它們之間的區(qū)別：

在我們學(xué)習(xí)String類的時候，也會學(xué)習(xí)到StringBuilder和StringBuffer，但是他們之間有什么區(qū)別呢？ 當(dāng)然他們在具體的代碼實現(xiàn)上、內(nèi)存分配上以及效率上都有著不同（我這里以JDK8為例）；

一、代碼實現(xiàn)
String

public final class Stringimplements java.io.Serializable, Comparable<String>, CharSequence {/** The value is used for character storage. */private final char value[];/** Cache the hash code for the string */private int hash; // Default to 0/** use serialVersionUID from JDK 1.0.2 for interoperability */private static final long serialVersionUID = -6849794470754667710L;/*** Class String is special cased within the Serialization Stream Protocol.** A String instance is written into an ObjectOutputStream according to* <a href="{@docRoot}/../platform/serialization/spec/output.html">* Object Serialization Specification, Section 6.2, "Stream Elements"</a>*/private static final ObjectStreamField[] serialPersistentFields =new ObjectStreamField[0];/*** Initializes a newly created {@code String} object so that it represents* an empty character sequence. Note that use of this constructor is* unnecessary since Strings are immutable.*/public String() {this.value = "".value;}/*** Initializes a newly created {@code String} object so that it represents* the same sequence of characters as the argument; in other words, the* newly created string is a copy of the argument string. Unless an* explicit copy of {@code original} is needed, use of this constructor is* unnecessary since Strings are immutable.** @param original* A {@code String}*/public String(String original) {this.value = original.value;this.hash = original.hash;}

從這里我們可以看出，String的底層結(jié)構(gòu)是private final char value[]；所以String的值是不可變的，并且實現(xiàn)了Comparable接口，所以是支持比較的。

StringBuilder

public final class StringBuilderextends AbstractStringBuilderimplements java.io.Serializable, CharSequence {/** use serialVersionUID for interoperability */static final long serialVersionUID = 4383685877147921099L;/*** Constructs a string builder with no characters in it and an* initial capacity of 16 characters.*/public StringBuilder() {super(16);}/*** Constructs a string builder with no characters in it and an* initial capacity specified by the {@code capacity} argument.** @param capacity the initial capacity.* @throws NegativeArraySizeException if the {@code capacity}* argument is less than {@code 0}.*/public StringBuilder(int capacity) {super(capacity);}/*** Constructs a string builder initialized to the contents of the* specified string. The initial capacity of the string builder is* {@code 16} plus the length of the string argument.** @param str the initial contents of the buffer.*/public StringBuilder(String str) {super(str.length() + 16);append(str);}/*** Constructs a string builder that contains the same characters* as the specified {@code CharSequence}. The initial capacity of* the string builder is {@code 16} plus the length of the* {@code CharSequence} argument.** @param seq the sequence to copy.*/public StringBuilder(CharSequence seq) {this(seq.length() + 16);append(seq);}@Overridepublic StringBuilder append(Object obj) {return append(String.valueOf(obj));}@Overridepublic StringBuilder append(String str) {super.append(str);return this;}

從這里我們可以看出StringBuilder有一個抽象父類，他是沒有實現(xiàn)Comparable接口，明顯不支持比較。我們看到AbstractStringBuilder類中，value是可變的，并不像String有final修飾

AbstractStringBuilder

abstract class AbstractStringBuilder implements Appendable, CharSequence {/*** The value is used for character storage.*/char[] value;/*** The count is the number of characters used.*/int count;/*** This no-arg constructor is necessary for serialization of subclasses.*/AbstractStringBuilder() {}

StringBuffer

public final class StringBufferextends AbstractStringBuilderimplements java.io.Serializable, CharSequence {/*** A cache of the last value returned by toString. Cleared* whenever the StringBuffer is modified.*/private transient char[] toStringCache;/** use serialVersionUID from JDK 1.0.2 for interoperability */static final long serialVersionUID = 3388685877147921107L;/*** Constructs a string buffer with no characters in it and an* initial capacity of 16 characters.*/public StringBuffer() {super(16);}/*** Constructs a string buffer with no characters in it and* the specified initial capacity.** @param capacity the initial capacity.* @exception NegativeArraySizeException if the {@code capacity}* argument is less than {@code 0}.*/public StringBuffer(int capacity) {super(capacity);}/*** Constructs a string buffer initialized to the contents of the* specified string. The initial capacity of the string buffer is* {@code 16} plus the length of the string argument.** @param str the initial contents of the buffer.*/public StringBuffer(String str) {super(str.length() + 16);append(str);}/*** Constructs a string buffer that contains the same characters* as the specified {@code CharSequence}. The initial capacity of* the string buffer is {@code 16} plus the length of the* {@code CharSequence} argument.* <p>* If the length of the specified {@code CharSequence} is* less than or equal to zero, then an empty buffer of capacity* {@code 16} is returned.** @param seq the sequence to copy.* @since 1.5*/public StringBuffer(CharSequence seq) {this(seq.length() + 16);append(seq);}@Overridepublic synchronized int length() {return count;}@Overridepublic synchronized int capacity() {return value.length;}

而StringBuffer同樣是繼承一個抽象父類AbstractStringBuilder，它的底層結(jié)構(gòu)同樣是可變的char[] value數(shù)組也沒有實現(xiàn)Comparable接口。

StringBuffer和StringBuilder雖然結(jié)構(gòu)是一樣的，但還是有不同點。StringBuffer多了幾樣?xùn)|西。
如：
1、toStringCache它是用于執(zhí)行toString()方法時，把值保存到變量中，下次繼續(xù)執(zhí)行toString()方法時，可以直接從變量中取出來。變量是transient 修飾的，代表著不可序列化。
2、還有一個本質(zhì)上的區(qū)別，StringBuffer的方法是synchronized修飾的，代表著是線程安全的。

二、性能效率
String

// StirngString str = "";long oldTime = System.currentTimeMillis();for (int i = 0; i < 100000; i++) {str += "a";}System.out.printf("耗時：%d ms",(System.currentTimeMillis() - oldTime));

我這里使用for循環(huán)，每循環(huán)一次，都往str中拼接字符串"a"，總共循環(huán)10萬次。執(zhí)行時間達(dá)到了平均11秒，太可怕了，效率實在太慢太慢了。

StringBuilder

// StringBuilderStringBuilder str = new StringBuilder("");long oldTime = System.currentTimeMillis();for (int i = 0; i < 10000000; i++) {str.append("a");}System.out.printf("耗時：%d ms",(System.currentTimeMillis() - oldTime));

我這里使用StringBuilder的append方法進(jìn)行拼接字符串，拼接1000萬次，平均執(zhí)行時間只需279毫秒，這里對比String可以看出，在大量拼接字符串的時候，String的劣勢很明顯。
當(dāng)然StringBuilder雖然夠快，但也有他的劣勢，在多線程的環(huán)境下是線程不安全的。

StringBuffer

// StringBufferStringBuffer str = new StringBuffer("");long oldTime = System.currentTimeMillis();for (int i = 0; i < 10000000; i++) {str.append("a");}System.out.printf("耗時：%d ms",(System.currentTimeMillis() - oldTime));

這里同樣使用StringBuffer拼接字符串，同樣1000萬次，耗時平均550毫秒。雖然它沒有StringBuilder快，但是它可以保證線程安全，我們前面講過StringBuffer的方法是synchronized修飾的。當(dāng)然線程安全就代表著它性能效率會被降低了，因為我們的線程需要去競爭鎖，競爭到鎖的線程才可以執(zhí)行，雖然有偏向鎖，性能難免會被降低。

三、內(nèi)存分配

JVM內(nèi)存區(qū)域劃分如下（自畫，如果有覺得錯的地方，可以私信我修正哈）

String

String str = “a” + “b” + “c”; //我們以這段代碼為例，我們來看看內(nèi)存中是如何分配的

【總所周知，字符串常量池在JDK7中從方法區(qū)搬到了堆中！】
(字面量：字符串常量池中帶"“雙引號的字，如"a”、“b”、"c"都是字面量)
我們可以看到，在使用String進(jìn)行拼接不同字符串的時候，每次拼接相連，都會在常量池中創(chuàng)建相應(yīng)的字面量。這是因為String的value是final修飾的，并不能直接修改，所以會一直創(chuàng)建新的對象，并重新進(jìn)行賦值。

在JDK9中，String底層是“byte[]”，并不是“char[]”了，這樣做的目的就是可以通過編碼的方式來存儲，可以減少內(nèi)存的占用和提高性能，我測試過性能快了不止一倍。

總結(jié)

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