向量對矩陣列空間的投影

A Scalar processor is a normal processor, which works on simple instruction at a time, which operates on single data items. But in today's world, this technique will prove to be highly inefficient, as the overall processing of instructions will be very slow.

標量處理器是一種普通處理器，它一次處理簡單的指令，對單個數據項進行操作。 但是在當今世界，由于指令的整體處理將非常緩慢，因此該技術將被證明效率極低。

什么是向量(數組)處理？ (What is Vector(Array) Processing?)

There is a class of computational problems that are beyond the capabilities of a conventional computer. These problems require vast number of computations on multiple data items, that will take a conventional computer(with scalar processor) days or even weeks to complete.

一類計算問題超出了常規計算機的功能。 這些問題需要對多個數據項進行大量計算，而這將需要一臺常規計算機(帶有標量處理器)花費數天甚至數周才能完成。

Such complex instructions, which operates on multiple data at the same time, requires a better way of instruction execution, which was achieved by Vector processors.

這種同時對多個數據進行操作的復雜指令，需要一種更好的指令執行方式，這是由Vector處理器實現的。

Scalar CPUs can manipulate one or two data items at a time, which is not very efficient. Also, simple instructions like ADD A to B, and store into C are not practically efficient.

標量CPU一次只能處理一個或兩個數據項，效率不是很高。 同樣，簡單的指令(如ADD A到B并存儲到C中)實際上并不有效。

Addresses are used to point to the memory location where the data to be operated will be found, which leads to added overhead of data lookup. So until the data is found, the CPU would be sitting ideal, which is a big performance issue.

地址用于指向將要操作的數據的存儲位置，這會增加數據查找的開銷。 因此，在找到數據之前，CPU將處于理想狀態，這是一個很大的性能問題。

Hence, the concept of Instruction Pipeline comes into picture, in which the instruction passes through several sub-units in turn. These sub-units perform various independent functions, for example: the first one decodes the instruction, the second sub-unit fetches the data and the third sub-unit performs the math itself. Therefore, while the data is fetched for one instruction, CPU does not sit idle, it rather works on decoding the next instruction set, ending up working like an assembly line.

因此， 指令流水線的概念出現了，其中指令依次經過幾個子單元。 這些子單元執行各種獨立的功能， 例如 ： 第一個子單元對指令進行解碼， 第二個子單元獲取數據，而第三個子單元本身執行數學運算。 因此，在為一條指令獲取數據時，CPU不會處于空閑狀態，而是對下一條指令集進行解碼，最終像匯編流水線一樣工作。

Vector processor, not only use Instruction pipeline, but it also pipelines the data, working on multiple data at the same time.

向量處理器不僅使用指令流水線，而且還流水線處理數據，同時處理多個數據。

A normal scalar processor instruction would be ADD A, B, which leads to addition of two operands, but what if we can instruct the processor to ADD a group of numbers(from 0 to n memory location) to another group of numbers(lets say, n to k memory location). This can be achieved by vector processors.

普通的標量處理器指令為ADD A, B ，這會導致兩個操作數相加，但是如果我們可以指示處理器將一組數字(從0到n存儲位置)添加到另一組數字(如說) ，從n到k存儲位置)。 這可以通過矢量處理器來實現。

In vector processor a single instruction, can ask for multiple data operations, which saves time, as instruction is decoded once, and then it keeps on operating on different data items.

在向量處理器中，一條指令可以請求多個數據操作，從而節省了時間，因為一條指令被解碼一次，然后繼續對不同的數據項進行操作。

向量處理器的應用 (Applications of Vector Processors)

Computer with vector processing capabilities are in demand in specialized applications. The following are some areas where vector processing is used:

具有矢量處理能力的計算機在專門的應用中是需要的。 以下是一些使用矢量處理的領域：

Petroleum exploration.

石油勘探。

Medical diagnosis.

醫學診斷。

Data analysis.

數據分析。

Weather forecasting.

天氣預報。

Aerodynamics and space flight simulations.

空氣動力學和太空飛行模擬。

Image processing.

圖像處理。

Artificial intelligence.

人工智能。

超標量處理器 (Superscalar Processors)

It was first invented in 1987. It is a machine which is designed to improve the performance of the scalar processor. In most applications, most of the operations are on scalar quantities. Superscalar approach produces the high performance general purpose processors.

它最早于1987年發明。這是一種旨在改善標量處理器性能的機器。 在大多數應用中，大多數操作都是按標量進行的。 超標量方法可產生高性能的通用處理器。

The main principle of superscalar approach is that it executes instructions independently in different pipelines. As we already know, that Instruction pipelining leads to parallel processing thereby speeding up the processing of instructions. In Superscalar processor, multiple such pipelines are introduced for different operations, which further improves parallel processing.

超標量方法的主要原理是它在不同的流水線中獨立執行指令。 眾所周知，指令流水線導致并行處理，從而加快了指令的處理速度。 在超標量處理器中，針對不同的操作引入了多個這樣的流水線，這進一步改善了并行處理。

There are multiple functional units each of which is implemented as a pipeline. Each pipeline consists of multiple stages to handle multiple instructions at a time which support parallel execution of instructions.

有多個功能單元，每個功能單元都實現為管道。 每個流水線包含多個階段，一次可處理多個指令，這些指令支持并行執行指令。

It increases the throughput because the CPU can execute multiple instructions per clock cycle. Thus, superscalar processors are much faster than scalar processors.

因為CPU可以在每個時鐘周期執行多個指令，所以可以提高吞吐量。 因此，超標量處理器比標量處理器快得多。

A scalar processor works on one or two data items, while the vector processor works with multiple data items. A superscalar processor is a combination of both. Each instruction processes one data item, but there are multiple execution units within each CPU thus multiple instructions can be processing separate data items concurrently.

標量處理器處理一個或兩個數據項，而矢量處理器處理多個數據項。 超標量處理器是兩者的結合。 每個指令處理一個數據項，但是每個CPU中有多個執行單元，因此多個指令可以同時處理單獨的數據項。

While a superscalar CPU is also pipelined, there are two different performance enhancement techniques. It is possible to have a non-pipelined superscalar CPU or pipelined non-superscalar CPU. The superscalar technique is associated with some characteristics, these are:

同時也流水線超標量CPU，有兩種不同的性能增強技術。 可能有非流水線的超標量CPU或流水線的非超標量CPU。 超標量技術具有一些特性，這些特性包括：

Instructions are issued from a sequential instruction stream.

指令是從順序指令流中發出的。

CPU must dynamically check for data dependencies.

CPU必須動態檢查數據依賴性。

Should accept multiple instructions per clock cycle.

每個時鐘周期應接受多個指令。

翻譯自: https://www.studytonight.com/computer-architecture/vector-and-superscalar

向量對矩陣列空間的投影

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