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1.top51Testing軟件測試網(wǎng)brw1|0}+a4y?

使用權(quán)限：所有使用者

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使用方式：top [-] [d delay] [q] [c] [S] [s] [i] [n] [b]

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說明：即時顯示process的動態(tài)

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d :改變顯示的更新速度，或是在交談式指令列( interactive command)按s51Testing軟件測試網(wǎng) g3tv5d0z

q :沒有任何延遲的顯示速度，如果使用者是有superuser的權(quán)限，則top將會以最高的優(yōu)先序執(zhí)行

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c :切換顯示模式，共有兩種模式，一是只顯示執(zhí)行檔的名稱，另一種是顯示完整的路徑與名稱S :累積模式，會將己完成或消失的子行程( dead child process )的CPU time累積起來

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s :安全模式，將交談式指令取消,避免潛在的危機

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i :不顯示任何閑置(idle)或無用(zombie)的行程

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n :更新的次數(shù)，完成后將會退出top

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b :批次檔模式，搭配"n"參數(shù)一起使用，可以用來將top的結(jié)果輸出到檔案內(nèi)51Testing軟件測試網(wǎng)[wz.g{Sc/J

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范例：51Testing軟件測試網(wǎng) p6b'UXoM7wk%V

顯示更新十次后退出;

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top -n 10

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使用者將不能利用交談式指令來對行程下命令:

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top -s51Testing軟件測試網(wǎng)6A^I,~@K

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將更新顯示二次的結(jié)果輸入到名稱為top.log的檔案里:51Testing軟件測試網(wǎng),sL:[S)Qr/K9E U od

top -n 2 -b < top.log???

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另附一個命令簡介linux traceroutewindows tracert兩個命令相當，跟蹤網(wǎng)絡路由51Testing軟件測試網(wǎng)+?q/}'k+w

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2.vmstat

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正如我們之前討論的任何系統(tǒng)的性能比較都是基于基線的，并且監(jiān)控CPU的性能就是以上3點，運行隊列、CPU使用率和上下文切換。以下是一些對于CPU很普遍的性能要求：

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1.對于每一個CPU來說運行隊列不要超過3，例如，如果是雙核CPU就不要超過6；

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2.如果CPU在滿負荷運行，應該符合下列分布，51Testing軟件測試網(wǎng);d5d v~"`|

a) User Time：65%～70%51Testing軟件測試網(wǎng)1AS2_;eZ:P&p

b) System Time：30%～35%

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c) Idle：0%～5%

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3. mpstat51Testing軟件測試網(wǎng)*L} Mz:d;u6D5w{s

對于上下文切換要結(jié)合CPU使用率來看，如果CPU使用滿足上述分布，大量的上下文切換也是可以接受的。51Testing軟件測試網(wǎng)` ^;kx%M?

常用的監(jiān)視工具有：vmstat, top,dstat和mpstat.

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# vmstat 1

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procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- ----cpu----51Testing軟件測試網(wǎng)$ts6H'W Q;j

r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa51Testing軟件測試網(wǎng)2Ncju)E

0 0 104300 16800 95328 72200 0 0 5 26 7 14 4 1 95 0

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0 0 104300 16800 95328 72200 0 0 0 24 1021 64 1 1 98 051Testing軟件測試網(wǎng) u6VI7b5m:l

0 0 104300 16800 95328 72200 0 0 0 0 1009 59 1 1 98 0

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r表示運行隊列的大小，51Testing軟件測試網(wǎng)"~3m9{b9F\;P

b表示由于IO等待而block的線程數(shù)量，

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in表示中斷的數(shù)量，

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cs表示上下文切換的數(shù)量，

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us表示用戶CPU時間，51Testing軟件測試網(wǎng)P*oI(w7w1Vl9g

sys表示系統(tǒng)CPU時間，51Testing軟件測試網(wǎng)p&J{ZF$i1X4qB-e

wa表示由于IO等待而是CPU處于idle狀態(tài)的時間，

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id表示CPU處于idle狀態(tài)的總時間。51Testing軟件測試網(wǎng)O4Oj:T+Z8cf4C["L

dstat可以給出每一個設備產(chǎn)生的中斷數(shù)：51Testing軟件測試網(wǎng)"cc3L v`1T'n

# dstat -cip 1

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----total-cpu-usage---- ----interrupts--- ---procs---

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usr sys idl wai hiq siq| 15 169 185 |run blk new51Testing軟件測試網(wǎng)s8I"f4Hp

6 1 91 2 0 0| 12 0 13??| 0 0 051Testing軟件測試網(wǎng)0YR0bG ]yT

1 0 99 0 0 0| 0????0??6 | 0 0 051Testing軟件測試網(wǎng)K+Z'G jr/O)@Kr XIv

0 0 100 0 0 0| 18 0??2 | 0 0 051Testing軟件測試網(wǎng)-|s5Oh6B/d

0 0 100 0 0 0| 0????0??3 | 0 0 0

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我們可以看到這里有3個設備號15，169和185.設備名和設備號的關(guān)系我們可以參考文件/proc/interrupts,這里185代表網(wǎng)卡eth1.51Testing軟件測試網(wǎng).{Y5xg y

# cat /proc/interrupts51Testing軟件測試網(wǎng) Ror)_%t+O-k

CPU0

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0: 1277238713 IO-APIC-edge timer

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6: 5 IO-APIC-edge floppy51Testing軟件測試網(wǎng)0Lg*Jb:@4NM1a(~C3n

7: 0 IO-APIC-edge parport0

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8: 1 IO-APIC-edge rtc51Testing軟件測試網(wǎng);Je0uJK3p1a&S(M

9: 1 IO-APIC-level acpi

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14: 6011913 IO-APIC-edge ide051Testing軟件測試網(wǎng):C3Y:Ps:m0O

15: 15761438 IO-APIC-edge ide1

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169: 26 IO-APIC-level Intel 82801BA-ICH2

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185: 16785489 IO-APIC-level eth1

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193: 0 IO-APIC-level uhci_hcd:usb1

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mpstat可以顯示每個CPU的運行狀況，比如系統(tǒng)有4個CPU。我們可以看到：

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# mpstat –P ALL 1

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Linux 2.4.21-20.ELsmp (localhost.localdomain) 05/23/200651Testing軟件測試網(wǎng)M8u@B D

05:17:31 PM CPU %user %nice %system %idle intr/s51Testing軟件測試網(wǎng)q;SgSy6C"m+AJ

05:17:32 PM all 0.00 0.00 3.19 96.53 13.2751Testing軟件測試網(wǎng);tQ5U^'~"F

05:17:32 PM 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00

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05:17:32 PM 1 1.12 0.00 12.73 86.15 13.27

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05:17:32 PM 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.0051Testing軟件測試網(wǎng)-@(d!c SdY

05:17:32 PM 3 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.0051Testing軟件測試網(wǎng)W!ABk~

總結(jié)的說，CPU性能監(jiān)控包含以下方面：

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檢查系統(tǒng)的運行隊列，確保每一個CPU的運行隊列不大于3.

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確保CPU使用分布滿足70/30原則（用戶70%，系統(tǒng)30%）。

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如果系統(tǒng)時間過長，可能是因為頻繁的調(diào)度和改變優(yōu)先級。

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CPU Bound進程總是會被懲罰（降低優(yōu)先級）而IO Bound進程總會被獎勵（提高優(yōu)先級）。

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4.prstat命令51Testing軟件測試網(wǎng) { L o0Tp,~4U!O

要顯示系統(tǒng)上當前運行的進程和項目的各種統(tǒng)計信息，請使用帶有-J選項的prstat命令：51Testing軟件測試網(wǎng)UrS{"f8WP4e#R.]

? j/lu9xm8H0DD G0 %prstat -J51Testing軟件測試網(wǎng)|[*b{ q@ ????????PID USERNAME?SIZE??RSS STATE?PRI NICE?????TIME?CPU PROCESS/NLWP51Testing軟件測試網(wǎng)1\4J"^(g` ?21634 jtd?????5512K 4848K cpu0???44???0??0:00.00 0.3% prstat/1 3f-MMm9i2d+g0 ??324 root??????29M??75M sleep??59???0??0:08.27 0.2% Xsun/151Testing軟件測試網(wǎng)!{Lo F#L9dhq#N ?15497 jtd???????48M??41M sleep??49???0??0:08.26 0.1% adeptedit/1 #HczSZ'f |]6Dd0 ??328 root????2856K 2600K sleep??58???0??0:00.00 0.0% mibiisa/11 BN@Ps)N$F0 ?1979 jtd?????1568K 1352K sleep??49???0??0:00.00 0.0% csh/1 $@'Z&[c ~z0 ?1977 jtd?????7256K 5512K sleep??49???0??0:00.00 0.0% dtterm/1 _5f1?P]!eg:xo0 ??192 root????3680K 2856K sleep??58???0??0:00.36 0.0% automountd/5 Wg8Pw9T {H4Q3_z0I0 ?1845 jtd???????24M??22M sleep??49???0??0:00.29 0.0% dtmail/11 7b(Z)W0z$E Rn"mV XA0 ?1009 jtd?????9864K 8384K sleep??49???0??0:00.59 0.0% dtwm/8 f%y6g"d!`;i0 ??114 root????1640K?704K sleep??58???0??0:01.16 0.0% in.routed/151Testing軟件測試網(wǎng)MI5QY4U2ZFq#J ??180 daemon??2704K 1944K sleep??58???0??0:00.00 0.0% statd/451Testing軟件測試網(wǎng)X\ Lq&Iug(z ??145 root????2120K 1520K sleep??58???0??0:00.00 0.0% ypbind/1 V1d@-J6V)p0 ??181 root????1864K 1336K sleep??51???0??0:00.00 0.0% lockd/1 r c0U iqP1j#K3o0 ??173 root????2584K 2136K sleep??58???0??0:00.00 0.0% inetd/151Testing軟件測試網(wǎng)1t4Nh'~Ukd ??135 root????2960K 1424K sleep???0???0??0:00.00 0.0% keyserv/451Testing軟件測試網(wǎng)sb8U%j.U:Z1{x PROJID???NPROC?SIZE??RSS MEMORY?????TIME?CPU PROJECT .E.e~a| R+V0 ???10??????52?400M?271M???68%??0:11.45 0.4% booksite W p H QT JG0 ????0??????35?113M?129M???32%??0:10.46 0.2% system #v%f Zd2lu T.ju0 ? 0ux&M!TprE0 Total: 87 processes, 205 lwps, load averages: 0.05, 0.02, 0.02 !ytY\1gw1a/lAK0

要顯示系統(tǒng)上當前運行的進程和任務的各種統(tǒng)計信息，請使用帶有-T選項的prstat命令：

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? e,lF8ClAqQ0 %prstat -T HN2j,d[6Z2pg0 ??PID USERNAME?SIZE??RSS STATE?PRI NICE?????TIME?CPU PROCESS/NLWP51Testing軟件測試網(wǎng))FYK*xA;h y.|X4\s ?23023 root??????26M??20M sleep??59???0??0:03:18 0.6% Xsun/151Testing軟件測試網(wǎng) }w:NV#Ye.}5~ ?23476 jtd???????51M??45M sleep??49???0??0:04:31 0.5% adeptedit/1 Z7guV$J5@ Y+^e-J)m0 ?23432 jtd?????6928K 5064K sleep??59???0??0:00:00 0.1% dtterm/1 ,~ AM g1sF_0 ?28959 jtd???????26M??18M sleep??49???0??0:00:18 0.0% .netscape.bin/151Testing軟件測試網(wǎng)'i*CS1H:p ] ?23116 jtd?????9232K 8104K sleep??59???0??0:00:27 0.0% dtwm/5 4FUU*fVNi2fK0 ?29010 jtd?????5144K 4664K cpu0???59???0??0:00:00 0.0% prstat/1 H a(h8i/X T0 ??200 root????3096K 1024K sleep??59???0??0:00:00 0.0% lpsched/151Testing軟件測試網(wǎng)e @y6kUf ??161 root????2120K 1600K sleep??59???0??0:00:00 0.0% lockd/2 p7P2ve7F0 ??170 root????5888K 4248K sleep??59???0??0:03:10 0.0% automountd/351Testing軟件測試網(wǎng)v$W3N U5ty ??132 root????2120K 1408K sleep??59???0??0:00:00 0.0% ypbind/1 tS}/CDsT:b#l0 ??162 daemon??2504K 1936K sleep??59???0??0:00:00 0.0% statd/2 &bN!Ht~^ is0 ??146 root????2560K 2008K sleep??59???0??0:00:00 0.0% inetd/151Testing軟件測試網(wǎng)h'N&\ T(F!VJ?m ??122 root????2336K 1264K sleep??59???0??0:00:00 0.0% keyserv/251Testing軟件測試網(wǎng)@,YhH,Zr1DM4s;K ??119 root????2336K 1496K sleep??59???0??0:00:02 0.0% rpcbind/151Testing軟件測試網(wǎng)Ovc s*M\8J+[ ??104 root????1664K?672K sleep??59???0??0:00:03 0.0% in.rdisc/151Testing軟件測試網(wǎng)^!L,ZH3N6^ TASKID???NPROC?SIZE??RSS MEMORY?????TIME?CPU PROJECT???????????????????? phT LR^TkC0 ??222??????30?229M?161M???44%??0:05:54 0.6% group.staff????????????????51Testing軟件測試網(wǎng)GGCb q:w ??223???????1??26M??20M??5.3%??0:03:18 0.6% group.staff???????????????? (Xyi U%D T m#]0 ???12???????1??61M??33M??8.9%??0:00:31 0.0% group.staff????????????????51Testing軟件測試網(wǎng)8m-G;rs)Jb` ????1??????33??85M??53M???14%??0:03:33 0.0% system????????????????????? DX_8Xc0 ?51Testing軟件測試網(wǎng) xxtk _xD&| Total: 65 processes, 154 lwps, load averages: 0.04, 0.05, 0.06?????? 'Uhc u)Q8}a0

---

注–51Testing軟件測試網(wǎng)|F9L oL+c

-J和-T選項不能一起使用。

======== linux查看硬盤使用情況命令 一、df?-lh?命令

df?是來自于coreutils?軟件包，系統(tǒng)安裝時，就自帶的；我們通過這個命令可以查看磁盤的使用情況以及文件系統(tǒng)被掛載的位置；
[root@localhost?~]#?df?-l
文件系統(tǒng)?????????????????容量???????已用???????可用????已用%?掛載點
/dev/sda3??????????????4956316???3565088???1135396?76%?/
tmpfs???????????????????241320?????????12????241308???1%???/dev/shm
/dev/sda6??????????????4806904???2523708???2039012?56%?/media/disk
/dev/sda1??????????????4956284???3529796???1170656?76%?/media/_
/dev/sda5??????????????4845056???2581484???2019388?57%?/media/disk-1

可以看到系統(tǒng)掛在sda3上，另外還掛了sda6/sda1/sda5三個系統(tǒng)。

二、fdisk?－l?命令

fdisk?是一款強大的磁盤操作工具，來自util-linux軟件包，我們在這里只說他如何查看磁盤分區(qū)表及分區(qū)結(jié)構(gòu)；通過-l?參數(shù)，能獲得機器中所有的硬盤的分區(qū)情況；
[root@localhost?~]#?fdisk?-l

Disk?/dev/sda:?40.0?GB,?40000000000?bytes
255?heads,?63?sectors/track,?4863?cylinders
Units?=?cylinders?of?16065?*?512?=?8225280?bytes
Disk?identifier:?0x62a9f8d0

???Device?Boot??????Start?????????End??????Blocks???Id?System
/dev/sda1???*???????????1?????????637?????5116671???83?Linux
/dev/sda2?????????????638?????????891?????2040255???82?Linux?swap?/?Solaris
/dev/sda3?????????????892????????1528?????5116702+?83?Linux
/dev/sda4????????????1529????????2744?????9767520????5?Extended
/dev/sda5????????????1529????????2136?????4883728+?83?Linux
/dev/sda6????????????2137????????2744?????4883728+?83?Linux

sda1 是MBR（主引導記錄）所在的分區(qū)；sda2是交換分區(qū)；sda4是擴展分區(qū)，包括了sda5,sda6兩個邏輯分區(qū)。系統(tǒng)劃分分區(qū)的時候只能劃分4個主分區(qū)（擴展分區(qū)也算主分區(qū)），我在上面分了3個主分區(qū)+1個Extended分區(qū)，5.6是邏輯分區(qū)。所以才會有sda1.2.3.4.5.6。如果你只劃分了1個主分區(qū)+1個擴展分區(qū)，那么邏輯分區(qū)就從sda5開始了，sda1.2.5.6...

三、cfdisk?-Ps命令?（注意P是大寫）
cfdisk?也是一款不錯的分區(qū)工具；在有些發(fā)行版中，此工具已經(jīng)從util-linux包中剔除；cfdisk?簡單易用是他的特點；
查看磁盤分區(qū)的用法???cfdisk???-Ps?磁盤設備名?只有一個硬盤也可以用?cfdisk?-Ps

例1：[root@localhost?~]#?cfdisk?-Ps
Partition?Table?for?/dev/sda

????????????????First?????????Last
#?Type????????Sector??????Sector???????Offset?????Length??????Filesystem?Type?????????(ID)?Flag
--?-------???-----------?-----------????------???-----------?--------------------??????－－－----
1?Primary???????????0?????10233404?????63??????10233405?????????Linux?(83)?????????????Boot
2?Primary????10233405????14313914??????0???????4080510???????Linux?swap?/?So?(82)????None
3?Primary????14313915????24547319??????0??????10233405?????????Linux?(83)?????????????None
4?Primary????24547320????44082359??????0??????19535040???????Extended?(05)???????????None
5?Logical????24547320?????34314839?????63???????9767520????????Linux?(83)?????????????None
6?Logical????34314840????44082359?????63???????9767520?????????Linux?(83)?????????????None
???Logical????44082360????78124094??????0??????34041735?????????Free?Space????????????None

例2：[root@localhost?~]#?cfdisk?-Ps?/dev/sda
Partition?Table?for?/dev/sda

???????????????First???????Last
#?Type???????Sector??????Sector???Offset????Length???Filesystem?Type?(ID)?Flag
--?-------?-----------?-----------?------?-----------?--------------------?----
1?Primary???????????0????10233404?????63????10233405?Linux?(83)???????????Boot
2?Primary????10233405????14313914??????0?????4080510?Linux?swap?/?So?(82)?None
3?Primary????14313915????24547319??????0????10233405?Linux?(83)???????????None
4?Primary????24547320????44082359??????0????19535040?Extended?(05)????????None
5?Logical????24547320????34314839?????63?????9767520?Linux?(83)???????????None
6?Logical????34314840????44082359?????63?????9767520?Linux?(83)???????????None
???Logical????44082360????78124094??????0????34041735?Free?Space???????????None

四、parted?命令
parted???功能不錯的分區(qū)工具；在Fedora?8中有帶，可以自己安裝上；調(diào)用方法簡單，parted?默認是打開的設備是/dev/hda?，也可以自己指定；比如???parted?/dev/hda?或/dev/sda?等；退出的方法是?quit

輸入parted命令后要等會兒才會出現(xiàn)下面的內(nèi)容：
[root@localhost?~]#?parted
GNU?Parted?1.8.6
使用?/dev/sda
Welcome?to?GNU?Parted!?Type?’help’?to?view?a?list?of?commands.
(parted)?

在光標那里輸入p回車出現(xiàn)下面內(nèi)容：

Model:?ATA?Maxtor?5T040H4?(scsi)
Disk?/dev/sda:?40.0GB
Sector?size?(logical/physical):?512B/512B
Partition?Table:?msdos

Number?Start?????End?????S?ize?????Type???File?system?????標志
1??????32.3kB???5240MB?5239MB???主分區(qū)????ext3??????????啟動
2??????5240MB?7329MB?2089MB?主分區(qū)????linux-swap???????
3??????7329MB?12.6GB?5240MB???主分區(qū)????ext3?????????????
4??????12.6GB?22.6GB???10.0GB?擴展分區(qū)???????????????????
5??????12.6GB?17.6GB???5001MB?邏輯分區(qū)???ext3?????????????
6??????17.6GB?22.6GB???5001MB?邏輯分區(qū)???ext3?????????????

(parted)?
在光標后面輸入quit退出。

五、sfdisk?-l

[root@localhost?~]#?sfdisk?-l

Disk?/dev/sda:?4863?cylinders,?255?heads,?63?sectors/track
Units?=?cylinders?of?8225280?bytes,?blocks?of?1024?bytes,?counting?from?0

???Device?Boot?Start?????End???#cyls????#blocks???Id?System
/dev/sda1???*??????0+????636?????637-???5116671???83?Linux
/dev/sda2????????637?????890?????254????2040255???82?Linux?swap?/?Solaris
/dev/sda3????????891????1527?????637????5116702+?83?Linux
/dev/sda4???????1528????2743????1216????9767520????5?Extended
/dev/sda5???????1528+???2135?????608-???4883728+?83?Linux
/dev/sda6???????2136+???2743?????608-???4883728+?83?Linux

六、也可以使用???應用程序>系統(tǒng)工具>磁盤使用分析器???來查看磁盤使用情況。

?

原文出處：http://www.01ruodian.com/school/news.asp?id=5708

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