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19、Java并发编程:线程间协作的两种方式:wait、notify、notifyAll和Condition

發布時間:2024/8/26 java 31 豆豆
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Java并發編程:線程間協作的兩種方式:wait、notify、notifyAll和Condition

  在前面我們將了很多關于同步的問題,然而在現實中,需要線程之間的協作。比如說最經典的生產者-消費者模型:當隊列滿時,生產者需要等待隊列有空間才能繼續往里面放入商品,而在等待的期間內,生產者必須釋放對臨界資源(即隊列)的占用權。因為生產者如果不釋放對臨界資源的占用權,那么消費者就無法消費隊列中的商品,就不會讓隊列有空間,那么生產者就會一直無限等待下去。因此,一般情況下,當隊列滿時,會讓生產者交出對臨界資源的占用權,并進入掛起狀態。然后等待消費者消費了商品,然后消費者通知生產者隊列有空間了。同樣地,當隊列空時,消費者也必須等待,等待生產者通知它隊列中有商品了。這種互相通信的過程就是線程間的協作。

  今天我們就來探討一下Java中線程協作的最常見的兩種方式:利用Object.wait()、Object.notify()和使用Condition

  以下是本文目錄大綱:

  一.wait()、notify()和notifyAll()

  二.Condition

  三.生產者-消費者模型的實現

  若有不正之處請多多諒解,并歡迎批評指正。

  請尊重作者勞動成果,轉載請標明原文鏈接:

  http://www.cnblogs.com/dolphin0520/p/3920385.html

?

一.wait()、notify()和notifyAll()

  wait()、notify()和notifyAll()是Object類中的方法:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 /** ?* Wakes up a single thread that is waiting on this object's ?* monitor. If any threads are waiting on this object, one of them ?* is chosen to be awakened. The choice is arbitrary and occurs at ?* the discretion of the implementation. A thread waits on an object's ?* monitor by calling one of the wait methods ?*/ public?final?native?void?notify(); /** ?* Wakes up all threads that are waiting on this object's monitor. A ?* thread waits on an object's monitor by calling one of the ?* wait methods. ?*/ public?final?native?void?notifyAll(); /** ?* Causes the current thread to wait until either another thread invokes the ?* {@link java.lang.Object#notify()} method or the ?* {@link java.lang.Object#notifyAll()} method for this object, or a ?* specified amount of time has elapsed. ?* <p> ?* The current thread must own this object's monitor. ?*/ public?final?native?void?wait(long?timeout)?throws?InterruptedException;

?  從這三個方法的文字描述可以知道以下幾點信息:

  1)wait()、notify()和notifyAll()方法是本地方法,并且為final方法,無法被重寫。

  2)調用某個對象的wait()方法能讓當前線程阻塞,并且當前線程必須擁有此對象的monitor(即鎖)

  3)調用某個對象的notify()方法能夠喚醒一個正在等待這個對象的monitor的線程,如果有多個線程都在等待這個對象的monitor,則只能喚醒其中一個線程;

  4)調用notifyAll()方法能夠喚醒所有正在等待這個對象的monitor的線程;

  有朋友可能會有疑問:為何這三個不是Thread類聲明中的方法,而是Object類中聲明的方法(當然由于Thread類繼承了Object類,所以Thread也可以調用者三個方法)?其實這個問題很簡單,由于每個對象都擁有monitor(即鎖),所以讓當前線程等待某個對象的鎖,當然應該通過這個對象來操作了。而不是用當前線程來操作,因為當前線程可能會等待多個線程的鎖,如果通過線程來操作,就非常復雜了。

  上面已經提到,如果調用某個對象的wait()方法,當前線程必須擁有這個對象的monitor(即鎖),因此調用wait()方法必須在同步塊或者同步方法中進行(synchronized塊或者synchronized方法)。

  調用某個對象的wait()方法,相當于讓當前線程交出此對象的monitor,然后進入等待狀態,等待后續再次獲得此對象的鎖(Thread類中的sleep方法使當前線程暫停執行一段時間,從而讓其他線程有機會繼續執行,但它并不釋放對象鎖);

  notify()方法能夠喚醒一個正在等待該對象的monitor的線程,當有多個線程都在等待該對象的monitor的話,則只能喚醒其中一個線程,具體喚醒哪個線程則不得而知。

  同樣地,調用某個對象的notify()方法,當前線程也必須擁有這個對象的monitor,因此調用notify()方法必須在同步塊或者同步方法中進行(synchronized塊或者synchronized方法)。

  nofityAll()方法能夠喚醒所有正在等待該對象的monitor的線程,這一點與notify()方法是不同的。

  這里要注意一點:notify()和notifyAll()方法只是喚醒等待該對象的monitor的線程,并不決定哪個線程能夠獲取到monitor。

  舉個簡單的例子:假如有三個線程Thread1、Thread2和Thread3都在等待對象objectA的monitor,此時Thread4擁有對象objectA的monitor,當在Thread4中調用objectA.notify()方法之后,Thread1、Thread2和Thread3只有一個能被喚醒。注意,被喚醒不等于立刻就獲取了objectA的monitor。假若在Thread4中調用objectA.notifyAll()方法,則Thread1、Thread2和Thread3三個線程都會被喚醒,至于哪個線程接下來能夠獲取到objectA的monitor就具體依賴于操作系統的調度了。

  上面尤其要注意一點,一個線程被喚醒不代表立即獲取了對象的monitor,只有等調用完notify()或者notifyAll()并退出synchronized塊,釋放對象鎖后,其余線程才可獲得鎖執行。

下面看一個例子就明白了:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 public?class?Test { ????public?static?Object object =?new?Object(); ????public?static?void?main(String[] args) { ????????Thread1 thread1 =?new?Thread1(); ????????Thread2 thread2 =?new?Thread2(); ????????? ????????thread1.start(); ????????? ????????try?{ ????????????Thread.sleep(200); ????????}?catch?(InterruptedException e) { ????????????e.printStackTrace(); ????????} ????????? ????????thread2.start(); ????} ????? ????static?class?Thread1?extends?Thread{ ????????@Override ????????public?void?run() { ????????????synchronized?(object) { ????????????????try?{ ????????????????????object.wait(); ????????????????}?catch?(InterruptedException e) { ????????????????} ????????????????System.out.println("線程"+Thread.currentThread().getName()+"獲取到了鎖"); ????????????} ????????} ????} ????? ????static?class?Thread2?extends?Thread{ ????????@Override ????????public?void?run() { ????????????synchronized?(object) { ????????????????object.notify(); ????????????????System.out.println("線程"+Thread.currentThread().getName()+"調用了object.notify()"); ????????????} ????????????System.out.println("線程"+Thread.currentThread().getName()+"釋放了鎖"); ????????} ????} }

?  無論運行多少次,運行結果必定是:

?View Code

二.Condition

  Condition是在java 1.5中才出現的,它用來替代傳統的Object的wait()、notify()實現線程間的協作,相比使用Object的wait()、notify(),使用Condition1的await()、signal()這種方式實現線程間協作更加安全和高效。因此通常來說比較推薦使用Condition,在阻塞隊列那一篇博文中就講述到了,阻塞隊列實際上是使用了Condition來模擬線程間協作。

  • Condition是個接口,基本的方法就是await()和signal()方法;
  • Condition依賴于Lock接口,生成一個Condition的基本代碼是lock.newCondition()?
  • ?調用Condition的await()和signal()方法,都必須在lock保護之內,就是說必須在lock.lock()和lock.unlock之間才可以使用

  Conditon中的await()對應Object的wait();

  Condition中的signal()對應Object的notify();

  Condition中的signalAll()對應Object的notifyAll()。

三.生產者-消費者模型的實現

1.使用Object的wait()和notify()實現:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 public?class?Test { ????private?int?queueSize =?10; ????private?PriorityQueue<Integer> queue =?new?PriorityQueue<Integer>(queueSize); ?????? ????public?static?void?main(String[] args)? { ????????Test test =?new?Test(); ????????Producer producer = test.new?Producer(); ????????Consumer consumer = test.new?Consumer(); ?????????? ????????producer.start(); ????????consumer.start(); ????} ?????? ????class?Consumer?extends?Thread{ ?????????? ????????@Override ????????public?void?run() { ????????????consume(); ????????} ?????????? ????????private?void?consume() { ????????????while(true){ ????????????????synchronized?(queue) { ????????????????????while(queue.size() ==?0){ ????????????????????????try?{ ????????????????????????????System.out.println("隊列空,等待數據"); ????????????????????????????queue.wait(); ????????????????????????}?catch?(InterruptedException e) { ????????????????????????????e.printStackTrace(); ????????????????????????????queue.notify(); ????????????????????????} ????????????????????} ????????????????????queue.poll();??????????//每次移走隊首元素 ????????????????????queue.notify(); ????????????????????System.out.println("從隊列取走一個元素,隊列剩余"+queue.size()+"個元素"); ????????????????} ????????????} ????????} ????} ?????? ????class?Producer?extends?Thread{ ?????????? ????????@Override ????????public?void?run() { ????????????produce(); ????????} ?????????? ????????private?void?produce() { ????????????while(true){ ????????????????synchronized?(queue) { ????????????????????while(queue.size() == queueSize){ ????????????????????????try?{ ????????????????????????????System.out.println("隊列滿,等待有空余空間"); ????????????????????????????queue.wait(); ????????????????????????}?catch?(InterruptedException e) { ????????????????????????????e.printStackTrace(); ????????????????????????????queue.notify(); ????????????????????????} ????????????????????} ????????????????????queue.offer(1);????????//每次插入一個元素 ????????????????????queue.notify(); ????????????????????System.out.println("向隊列取中插入一個元素,隊列剩余空間:"+(queueSize-queue.size())); ????????????????} ????????????} ????????} ????} }

?2.使用Condition實現

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 public?class?Test { ????private?int?queueSize =?10; ????private?PriorityQueue<Integer> queue =?new?PriorityQueue<Integer>(queueSize); ????private?Lock lock =?new?ReentrantLock(); ????private?Condition notFull = lock.newCondition(); ????private?Condition notEmpty = lock.newCondition(); ????? ????public?static?void?main(String[] args)? { ????????Test test =?new?Test(); ????????Producer producer = test.new?Producer(); ????????Consumer consumer = test.new?Consumer(); ?????????? ????????producer.start(); ????????consumer.start(); ????} ?????? ????class?Consumer?extends?Thread{ ?????????? ????????@Override ????????public?void?run() { ????????????consume(); ????????} ?????????? ????????private?void?consume() { ????????????while(true){ ????????????????lock.lock(); ????????????????try?{ ????????????????????while(queue.size() ==?0){ ????????????????????????try?{ ????????????????????????????System.out.println("隊列空,等待數據"); ????????????????????????????notEmpty.await(); ????????????????????????}?catch?(InterruptedException e) { ????????????????????????????e.printStackTrace(); ????????????????????????} ????????????????????} ????????????????????queue.poll();????????????????//每次移走隊首元素 ????????????????????notFull.signal(); ????????????????????System.out.println("從隊列取走一個元素,隊列剩余"+queue.size()+"個元素"); ????????????????}?finally{ ????????????????????lock.unlock(); ????????????????} ????????????} ????????} ????} ?????? ????class?Producer?extends?Thread{ ?????????? ????????@Override ????????public?void?run() { ????????????produce(); ????????} ?????????? ????????private?void?produce() { ????????????while(true){ ????????????????lock.lock(); ????????????????try?{ ????????????????????while(queue.size() == queueSize){ ????????????????????????try?{ ????????????????????????????System.out.println("隊列滿,等待有空余空間"); ????????????????????????????notFull.await(); ????????????????????????}?catch?(InterruptedException e) { ????????????????????????????e.printStackTrace(); ????????????????????????} ????????????????????} ????????????????????queue.offer(1);????????//每次插入一個元素 ????????????????????notEmpty.signal(); ????????????????????System.out.println("向隊列取中插入一個元素,隊列剩余空間:"+(queueSize-queue.size())); ????????????????}?finally{ ????????????????????lock.unlock(); ????????????????} ????????????} ????????} ????} }

?

  參考資料:

  《Java編程思想》

  http://blog.csdn.net/ns_code/article/details/17225469

  http://blog.csdn.net/ghsau/article/details/7481142

作者:海子      出處:http://www.cnblogs.com/dolphin0520/      本博客中未標明轉載的文章歸作者海子和博客園共有,歡迎轉載,但未經作者同意必須保留此段聲明,且在文章頁面明顯位置給出原文連接,否則保留追究法律責任的權利。

轉載于:https://www.cnblogs.com/uriel/p/5718990.html

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