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unix系统操作系统_Unix操作系统| 第1部分

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unix系統操作系統

Unix作業系統 (Unix Operating System)

UNIX is a portable computer operating system originally developed by a group of research laboratories of AT & T and Bell Labs, among which were initially Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie.

UNIX是一種便攜式計算機操作系統，最初由AT＆T和Bell Labs的一組研究實驗室開發，最初是Ken Thompson和Dennis Ritchie。

UNIX的歷史 (History of UNIX )

Unix was designed at Bell Laboratories. The first system that can be defined for all purposes as “Unix System” was developed by Ken Thompson in 1969 to run a program called “Space Travel” that simulated the movements of the sun and planets, as well as the movement of a spaceship that could land in different places.

Unix是在貝爾實驗室設計的。肯·湯普森(Ken Thompson)于1969年開發了第一個可用于所有目的的系統，稱為“ Unix系統”，該程序運行一個名為“太空旅行”的程序，該程序模擬太陽和行星的運動以及飛船的運動。可以降落在不同的地方。

UNIX功能 (UNIX Features)

The Unix operating system can be summarized into the following characteristics:

Unix操作系統可以概括為以下特征：

Multi user: multiple users can interact simultaneously (from different terminals) with the system, which avoids interference between the activities of different users. Within the system each user is uniquely identified by a logical name (the username). In addition, users are divided into groups, each uniquely identified by its name (group name). In every system is called the root, which is the system administrator, and that, in general, has no limitation in access to resources of the system;
多用戶：多個用戶可以同時(從不同終端)與系統交互，從而避免了不同用戶活動之間的相互干擾。在系統內，每個用戶均由邏輯名(用戶名)唯一標識。此外，用戶分為幾組，每組均由其名稱(組名)唯一標識。在每個系統中都稱為根，它是系統管理員，并且通常對系統資源的訪問沒有限制。
Multiprogramming (multitasking): its core can support the simultaneous execution of multiple processes run time division;
多程序(multitasking)：其核心可以支持同時執行多個進程的運行時分；
Memory management: virtual memory management system based on Unix paging and segmentation. These features allow any process to address a memory size may exceed those of the main memory that is available;
內存管理 ：基于Unix分頁和分段的虛擬內存管理系統。這些功能允許任何處理內存大小的過程都可以超過可用主內存的大小；
Portable: through the use of C in the implementation of the system, it has high portability, and is now available on a wide range of architectures;
可移植性：通過在系統的實現中使用C，它具有很高的可移植性，并且現在可用于多種體系結構；
Open: especially in more recent versions of Unix features have gradually aligned with the POSIX standard. Also produces some of the most common Unix services and communication protocols of the Internet, enabling easy integration of Unix systems within a network;
開放：尤其是在最新版本的Unix中，功能已逐漸與POSIX標準保持一致。還產生一些Internet上最常見的Unix服務和通信協議，從而使Unix系統可以輕松地集成到網絡中；
Development environment for C programs: UNIX still maintains a close link with the C language This relationship is also evident in the availability of system utilities within a fairly rich set of tools for C application development (including the compiler cc).
C程序的開發環境： UNIX仍然與C語言保持緊密的聯系。在相當豐富的C應用程序開發工具集(包括編譯器cc)中，系統實用程序的可用性也證明了這種關系。

UNIX和貝爾實驗室(六十年代) (UNIX and the Bell Laboratories (Sixties) )

The development of Unix is partly due to a previous project, Multics, very quickly dismissed by the management at Bell Labs because of its perceived complexity.

Unix的開發部分歸功于先前的Multics項目，該項目由于其復雜性而很快被Bell Labs的管理層駁回。

Multics was born with conditions very advanced for its time, in particular, was an operating system that supports execution of applications in time-sharing. We chose to develop it internally, given the lack of support that the then computer manufacturer gave to this. His name BESYS the operating system that was installed by default on machines, and this was more like a simple extension of the hardware. BESYS requires massive manual intervention by operators, each sequence of operations should be charged the man with great waste of time.

Multics誕生時具有非常先進的條件，尤其是一個支持分時共享應用程序執行的操作系統。考慮到當時的計算機制造商對此缺乏支持，我們選擇內部開發它。他的名字叫BESYS，是計算機上默認安裝的操作系統，這更像是對硬件的簡單擴展。 BESYS需要操作員進行大量的手動干預，每個操作序列都應被浪費大量時間。

It was with the intent to automate these operations (timesharing), who was born Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service). The project was however too complex, especially for researchers accustomed to operating systems and classical perfectly linear. Was soon abandoned in favor of another system much simpler, but much more modest: GECOS. Some researchers did not think the correct decision and decided nevertheless to continue the development of the project. They were, especially Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie, not to give up: it was through their efforts that, on an old PDP-7 machine, came the final version of UNICS (hereinafter Unix). Name was to emphasize simplicity of design compared to poorly managed complexity of Multics. Following completion of the first kernel, Thompson and others evolved a set of programming:

正是出于自動化這些操作(分時)的目的，他誕生于Multics(多路復用信息和計算服務)。但是，該項目太復雜了，特別是對于習慣于操作系統和經典完美線性的研究人員而言。不久就被放棄，而支持另一個更簡單但更謙虛的系統：GECOS。一些研究人員沒有考慮正確的決定，因此決定繼續進行該項目的開發。他們尤其是Ken Thompson和Dennis Ritchie不放棄：通過他們的努力，在一臺舊的PDP-7機器上發布了UNICS的最終版本(以下稱Unix)。與Multics管理不善的復雜性相比，其名稱是強調設計的簡單性。在第一個內核完成之后，Thompson和其他人開發了一套編程：

1.?? ?it makes any program do one thing well; 2.?? ?it is expected that the output of one program becomes the input of another; 3.?? ?software is developed with the idea that it will be tested immediately: do not hesitate to share the program; 4.?? ?using special tools in the planning and do not try to reinvent the wheel.

1.它使任何程序都能做好一件事情； 2.期望一個程序的輸出成為另一個程序的輸入； 3.開發軟件時，應立即進行測試：不要猶豫，共享程序； 4.在計劃中使用專用工具，不要嘗試重新發明輪子。

C的發明 (Invention of C )

The invention of the C language is an important step in the history of Unix. C, developed by Thompson and Ritchie during 1969-1973, has now brought the kernel on different platforms from the original PDP-7, constituting in fact the first software in history to be able to operate in totally different environments. Along with the kernel, or core (nucleus) of the operating system, Unix was accompanied by a series of standard applications for file management and users, which are still used in modern operating systems. First applications in the company (the seventies)

C語言的發明是Unix歷史上的重要一步。由Thompson和Ritchie在1969-1973年間開發的C現在已將內核與原始PDP-7置于不同的平臺上，實際上構成了歷史上第一個能夠在完全不同的環境中運行的軟件。 Unix與操作系統的內核(核心)一起，伴隨著一系列用于文件管理和用戶的標準應用程序，這些標準應用程序仍在現代操作系統中使用。公司的首次申請(七十年代)

Bell Laboratories were owned by AT & T (telephone communications company operating in the U.S.), which held the rights to Unix. Just at that period in the early seventies, the U.S. telephone system was undergoing a revolution inside: the use of mini-computers for the management of voice and data traffic. These were provided with minimal software type, which allowed maintenance rather limited. Soon it was discovered as Unix, with its modern design and versatility and by allowing mini-computer to do more complex operations. For the first time, maintenance could be handled centrally without sending technicians to investigate the place for any single failure.

貝爾實驗室歸AT＆T(在美國運營的電話通信公司)所有，后者擁有Unix的權利。就在70年代初的那個時期，美國電話系統發生了一場內部革命：使用微型計算機來管理語音和數據流量。這些提供了最小的軟件類型，這使得維護相當有限。不久，它被發現為Unix，它具有現代化的設計和多功能性，并允許小型計算機執行更復雜的操作。首次可以集中處理維護工作，而無需派技術人員調查任何單個故障的位置。

UNIX –大學的發展(八十年代和九十年代) (UNIX – Development by the university (the eighties and nineties) )

AT & T would not have any royalty on the use and modification of Unix. This is not for charity, as one might think wrongly, but for a fact “political”. As a monopolist, AT & T had a range of services to be offered to the market limited by law and not a Unix business directly related to the telecommunications, although in some respects he was. At the center of strong criticism because of its dominant position, which allowed the AT & T Unix source code was freely available for study at universities worldwide.

AT＆T不會對Unix的使用和修改收取任何使用費。這不是為了慈善，因為人們可能會錯誤地認為，而是出于“政治”事實。作為壟斷者，AT＆T可以向法律提供有限的市場范圍的服務，而不是與電信直接相關的Unix業務，盡管在某些方面他是。由于其優勢地位而受到強烈批評的中心，這使得AT＆T Unix源代碼可以免費在世界各地的大學中學習。

Obtaining a copy of the operating system was very simple and very inexpensive: Just pay the shipping costs of the support. Quickly formed a worldwide community at the university focused on developing new components and applications for Unix following the lines of Open Source modern. Through this process, during the seventies saw the light of the first seven versions of the operating system.

獲得操作系統的副本非常簡單且非常便宜：只需支付支持的運輸費用。在大學中Swift建立了一個全球社區，致力于遵循開源現代的路線為Unix開發新的組件和應用程序。通過這個過程，在70年代，看到了操作系統的前七個版本。

Unix formed a strong aggregator for the emerging science of information. In fact, you can even say that it was its joint development to create for the first time the idea of computing as a science. Unix has also produced a series of highly desirable consequences in science: the creation of a common environment within which the researchers could monitor and control experiments, the work could be reused and improved products, was the final transition from the laboratory isolated to a workplace community, where everyone could contribute.

Unix是新興信息科學的強大聚集器。實際上，您甚至可以說，首次創建計算科學的思想是它的共同發展。 Unix在科學領域也產生了一系列令人非常希望的結果：創建一個共同的環境，研究人員可以在其中監視和控制實驗，可以重復使用工作和改進產品，這是從實驗室到工作場所社區的最終過渡，每個人都可以貢獻力量。

To solve the problems of sharing the code was introduced for the first time copying files between systems located in different parts of the world through the telephone line. The system was called UUCP (Unix to Unix Copy) and although he was soon overshadowed by the burgeoning ARPANET (later the Internet), is an example vibrant and productive environment that was built around Unix.

為了解決共享代碼的問題，首次引入了通過電話線在位于世界不同地區的系統之間復制文件的方法。該系統稱為UUCP(Unix到Unix復制)，盡管他很快就被新興的ARPANET(后來稱為Internet)所掩蓋，但它是圍繞Unix構建的一個充滿活力和高效的示例環境。

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翻譯自: https://www.eukhost.com/blog/webhosting/unix-operating-system-part-1/