操作系統大內核和微內核

As we have already studied about the Kernels, we know that the Kernel is a program which is the main component of the Operating System. Now let us study about the types of Kernels.

正如我們已經研究了內核一樣 ，我們知道內核是一個程序，它是操作系統的主要組件。 現在讓我們研究內核的類型。

內核類型 (Types of kernels )

A Kernel is classified into two main types:

內核分為兩種主要類型：

Monolithic Kernel

整體內核

Micro Kernel

微內核

One more type of Kernel exists which is the combination of these two types of kernels and is known as the Hybrid Kernel.

存在另一種類型的內核，這是這兩種類型的內核的組合，稱為混合內核 。

Let us study each of them in brief...

讓我們簡短地研究它們中的每一個...

1)整體內核 (1) Monolithic Kernel)

In this type of Kernel architecture, all the functions, like Process Management, Memory management, interrupt handling, etc. are performed in the Kernel space.

在這種類型的內核體系結構中，所有功能(如進程管理，內存管理，中斷處理等)都在內核空間中執行。

The monolithic Kernels first consisted of only one module, and this module was responsible for all the functions that were performed by the Kernel. This increased the performance of the OS as all the functions were present inside the same module, but this also led to serious drawbacks like large size of the Kernel, very low reliability because even if a single function of the Kernel failed, this led to the failure of the entire Kernel Program, and poor maintenance, due to the same reason. So, to increase the performance of the system, a modular approach was made in the Monolithic kernels in which each function was present in a different Module inside the Kernel Space. So, for fixing any bugs or in case of failure, only that particular module was unloaded and loaded after fixing.

整體式內核首先僅包含一個模塊，而該模塊負責內核所執行的所有功能。 由于所有功能都存在于同一模塊中，因此提高了OS的性能，但這也導致了嚴重的缺陷，例如內核的尺寸過大，可靠性非常低，因為即使內核的單個功能失敗，這也會導致由于相同的原因，整個內核程序都會失敗，并且維護不善。 因此，為了提高系統性能，在Monolithic內核中采用了模塊化方法，其中每個功能都存在于內核空間內的不同模塊中。 因此，對于修復任何錯誤或出現故障的情況，修復后僅卸載和加載該特定模塊。

2)微內核 (2) Micro Kernels)

In this type of Kernel architecture, the basic user services like device driver management, protocol stack management, File system management and graphics control are present in the Userspace, and the rest functions lie Memory management, Process management is present inside the Kernel space. So, whenever the system has the requirement of services present in the Kernel space, the OS switches to the Kernel Mode, and for the user level services, it switches to the User Mode. This type of Kernel Architecture reduces the size of the Kernel, but the speed of executing processes and providing other services is much slower than the Monolithic Kernels.

在這種類型的內核體系結構中，基本的用戶服務(如設備驅動程序管理，協議棧管理，文件系統管理和圖形控制)位于用戶空間中，其余功能位于內存管理中，進程管理位于內核空間中。 因此，每當系統需要內核空間中存在的服務需求時，OS就會切換到內核模式，而對于用戶級服務，它將切換到用戶模式。 這種類型的內核體系結構減小了內核的大小，但是執行進程和提供其他服務的速度比Monolithic內核要慢得多。

3 *)混合內核 (3*) Hybrid Kernel)

For the best performance of the system, we require both high speed and small size of the kernel so that our system may have the maximum efficiency. So, to meet this, a new type of Kernel was designed which was somewhat a combination of the Monolithic Kernel and the MicroKernel. This type of Kernel is known as the Hybrid Kernel. Such type of Architecture is being used in almost all systems which are being manufactured nowadays.

為了使系統達到最佳性能，我們需要高速且小尺寸的內核，以使我們的系統具有最大的效率。 因此，為了解決這個問題，設計了一種新型內核，某種程度上是整體內核和微內核的組合。 這種類型的內核稱為混合內核。 這種類型的體系結構已在當今正在制造的幾乎所有系統中使用。

翻譯自: https://www.includehelp.com/operating-systems/types-of-kernels.aspx

操作系統大內核和微內核

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