1月6日

詞匯（1.6）

occupy 占領，使用，住在， 使從事，使忙碌，任職
occupation 職業；占有；消遣；占有期
Ukraine 烏克蘭
Rassia 俄羅斯
NATO 北大西洋公約組織
Finland 芬蘭
Finlandization 芬蘭化，維護國家主權的同時不挑戰更強大鄰國的決定
Chauvinism 沙文主義，侵略性的民族主義
socialism 社會主義，集體主義
reason 理性
passion 感性
sloth 懶惰
lazy 懶惰
industry 工廠、勤勞
redouble 使加倍
help each other 互相幫助（雙方）
help one another 互相幫助（多方）
ralely 很少地
nutrition 營養
observe 觀察
community 社區、小區
extended family 大家庭
informal flow 非正式的渠道

簡單句

1.1簡單句的定義

只有一個v.

v.分為實義動詞與系動詞（表聯系）

1.2被動語態

主動語態：

I love u
The sun rise

被動語態

be done
u loved by me
Rice is eaten (by me)
They will discuss the plan at the meeting（地點狀語）
改為被動：The plan will be discussed by they at the meeting
Ukraine was occupied by Rassia
(使用名詞短語顯得句子更高級)
Ukraine was under Rassia's occupation
television was under my control

1.3定語（修飾n.）

定語分為前置定語與后置定語（漢語中只有前置定語）

前置定語（單個形容詞）

clear water
a lovely dogs

后置定語（短語作為定語）

a girl in the room
a teacher come from China

寫作時多使用后置定語

The beautiful and round sun breaking the darkness rises.

?后置定語可以多個疊加（翻譯由后向前）

The role of natural selection(1) in evalution(2) was formulated
The selective role of the environment(1) in shaping and maintaining the behavior(2) of the individua(3) is only beginning to be recognized and studied

1.4同位語（作為主語、賓語）

在主語的前面后者后面，用','或'-'隔開

翻譯時分開翻譯（見例子）

He, a handsome man, is our ……
She, a beautiful girl, is from China, an old and great country
翻譯：她是一個漂亮的女孩，她來自中國，中國是一個古老且偉大的國家

插入形式，破壞句子完整性

寫作時可使用2次

1.5狀語（修飾v.\句子）

分為修飾動詞的狀語與修飾句子的狀語

修飾動詞的狀語（表示動作的程度：XX地）

修飾句子的狀語（表示句子的背景：時間、地點、原因、目的、伴隨……，翻譯放最前面）

可以放在句子的任何位置

I love u with all my heart
with all my heart I love u （知識點2.）
She goes to school quietly （1.a）every early morning （1.b）
翻譯：每天一大早（1.b），他悄悄的去學校

1.6寫作的規則

寫作時可使用2次同位語

多寫后置定語

長難句（2個動詞）

2.1并列句（兩個v.同等重要）

順接

表順接的連接詞	含義
… and … All things are easy to industry and all things are difficult to sloth.	...和...（兩者都）
both ... and ...
not only … but .. .as well	不但…而且
not only ... but also ...
not only ... but ...

and前后的句子成分可能省略

選擇

表選擇的連接詞	含義
… or … We must redouble our efforts, or we will never be able to catch up with the others.	...或者...（二選一）
either ... or ...
neither … nor … We neither understand nor respect each other.	既不...也不...（都不選）

轉折

表轉折的連接詞	含義
… but … Honey is sweet, but bee stings.	...但是...
… yet … We have studied English for only a year, yet we can act English plays already

因果

表因果的連接詞	含義
… for … We rarely stay in hotels, for we can't afford it	…因為…
… so … Smith is coming here tomorrow, so you might as well come with him.	…所以…

作業（1.6）

（增強對被動語態的敏感性）
考研不直接考這種被動語態，而是出現在完型中
答案：
The plan will be discussed by them at the meeting.
The student was given some books by us.
The house was painted white by ...
(主語太長：用it做形式主語，即主語重聚)
it was said that???答案：
直到那個政策得到解決，

閱讀技巧：
a. but前面都不重要（例如第二段段首為but）

1.7

intellectual 知識分子
issue v. 頒布
fashion n.流行 v. 制訂
until 直到
tend to do std 趨向于做（我們往往、總是……）
think ... as ... 把…當作…
v. ... as ... 把...當作...
when it came to 固定搭配：當談論到
reflect 反映了
in combination with 加上、和
Justice 正義、大法官
acknowledge 承認
figures 數字
charge 制約、主管、收費、充電、起訴（sue）、負責 n.電流

2.2主從復合句（v.有主次區別）

2.2.1什么是從句

從句作為主句句子成分的一部分

2.2.2名詞性從句

屬于句子的主要部分：主、賓、表
次要成分：同、定

賓語從句(寫作)

賓語從句表觀點，主句謂語可以統一翻譯為“認為”

(acknowledge\remember...都是一些表觀點的詞)

名詞性從句的時態主從一致(除非真理性句子)

位置：v后尾巴接一個從句、基本就是賓語從句

賓語從句后置，it做形式賓語

補語從句也是賓語從句

什么是賓語從句:
例句：Justice(法官) Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions(判決rule) were flawed.
He admitted it. -> He admitted that he had ...
句子轉換：
(1) Dr.W acknowledge (that) there figures are conservative.
(2) Where did we put the keys just a moment ago?
We suddenly can't remember where we put the key.
(3) (一般疑問句)Are other clients going to abandon me, too?
I don't know whether/if other clients are going to abandon me.

---

翻譯練習：
（1）我知道你想買什么
I know what you want to buy
（2）地理老師說地球圍繞太陽轉
The geography teacher said that the earth goes/move around the sun
（3）媽媽問我是否認識那個男孩
My mother asks me if/whether I know that boy.
（4）我想知道六級用什么材料
I wonder what reference books should be used in CET-6 text.
（5）你能告訴我哈佛的獎學金是多少嗎
Could you tell me How mach the scholarship is?
（6）我認為那部電影不是有趣的
I don't think that the file is interersting.

---

賓語從句后置，it 形式賓語：①完型、②作文
That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court's decisions will be accepted as impartial judgments.
你熱情的幫助 讓我 度過了一段愉快的時光 成為可能
Your warm help made it possibie that I spent a happy time and I know how the country...

---

什么是補語：（補充說明賓語與表語）
I make the thing clear 復合賓語（賓語補足語）
補語:結構上以“主語 + 及物動詞 + 賓語 + 補語”的形式呈
We call her the ice queen.（對賓語的稱呼）
I found the book quite interesting.（賓語的特點）
You should leave the door open.（賓語的狀態）
I require you to buy something for me.（賓語接下來要做的事情）

表語從句

表語：主系表中系動詞表聯系

什么是表語：
I am a student.（表明主語的身份）
He looks tired.（表明主語的狀態）
This tree has grown so tall.（表明主語的特征）
The book was on the table.（表明主語的位置）

主語從句（翻譯、寫作）

主語從句后置，it做形式賓語（通常只有That開頭的句子才能后置）

例句
That everyone's too busy these days is a cliché(出自法語：陳詞濫調).
主系表結構：She is known to us all
將主語改為主語從句：That she is a rich woman is known to us all (有連動結構就是從句)

（1）That the seas are being overfished has been known for years
后置轉換：It has been known for years that the seas are being overfished
翻譯：海洋被過度捕撈，這件事已經為人所知很多年了
（2）whether(if不能放開頭) she will come isn't clear
中文：他是否會來不清楚
后置轉換：一般不能轉換
（3）Who gets the job remain unkown
中文：誰得到這份工作不清楚
后置轉換：一般不能轉換
（4）人們壓力很大、很孤單是很普遍的
people are stressed is common.
It is common that people are stressed

主語從句考研句形模板（主語從句后置）
（1）It is done + 主語從句（表人們看法）
例：Ten years ago on Monday ,it was announced that the Games of the 30th Olympiad would be in London.
（2）It is +adj./n + 主語從句（表評價）
例：So it's not surprising that people are more stressed at home.
Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go else where.

被動轉換（賓\表語從句改主語從句）
2. 很多人認為養寵物能緩解孤單
people believe that keeping pets can reduce lonliness.
It is believed that keeping pets can reduce lonliness by people.

翻譯：
（1）So it's not surprising that people are more stressed at home.
所以，人們呆在家里壓力更大，這并不令人意外。
因此，毫不意外的是，人們呆在家里壓力更大。
（2）Second,it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere.
其次，將金錢和關注度投入到科研而不是其他地方，這真的是個好事。

---

短語補充：
（1）A rather than B（同級關系）
I like apples rather than bananas.
同意轉換：Instance of 更適合放開頭
（2）A other than B（上下級關系）
I like fruit other than bananas.
前后對仗：選1

作業：

擁有：有生命：have；地點：there be
3：whether ...(or not) if ...（不能加or not）

小作文（推薦信）：10分（10-15min，120word）

recommend :推薦，recommendation 意見
評分標準：格式和語域（分為正式與非正式語域）
推薦信（應用文）：非正式、口語化、縮寫，隨意……
編一個名字，對象觀念
正式與非正式判斷依據：由寫信對象而決定

流程
①Dear Sir or Madam，Dear Neo,
②第一段：自我介紹\寒暄，How time flies

滿分例文（10分）

I am looking forward to you reply, best wish to you,

1.8

單詞

inquire 詢問inquiring
6-7月應該把英語都學完，后面鞏固
作文：出現一篇消滅一篇！
form 形式
formulation = explain 闡述
be aware of 意識到
share 股票
shareholder 股東
retailer 零售商
hypotheses

區分定語從句與同位語從句

The news that he had been back surprised us all.
同位語從句：解釋說明，不缺成分
翻譯：他已經回來了，這個消息震驚了我們所有人。
The news that he told us suprised us all.
定語從句：限定修飾（特征）
翻譯：他告訴我們的消息震驚我們所有人。

同位語從句

抽象名詞有必要解釋（大概率）

句子不缺成分

抽象名詞：
fact, point要點, belief信仰, faith, claim聲明, report報道, worry擔憂, advantage, evidence,
indication, implication, insight, probability, requirement, ideaThe news that he had been back surprised us all.主謂賓齊全，不缺成分

定語從句（不用記介詞，不考）

定語作用：限定修飾

任何名詞都可以有定語從句（區別語同位語從句）

?連詞在從句中有意義：與前面的名詞有關

翻譯：①前置（XX的），②放在后面另起一句

Law is a （先行詞）discipline(學科，紀律，訓練) which encourages responsible judgment.介詞在從句中做賓語可以省略
whom：做賓語
?n. 后面有主謂，一定是定從The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others(同位語) is one of those hypotheses(假設) that dare not speak its name(同從).
翻譯：①一些群體的人可能會比其他人聰明，這種觀點是眾多不能公開的假設的一種。
②一些群體的人可能會比其他人聰明，這種觀點是眾多假設的一種，這種假設是不能公開的。判斷定語從句的技巧：
介詞+which：定語從句，狀語
n. 主謂：定語從句

1.9

單詞：

state 州
states 陳述
immigrant 移民（入）
emigrants 移民（出）
fashion 制訂頒布 n.流行
XX... as ... 把...當做定語從句：
這是我昨天買的自行車。
This is a bike which/that I bought yesterday.
他是我昨天遇見的男孩。
He is the boy I meet yesterday.
這是我們買玩具的商店。
This is a shop where we buy toys.
介詞提前：
This is a shop in which we buy toys.（做地點狀語用介詞+which）
a table on which we put toys
He is the boy with whom I talk

限定性定語從句 與 非限定性定語從句（用 ',' 隔開）

He will call his friend who is working in London.
He will call his mother, who is working in London.(非限定性定語從句)
非限定性定語從句:
He gave me the latter, which was in a blue envelope.
I don't like the boy, who is selfish.翻譯：
He studied hard at school, which contributes a lot to his future.
which:指代前面整個句子
He was late for school, which was usual with him.
He was late for school, as was usual with him. (as 作為非限位置靈活)
= As was usual with him，He was late for school

1.10

單詞與短語積累：

eco-friendly 生態友好型
I am often exposed to TV. 看電視
capital 資本、資金，首都、省會，大寫字母
資金：money、fund、cash
case 事件、病例、案例
potential 潛力Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect

One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research（生物醫學的研究） because of the theory（狀語） that animals have rights ruling out（禁止） their use in research.（同位語從句）

I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed（暴露） to tend to（往往） be in more of a chronic（長期性） or repeated（反復性） nature（自然、性質、特征）.
我認為那種婦女面對的事情往往更具有長期性和反復性。

That the plates（盤子、板塊） are moving is now beyond dispute（在移動）.
不容置疑的是，板塊正在移動。

While traditional “paid”media -- such as television commercial and print advertisement -- still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media.

狀語從句

修飾句子，表明句子發生的背景

位置靈活

考點：引導詞的意思

時間、地點、條件、原因、目的、結果、讓步、方式等...
I am happy when\because\if ...
When the US built its industrial infrastructure, it didn't have the capital As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.
As：可以做時間、原因背景特殊連接詞：
I will go there directly, 我直接去那
I will go there directly(連詞) I get up. 我一起床就去那

副詞從句類型	常用連接詞	特殊連接詞
時間狀語從句	當...時：When,while,as 在...之前：before 在...之后：after 自從：since 直到：till,until 一...就...：as soon as while + Ving：表示當... while一定加ing	統一翻譯成：一...就...（只有后面接句子） 1. 一些時間名詞：the moment,the instant,the minute,the day,next time,every time 2. 一些副詞：instantly,immediately,directly I will go there directly, 我直接去那 I will go there directly(連詞) I get up. 我一起床就 3. 固定搭配的連詞： no sooner...than,hardly...when,scarcely...when He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey.
地點狀語從句（幾乎不考）	where 諺語：哪里有，哪里就有 where there is love, there is sunshine.	wherever,anywhere,everywhere
原因狀語從句	Because,as,for,since 翻譯：既然 since：引導：時間、原因As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.翻譯合理既可	seeing that,considering that,now that,given that, in that,in as much as,in so much as
?目的狀語從句 與結果狀語從句區別：一個沒發生，一個發生了。	so that,in order that,that so that 既能引導目的、也能引導結果 so that + can/could：以便于能做某事（在考試時能用can判斷）	以防，唯恐，生怕：Lest,for fear that,in case（反向目的） 以便于：In the hope that,no purpose that,for the purpose that,to the end that+句子=so that：為了。以便 分為正向目的和方向目的
?結果狀語從句	so...that(太...以致于),so that, such...that（如此..以至于）	such that,to the degree that,to the extent that,to such a degree that,such an extent that（不考）
條件狀語從句 ①主將從現	If,unless(除非) 這件事情滿足了就能發生If weather is fine, we will go climbing. =unless weather is not fine, we will go climbing.	suppose,supposing,providing,provided+句子 (注意：supposed,provide不用作狀語從句的連詞) on condition that,so long as,as long as 單獨使用：suppose 假設、provide 提供
讓步狀語從句 反向背景，強調主句：雖然但是，然而... 雖然菜很好吃，但我不吃(相反)作文多寫	although(自帶but),though,even though,even if（雖然...但是、盡管...然而…、而、雖） although+/-, -/+Althought she is beautiful, think she is ugly	while(一般用在句首),as(用于倒裝結構)； wh-ever,whatever,whoever,whichever,however,wh enever,wherever,whether...or... (無論...何) as adj. as+主謂結構用在句首 while區別時間狀語從句
方式狀語從句（考的少）	She treats him as if/as though he were(虛擬語氣) her own child.好像

stillAs的六大用法整理

0225_class2

Yankee.ji@163.com
循序漸進、一天2小時，不能間斷

days and months multiplying

1--------------
unfold展開
Intellectual智力
qui que找尋
require要求 question智力的
enquiry 詢問
extreme極端
the UK
impressive 令人 印象 深刻 impress打動
Endeavor to do = 努力
chow En-Lai
thomas wade威妥瑪：fukien Shang Chang Kai-shek Sun Yat-sen fuchow Mao Tse-tung

2--------------
Poverty 貧困 alleviation減輕 policy政策
My husband has a Love affair風流韻事
thought思維
She developed a hobby of singing when
Developing the film 洗膠卷
Habitual thought 習慣性的思維、社會慣性思維的結構
We will solve air pollution (problem)
Average (level)
ecology生態
Take pain忍住痛

3--------------
Domestic國內
Workforce勞動力
Eurpeans Asians
potential competitor潛在競爭對手
significant重要
Narrow retreat狹窄的撤退：
decline下降
Fading褪色
Shrink收縮
vanish消失
Disappear消失
quickly迅速

4--------------
Textile 紡織業
Cars機床
on the ropes 岌岌可危
Semi final
conductor 導體
Chip網絡芯片：chip mounter貼片機
withdrawn退出： One of the company's backer has withdrawn. 公司的贊助人之一已經退出
Auto自動：automobile汽車
domestic國內
take sth for granted認為理所當然

5--------------
Failing失敗
inquiry詢問 ask quetion
casualty傷亡
競爭：peer pressure同輩壓力
infer推斷 maybe
Contribute = lead to
effortless不費力的
solid穩定 struggle掙扎
devalued dollar貶值
turning：turning of the business cycle商業周期的轉變

6--------------
yield to 屈服：All the cars should yiely to the walkers.
yield產量
Field田
blind pride：自我懷疑屈服于盲目的驕傲：self doubt has yielded to blind pride
dean 院長
think tank 智庫
MBA企業管理
retail零售 whlesale批發
Drama戲劇、歌劇
Dramatic具有戲劇性的 “抓馬”

7--------------
goolmy upset不開心

0226_class3

P131的單詞
P23的短文
作業：
P24翻譯

days and months multiplying

1--------------
a proper amount of rest 適量的睡眠
energy resources 體力、精力
Purchase n. v.買
I made purchase a bag 小詞：do\make\catch\get\become
Take a walk\bath
stand to reason = 顯然的
rid -> ridden 使變紅
Run down = tired
Though 雖然
lacking energy 缺乏精神

2--------------
go to school 去上學 go to the school去學校
go to bed 睡覺
go to sleep v. 延續性動詞 sleep
Poem transport feelings
degree 度 Experience 經驗 indicate v. 這就意味著
creat -> creation 抽象名詞 creative 傳造性
Cooperation合作 individual個人 Comfort 安慰 gloomy悲觀 Anxiety焦慮
Restroom廁所 wc：water closet（close）廁所（舊
Take a break
Winter break寒假 、vocation短假、holly神圣holiday

3--------------
still don't feel energetic 無精打采
once be bound to do注定
in bed 在床上
at a loss 茫然 on the ropes （繩子） 岌岌可危 固定搭配先記
logic 邏輯
adequate amount of sleep 充足的睡眠時間
Anxiety焦慮 information信息 Recharge 重獲體能 ·
，for = because
Battery = energy resourse 高級同義替換
The basktball 替換：the ball\sport

4--------------
retreat 撤退
fade 撤退
Oil shock 石油危機 Culture shock文化沖擊
headline指壞消息，大新聞
The earthquake has made the headline in the news.
suspension停滯不前（stop） sus\sub=下subway;pend懸掛pendant、pending懸掛
as the same time 與此同時
sphere球 semi hemi半
Grip = hold tightly
winter grip 冬天來襲、席卷

5--------------
spec看
respect再次看->尊敬 inspect 向里看->巡查
expect 向外看，出口 suspect向下看，懷疑
Sequ = order
Sequel下一部
sub next
Severe 嚴重
Less severe = so where are the headlines
汽油：Pump美式 petrol 英式 Pump station Pump my car
addicted上癮

6--------------
Taxi cab driver 出租
police cop killer警察殺手
Conservatuion serve = keep 維持
Reserve 儲備 reserve 2 seats. reservation of 2.Natural reserve保護區
I'm a reserved person
Preserve：preserve the environment. 保護
protect tect保護
strawberry preserve 草莓醬
conservative 保守的 Traditional 傳統的
oil consumption 油耗

7--------------
Consultant 咨詢師
chip油炸

0305_class4

P139\140\17Apparently 顯然地 apparent 表觀
the implicatiom of the picture can be explained from an action
vital 珍貴的 vital v live
significant 至關重要的
Essential
deny否認
achieve 達到
ambition 野心
illustrate 說明
fa = 說話
點餐：want (rude)-> would i have\ Would like to\ May i have
cram 壓縮填滿
cram learing 抱佛腳
shifted 轉型
Squeezed 精簡
Inflation通貨膨脹 flat in
emerge出現 emerging
merge merger
The ship is sinking sink(Merge)
Emerge
Emergency room ICU
Emerging company 新興
merge 合并
merge with the other company
Immersive reading 身臨其境
index指標 indicate
Monopoly 壟斷、大富翁
mono = alone
monologue獨白 dialogue對話
place an order 下單
shippment運輸 shipper
Delivery man 交貨 商人
Dignity 尊嚴 （Big nity）
prehend
comprehension 理解

Argue 認為
Trust 托拉斯 (trust) ，是資本主義壟斷組織的一種形式
competitor 競爭
typical普通的 典型的
capture catch抓住
The food appeals to appealing
appeal 呼吁、上訴、不服
case 文件袋、例子
phone case
subscribe 訂閱

同位語的處理

Apple, a kind of fruid, is delicious.

the fact that I was still alive was ignored.

fact等可解釋性詞語：基本都是同位語

If …… ，we will 主將從現（狀語從句）

the more action we take, the more likely we are to accumulate Experience

倒裝：

Here comes the bus.

At the pg run a boy

in the river swim a group of boys.

their

總結

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