 ?????????????total?????? used???????free?????shared??? buffers???? cached
09 Mem:?????? 2028240??? 1824192???? 204048????????? 0????? 70716???? 364212
10 -/+ buffers/cache:??? 1389264???? 638976
11 Swap:????? 3905532???? 157076??? 3748456
10個(gè)Free命令使用實(shí)例
57. mysqldump 命令 好了，現(xiàn)在你從名字上就能明白這個(gè)命令所代表的作用。mysqldump ?命令會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)儲(chǔ)(備份)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的全部或特定一部分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)到一個(gè)給定的文件中。例如：
1 [avishek@tecmint ~]$ mysqldump -u root -p --all-databases > /home/server/Desktop/backupfile.sql
注意： ?mysqldump ?需要 mysql 在運(yùn)行中并且有正確的授權(quán)密碼。我們?cè)?用mysqldump命令備份數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中討論了一些有用的 “mysqldump ” 命令用法。
58. mkpasswd 命令 根據(jù)指定的長(zhǎng)度，產(chǎn)生一個(gè)難猜的隨機(jī)密碼。
1 [avishek@tecmint ~]$ mkpasswd -l 10
1 [avishek@tecmint ~]$ mkpasswd -l 20
注意： ?-l 10 ?產(chǎn)生一個(gè)10 個(gè)字符的隨機(jī)密碼，而-l 20 ?產(chǎn)生?20 個(gè)字符的密碼,它可以設(shè)置為任意長(zhǎng)度來取得所希望的結(jié)果。這個(gè)命令很有用，經(jīng)常在腳本語(yǔ)言里使用來產(chǎn)生隨機(jī)的密碼。你可能需要?yum ?或?apt ?‘expect’ 包來使用這個(gè)命令。
1 [avishek@tecmint ~]$ yum?installexpect
3 [avishek@tecmint ~]$ apt-get?install?expect
59. Command: paste 合并兩個(gè)或多個(gè)文本文件，按行來進(jìn)行合并。示例。如果 file1 的內(nèi)容是：
11 <pre class="brush:shell">[avishek@tecmint ~]$?paste?file1 file2 > file3</pre>
60.Command: lsof lsof 是"list open files("列表中打開的文件") 的縮寫，顯示您的系統(tǒng)當(dāng)前已打開的所有文件。這是非常有用的對(duì)于想找出哪些進(jìn)程使用某一特定文件，或顯示為單個(gè)進(jìn)程打開所有文件。一些有用的?10 個(gè)lsof 命令示例，你可能會(huì)感興趣閱讀。
01 [avishek@tecmint ~]$?lsof
03 COMMAND???? PID?? TID??????????? USER?? FD????? TYPE???? DEVICE SIZE/OFF?????? NODE NAME
04 init????????? 1????????????????? root? cwd?????? DIR??????? 8,1???? 4096????????? 2 /
05 init????????? 1????????????????? root? rtd?????? DIR??????? 8,1???? 4096????????? 2 /
06 init????????? 1????????????????? root? txt?????? REG??????? 8,1?? 227432???? 395571 /sbin/init
07 init????????? 1????????????????? root? mem?????? REG??????? 8,1??? 47080???? 263023 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnss_files-2.17.so
08 init????????? 1????????????????? root? mem?????? REG??????? 8,1??? 42672???? 270178 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnss_nis-2.17.so
09 init????????? 1????????????????? root? mem?????? REG??????? 8,1??? 87940???? 270187 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnsl-2.17.so
10 init????????? 1????????????????? root? mem?????? REG??????? 8,1??? 30560???? 263021 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnss_compat-2.17.so
11 init????????? 1????????????????? root? mem?????? REG??????? 8,1?? 124637???? 270176 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libpthread-2.17.so
12 init????????? 1????????????????? root? mem?????? REG??????? 8,1? 1770984???? 266166 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libc-2.17.so
13 init????????? 1????????????????? root? mem?????? REG??????? 8,1??? 30696???? 262824 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/librt-2.17.so
14 init????????? 1????????????????? root? mem?????? REG??????? 8,1??? 34392???? 262867 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libjson.so.0.1.0
15 init????????? 1????????????????? root? mem?????? REG??????? 8,1?? 296792???? 262889 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libdbus-1.so.3.7.2
16 init????????? 1????????????????? root? mem?????? REG??????? 8,1??? 34168???? 262840 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnih-dbus.so.1.0.0
17 init????????? 1????????????????? root? mem?????? REG??????? 8,1??? 95616???? 262848 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnih.so.1.0.0
18 init????????? 1????????????????? root? mem?????? REG??????? 8,1?? 134376???? 270186 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/ld-2.17.so
19 init????????? 1????????????????? root??? 0u????? CHR??????? 1,3????? 0t0?????? 1035 /dev/null
20 init????????? 1????????????????? root??? 1u????? CHR??????? 1,3????? 0t0?????? 1035 /dev/null
21 init????????? 1????????????????? root??? 2u????? CHR??????? 1,3????? 0t0?????? 1035 /dev/null
22 init????????? 1????????????????? root??? 3r???? FIFO??????? 0,8????? 0t0?????? 1714 pipe
23 init????????? 1????????????????? root??? 4w???? FIFO??????? 0,8????? 0t0?????? 1714 pipe
24 init????????? 1????????????????? root??? 5r???? 0000??????? 0,9??????? 0?????? 6245 anon_inode
25 init????????? 1????????????????? root??? 6r???? 0000??????? 0,9??????? 0?????? 6245 anon_inode
26 init????????? 1????????????????? root??? 7u???? unix 0xf5e91f80????? 0t0?????? 8192 @/com/ubuntu/upstart
27 init????????? 1????????????????? root??? 8w????? REG??????? 8,1???? 3916??????? 394 /var/log/upstart/teamviewerd.log.1 (deleted)
這里并沒有結(jié)束，系統(tǒng)管理員會(huì)很多東西,為你提供漂亮的界面,服務(wù)于你的工作。系統(tǒng)管理實(shí)際上是學(xué)習(xí)和實(shí)現(xiàn)的一門優(yōu)雅的藝術(shù)。我們會(huì)盡力給你介紹 linux 專業(yè)人員必須了解的知識(shí)以及一些其他必要東西，linux本身是基礎(chǔ)的，簡(jiǎn)單的。深入理解是不斷學(xué)習(xí)的過程。你的美言好詞總是在不斷鼓勵(lì)我們寫出更多的優(yōu)秀，豐富的文章。"喜之以分享，助我來傳播"。
本文地址：http://www.oschina.net/translate/20-advanced-commands-for-linux-experts
原文地址：http://www.tecmint.com/20-advanced-commands-for-linux-experts/
轉(zhuǎn)載于:https://www.cnblogs.com/finlay/p/3253255.html
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