理解網絡地址

你可以把萬維網想象成一個存儲在世界各地計算機上的電子文件的網絡。超文本把這些資源鏈接在一起。統一資源定位器或者稱之為URL是用來定位這些文件的地址。你只需單擊一下鼠標，URL中包含的信息就可以讓你從一個網頁直接跳到另一個網頁。當你在瀏覽器中輸入一個URL或是單擊一個超文本鏈接，你的瀏覽器就向遠程計算機發送了下載文件的請求。

一個典型的URL是什么樣的呢？以下是幾個例子。

--- 一個英語學習網站的主頁

ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/

--- 麻省理工學院一個可供下載的文件目錄

news:rec.gardens.roses

--- 一個有關玫瑰園藝的新聞組

一個URL的第一部分，即兩條斜線之前的部分告訴你資源類型或是那個地址的訪問方式。比如說：

http - 一個超文本文檔或目錄

gopher - 一個鼴鼠文檔或菜單

ftp - 一個可供下載的文件或這類文件的目錄

news - 一個新聞組

telnet - 一個可以通過因特網登錄的計算機系統

WAIS - 一個廣域信息檢索數據庫中的數據庫或文檔

file - 儲存在本地磁盤(你的硬盤)中的文件

第二部分是典型的數據或服務所在的計算機的地址。附加的部分可能指定了文件名，連接端口，或是在數據庫中檢索的文本。

你可以在到網頁瀏覽器的地址欄中(就在工具欄的下方)鍵入該網站的URL以進入該網站。

大多數瀏覽器會把你訪問過的URL添加到一個專用的菜單，以便你下次再訪問。這個菜單在網景導航器中被稱為書簽。在微軟的瀏覽器中，它被稱為收藏夾。一旦你把一個URL添加到你的清單中，當你下次再訪問時，你只需點擊一下列表中的名稱就可以很輕松地進入該網頁，而無須再鍵入一個完整的URL了。

你使用的大多數URL以http作為前綴，意為超文本傳送協議。http使得HTML文件可以在網上傳送。以下是一些關于URL的其他要點：

一個URL通常沒有空格。

一個URL總使用正斜杠(//)。

如果你錯誤地鍵入了一個URL，你的瀏覽器將無法定位你所需要的網站或資源。如果你不想得到錯誤信息提示或找錯地方，就請確保你輸入的地址是正確的。

在那些鏈接上方移動你的鼠標光標，你就可以找到這個鏈接所指向的URL。指針將變成一只手形，這個URL也會顯示在瀏覽器的狀態欄中。狀態欄通常出現在屏幕的底部。　　計算機專業英語之理解網絡地址(譯文)

Understanding Web Addresses

You can think of the World Wide Web as a network of electronic files stored on computers all around the world. Hypertext links these resources together. Uniform Resource Locators or URLs are the addresses used to locate these files. The information contained in a URL gives you the ability to jump from one web page to another with just a click of your mouse. When you type a URL into your browser or click on a hypertext link, your browser is sending a request to a remote computer to download a file.

What does a typical URL look like? Here are some examples:

The home page for study English.

ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/

A directory of files at MIT available for downloading.

A newsgroup on rose gardening.

The first part of a URL (before the two slashes* tells you the type of resource or method of access at that address. For example:

http - a hypertext document or directory

gopher - a gopher document or menu

ftp - a file available for downloading or a directory of such files

news - a newsgroup

telnet - a computer system that you can log into over the Internet

WAIS - a database or document in a Wide Area Information Search database

file - a file located on a local drive (your hard drive)

The second part is typically the address of the computer where the data or service is located. Additional parts may specify the names of files, the port to connect to, or the text to search for in a database.

You can enter the URL of a site by typing it into the Location bar of your web browser, just under the toolbar.

Most browsers record URLs that you want to use again, by adding them to a special menu. In Netscape Navigator, it’s called Bookmarks. In Microsoft Explorer, it’s called Favorites. Once you add a URL to your list, you can return to that web page simply by clicking on the name in your list, instead of retyping the entire URL.

Most of the URLs you will be using start with http which stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol*. http is the method by which HTML files are transferred over the Web. Here are some other important things to know about URLs:

A URL usually has no spaces.

A URL always uses forward slashes (//).

If you enter a URL incorrectly, your browser will not be able to locate the site or resource you want. Should you get an error message or the wrong site, make sure you typed the address correctly.

You can find the URL behind any link by passing your mouse cursor over the link. The pointer will turn into a hand and the URL will appear in the browser’s status bar, usually located at the bottom of your screen.

總結

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