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计算机中央处理器cpu_中央处理器（CPU）| 计算机科学组织

發(fā)布時(shí)間：2025/3/11 编程问答 47 豆豆

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計(jì)算機(jī)中央處理器cpu

中央處理器(CPU) (Central Processing Unit (CPU))

The CPU is the brain of the computer system. It works as an administrator of a system.
CPU是計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的大腦。它以系統(tǒng)管理員的身份工作。
All the operations within the system are supervised and controlled by the CPU. It interprets and coordinates the instructions.
系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的所有操作均由CPU監(jiān)控。它解釋和協(xié)調(diào)指令。
The data and the instructions are temporarily stored in its memory unit. After performing operations, the result of operations can be stored in this memory unit.
數(shù)據(jù)和指令臨時(shí)存儲(chǔ)在其存儲(chǔ)單元中。執(zhí)行操作后，操作結(jié)果可以存儲(chǔ)在此存儲(chǔ)單元中。
The results of the operations are sent towards the output unit for the user.
操作結(jié)果將發(fā)送給用戶的輸出單元。
Thus, the CPU controls all internal and external devices, perform arithmetic and logical operations, controls memory usage and control the sequence of operations.
因此，CPU控制所有內(nèi)部和外部設(shè)備，執(zhí)行算術(shù)和邏輯運(yùn)算，控制內(nèi)存使用并控制運(yùn)算順序。
For performing all these operations, the CPU has three subunits:
為了執(zhí)行所有這些操作，CPU具有三個(gè)子單元：
- Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
- Control unit
- Memory unit (CPU registers)

算術(shù)和邏輯單元(ALU) (Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU))

Arithmetic and logic unit is the subunit of the central processing unit as it is given above.
如上所述，算術(shù)和邏輯單元是中央處理單元的子單元。
It performs arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, and logic operations like OR, AND, invert, exclusive – OR on binary words. The data stored in the memory unit is transferred to ALU. The ALU performs the operations that are the data is processed and the result is stored in an internal memory unit of the CPU. The result of a final operation is transferred from the memory unit to an output unit.
它對(duì)二進(jìn)制字執(zhí)行算術(shù)運(yùn)算(例如加法，減法)和邏輯運(yùn)算(例如OR，AND，取反，異或)。存儲(chǔ)在存儲(chǔ)單元中的數(shù)據(jù)將傳輸?shù)紸LU。 ALU執(zhí)行以下操作：處理數(shù)據(jù)并將結(jié)果存儲(chǔ)在CPU的內(nèi)部存儲(chǔ)單元中。最終操作的結(jié)果從存儲(chǔ)單元傳輸?shù)捷敵鰡卧?
Arithmetic and logic operations performed by ALU sets flags to represent certain conditions such as equal to condition, zero condition, greater than the condition and so on. These conditions are checked by program instructions to change the sequence of program executions.
ALU執(zhí)行的算術(shù)和邏輯運(yùn)算設(shè)置標(biāo)志來(lái)表示某些條件，例如等于條件，零條件，大于條件等。這些條件由程序指令檢查以更改程序執(zhí)行的順序。

控制單元 (Control Unit)

The control unit controls all the operations which internally take place within the CPU and also the operations of CPU related to input / output devices. The control unit directs the overall functioning of a computer system.
控制單元控制在CPU內(nèi)部進(jìn)行的所有操作，以及與輸入/輸出設(shè)備有關(guān)的CPU的操作。控制單元指導(dǎo)計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的整體功能。
This unit also checks the correctness of sequence of operations. It fetches instructions in a program from the primary storage unit, interprets them and generates control signals to ensure correct execution of the program. The control signals generated by the control unit direct the overall functioning of the other units of the computer.
本機(jī)還檢查操作順序的正確性。它從主存儲(chǔ)單元中獲取程序中的指令，對(duì)其進(jìn)行解釋并生成控制信號(hào)以確保程序正確執(zhí)行。由控制單元產(chǎn)生的控制信號(hào)指導(dǎo)計(jì)算機(jī)其他單元的整體功能。

CPU寄存器 (CPU Registers)

A register is a group of flip-flops which can be used to store a word. It is a high-speed temporary storage space for holding data, addresses, and instructions during processing the instructions. Registers are not referenced by their addresses, however, they are directly accessed.
寄存器是一組觸發(fā)器，可用于存儲(chǔ)一個(gè)字。它是一個(gè)高速臨時(shí)存儲(chǔ)空間，用于在處理指令期間保存數(shù)據(jù)，地址和指令。寄存器不由其地址引用，但是可以直接訪問(wèn)它們。
To perform execution of the instructions, the processor contains a number of registers used for temporary storage of data and some special function registers.
為了執(zhí)行指令，處理器包含許多用于臨時(shí)存儲(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)的寄存器和一些特殊功能寄存器。
The special function registers include Program Counter (PC), Instruction Register (IR), Memory Address Register (MAR), and Memory Data Register (MDR).
特殊功能寄存器包括程序計(jì)數(shù)器(PC)，指令寄存器(IR)，存儲(chǔ)器地址寄存器(MAR)和存儲(chǔ)器數(shù)據(jù)寄存器(MDR)。

程序計(jì)數(shù)器(PC) (Program Counter (PC))

A program is a series of instruction stored in the memory. These instructions tell the CPU exactly how to get the desired result.
程序是存儲(chǔ)在存儲(chǔ)器中的一系列指令。這些指令準(zhǔn)確地告訴CPU如何獲得所需的結(jié)果。
It is important that these instructions must be executed in a proper order to get the correct result.
必須按照正確的順序執(zhí)行這些指令，以獲得正確的結(jié)果，這一點(diǎn)很重要。
The sequence of instructions executions is monitored by the program counter.
指令執(zhí)行的順序由程序計(jì)數(shù)器監(jiān)視。
It keeps track of which instruction is being executed and what the next instruction will be.
它跟蹤正在執(zhí)行的指令以及下一條指令。

指令寄存器(IR) (Instruction Register (IR))

It is used to hold the instruction that is currently being executed.
它用于保存當(dāng)前正在執(zhí)行的指令。
The contents of IR are available to the control unit, which generate the timing signals that control the various processing elements involved in executing the instruction.
IR的內(nèi)容可供控制單元使用，控制單元生成控制執(zhí)行指令所涉及的各種處理元件的定時(shí)信號(hào)。

內(nèi)存地址寄存器(MAR)和內(nèi)存數(shù)據(jù)寄存器(MDR) (Memory Address Register (MAR) and Memory Data Register (MDR))

These registers are used to handle the data transfer between the main memory and the processor.
這些寄存器用于處理主存儲(chǔ)器和處理器之間的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸。
The MAR holds the address of the main memory to or from which the data is to be transferred.
MAR保留要向其傳輸數(shù)據(jù)的主存儲(chǔ)器的地址。
The MDR sometimes also called MBR (Memory Buffer Register) contains the data to be written into or read from the addressed word of the main memory.
MDR有時(shí)也稱為MBR(內(nèi)存緩沖寄存器)，包含要寫入主存儲(chǔ)器的尋址字中或從中讀取的數(shù)據(jù)。

References:

參考文獻(xiàn)：

Basic Operational Concepts
基本操作概念
Instruction cycle
指令周期
Basic Operational Concepts
基本操作概念

翻譯自: https://www.includehelp.com/cso/central-processing-unit.aspx