什么是異常

python用異常對(duì)象(exception?object)來表示異常情況。遇到錯(cuò)誤后，會(huì)引發(fā)異常。如果異常對(duì)象并未被處理或捕捉，程序就會(huì)用所謂的?回溯(Traceback，?一種錯(cuò)誤信息)終止執(zhí)行

>>> 1/0

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "", line 1, in

1/0

ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero

>>>

按自己的方式出錯(cuò)

raise語句

>>> raise Exception

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "", line 1, in

raise Exception

Exception

>>> raise Exception('hyperdrive overload')

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "", line 1, in

raise Exception('hyperdrive overload')

Exception: hyperdrive overload

>>>

查看exceptions模塊中的內(nèi)建異常

>>> import exceptions

>>> dir(exceptions)

['ArithmeticError', 'AssertionError', 'AttributeError', 'BaseException', 'BufferError', 'BytesWarning', 'DeprecationWarning', 'EOFError', 'EnvironmentError', 'Exception', 'FloatingPointError', 'FutureWarning', 'GeneratorExit', 'IOError', 'ImportError', 'ImportWarning', 'IndentationError', 'IndexError', 'KeyError', 'KeyboardInterrupt', 'LookupError', 'MemoryError', 'NameError', 'NotImplementedError', 'OSError', 'OverflowError', 'PendingDeprecationWarning', 'ReferenceError', 'RuntimeError', 'RuntimeWarning', 'StandardError', 'StopIteration', 'SyntaxError', 'SyntaxWarning', 'SystemError', 'SystemExit', 'TabError', 'TypeError', 'UnboundLocalError', 'UnicodeDecodeError', 'UnicodeEncodeError', 'UnicodeError', 'UnicodeTranslateError', 'UnicodeWarning', 'UserWarning', 'ValueError', 'Warning', 'WindowsError', 'ZeroDivisionError', '__doc__', '__name__', '__package__']

>>>

>>> raise ArithmeticError

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "", line 1, in

raise ArithmeticError

ArithmeticError

>>>

自定義異常類

盡管內(nèi)建的異常類已經(jīng)包括了大部分的情況，而且對(duì)于很多要求都已經(jīng)足夠了，但有些時(shí)候還是需要?jiǎng)?chuàng)建自己的異常類。

和常見其它類一樣----只是要確保從Exception類繼承，不管直接繼承還是間接繼承。像下面這樣：

>>> class SomeCustomException(Exception):

pass

當(dāng)然，也可以為這個(gè)類添加一些方法。

捕捉異常

我們可以使用?try/except?來實(shí)現(xiàn)異常的捕捉處理。

假設(shè)創(chuàng)建了一個(gè)讓用戶輸入兩個(gè)數(shù)，然后進(jìn)行相除的程序：

x=input('Please enter the first number: ')

y=input('Please enter the second number: ')

print x/y

Please enter the first number: 10

Please enter the second number: 0

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "F:/python/myDemo/except.py", line 3, in

print x/y

ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero

>>>

為了捕捉異常并做出一些錯(cuò)誤處理，可以這樣寫：

try:

x=input('Please enter the first number: ')

y=input('Please enter the second number: ')

print x/y

except ZeroDivisionError:

print 'The second number can\'t be zero'

------------

Please enter the first number: 10

Please enter the second number: 0

The second number can't be zero

>>>

假如，我們?cè)谡{(diào)試的時(shí)候引發(fā)異常會(huì)好些，如果在與用戶的進(jìn)行交互的過程中又是不希望用戶看到異常信息的。那如何開啟/關(guān)閉?“屏蔽”機(jī)制？

class MuffledCalculator:

muffled=False

def calc(self,expr):

try:

return eval(expr)

except ZeroDivisionError:

if self.muffled:

print 'Division by zero is illegal'

else:

raise

------------

>>> calculator=MuffledCalculator()

>>> calculator.calc('10/2')

5

>>> calculator.calc('10/0')

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "", line 1, in

calculator.calc('10/0')#沒有屏蔽

File "F:/python/myDemo/except.py", line 5, in calc

return eval(expr)

File "", line 1, in

ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero

>>> calculator.muffled=True

>>> calculator.calc('10/0')

Division by zero is illegal

>>>

不止一個(gè)except子句

如果運(yùn)行上面的(輸入兩個(gè)數(shù)，求除法)程序，輸入面的內(nèi)容，就會(huì)產(chǎn)生另外一個(gè)異常：

enter the first number: 10

enter the second number: 'hello,world'

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "F:/python/myDemo/except.py", line 4, in

print x/y

TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for /: 'int' and 'str'

>>>

因?yàn)閑xcept子句只檢查ZeroDivisionError異常,所以這個(gè)異常就錯(cuò)過了檢查，為了捕捉這個(gè)異常，我們可以在try/except語句加一個(gè)except子句

try:

x=input('enter the first number: ')

y=input('enter the second number: ')

print x/y

except ZeroDivisionError:

print 'The second number can\'t be zero'

except TypeError:

print 'That wasn\'t a number,was it?'

--------------------------

>>>

enter the first number: 10

enter the second number: 'hello,world!'

That wasn't a number,was it?

>>>

用一個(gè)塊捕捉兩個(gè)異常

try:

x=input('enter the first number: ')

y=input('enter the second number: ')

print x/y

捕捉對(duì)象

try:

x=input('enter the first number: ')

y=input('enter the second number: ')

print x/y

except (ZeroDivisionError,TypeError,NameError),e:

print e

-----------------

>>>

enter the first number: 10

enter the second number: 2

5

>>>

>>> ================================ RESTART ================================

>>>

enter the first number: 10

enter the second number: 0

integer division or modulo by zero

>>> ================================ RESTART ================================

>>>

enter the first number: 10

enter the second number: 'hello,world'

unsupported operand type(s) for /: 'int' and 'str'

>>>

真正的全捕捉

就算程序能處理好幾種異常，但有些異常還是會(huì)處理不到，例如上個(gè)除法的例子，輸入空格：

enter the first number:

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "F:/python/myDemo/except.py", line 2, in

x=input('enter the first number: ')

File "", line 0

^

SyntaxError: unexpected EOF while parsing

>>>

因此我們可以在except子句中忽略所有異常類

try:

x=input('enter the first number: ')

y=input('enter the second number: ')

print x/y

except:

print 'Something wrong happend...'

--------------

>>>

enter the first number: 10

enter the second number: 0

Something wrong happend...

>>> ================================ RESTART ================================

>>>

enter the first number:

Something wrong happend...

>>>

萬事大吉

while True:

try:

x=input('Enter the first number: ')

y=input('Enter the second number: ')

value=x/y

print 'x/y is ',value

except:

print 'Invalid input .Please try again.'

else:

break

--------------------

Enter the first number: 10

Enter the second number: 0

Invalid input .Please try again.

Enter the first number: 10

Enter the second number: 'hello'

Invalid input .Please try again.

Enter the first number: 10

Enter the second number: 2

x/y is 5

>>>

最后

最后finally子句用來對(duì)可能的異常進(jìn)行清理，它和try子句聯(lián)合使用

x=None

try:

x=1/0

finally:

print 'Cleaning up...'

del x

-------------

Cleaning up...

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "F:/python/myDemo/except.py", line 3, in

x=1/0

ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero

>>>

try:

1/0

except NameError:

print 'Unknown variable'

else:

print 'That went well!'

finally:

print 'Cleaning up.'

異常和函數(shù)

如果異常在函數(shù)內(nèi)沒被處理，它就會(huì)傳播至函數(shù)調(diào)用的地方，直到程序帶著堆棧跟蹤終止

def faulty():

raise Exception('Someting is wrong')

def ignore_exception():

faulty()

def handle_exception():

try:

faulty()

except:

print 'Exception handled'

----------------------------

>>> ignore_exception()

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "", line 1, in

ignore_exception()

File "F:/python/myDemo/except.py", line 4, in ignore_exception

faulty()

File "F:/python/myDemo/except.py", line 2, in faulty

raise Exception('Someting is wrong')

Exception: Someting is wrong

>>> handle_exception()

Exception handled

>>>

總結(jié)

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