磁盤分區、格式化與掛載

磁盤分區、格式化與掛載

一、給磁盤分區

分區工具介紹

fdisk:分區時只修改分區表信息；操作簡單；不支持大于2T的分區；只能使用交互式來分區。

parted:直接將分區信息寫入磁盤；操作比較復雜；支持大于2T的分區，并且允許調整分區的大小；可以使用交互式或非交互式進行分區。

1、fdisk分區過程

1)選擇所需要分區的硬盤：fdisk -uc /dev/xvdb[root@lt1?~]#?fdisk?-uc?/dev/xvdb???#<==-uc是分區參數，如果不加會有警告；/dev/xvdb是需要分區的磁盤

Device?contains?neither?a?valid?DOSpartition?table,?nor?Sun,?SGI?or?OSF?disklabel

Building?a?new?DOS?disklabel?with?diskidentifier?0x12c129c5.

Changes?will?remain?in?memory?only,until?you?decide?to?write?them.

After?that,?of?course,?the?previouscontent?won't?be?recoverable.

Warning:?invalid?flag?0x0000?ofpartition?table?4?will?be?corrected?by?w(rite)

Command?(m?for?help):

2)打印fdisk的功能菜單：mCommand?(m?for?help):?m

Command?action

a???toggle?a?bootable?flag

b???edit?bsd?disklabel

c???toggle?the?dos?compatibilityflag

d???delete?a?partition????#<==刪除一個已有分區

l???listknown?partition?types?????#<==打印分區類型

m???print?this?menu???????#<==打印這個功能菜單

n???add?a?new?partition???#<==添加一個新分區

o???create?a?new?empty?DOSpartition?table

p???print?the?partition?table?????#<==打印分區表

q???quit?without?saving?changes???#<==不保存退出

s???create?a?new?empty?Sundisklabel

t???change?a?partition's?system?id??#<==修改分區的ID號(改變分區類型)

u???change?display/entry?units

v???verify?the?partition?table

w???write?table?to?disk?and?exit???#<==保存退出

x???extra?functionality?(expertsonly)

3)添加一個新的分區：n

注意：

主分區和拓展分區最多有4個(因為分區表只有64字節，一個分區會占用16字節)

擴展分區之后還要建立邏輯分區才能使用(邏輯分區可以有多個)

無論主分區和擴展分區有多少個，邏輯分區的分區號都是從5開始的Command?(m?for?help):?n

Command?action

e???extended??????????????????#<==e表示新建一個擴展分區

p???primary?partition?(1-4)???#<==p表示新建一個主分區

4)新建一個主分區(擴展分區和邏輯分區同理)：pp?????????????????????????????????????????#<==如果是擴展分區就選e,邏輯分區選l

Partition?number?(1-4):??????????#<==選擇主分區號(1~4)

5)選擇分區號：1(是第幾個主分區就選幾)Partition?number?(1-4):?1

First?sector?(2048-20971519,?default2048):??????#<==選擇起始的扇區，默認是2048

6)選擇起始扇區：直接回車選擇默認First?sector?(2048-20971519,?default2048):

Using?default?value?2048

Last?sector,?+sectors?or?+size{K,M,G}(2048-20971519,?default?20971519):???#<==選擇結束扇區，可以通過+size設置大小，默認到最后一個扇區

7)設置分區大小：+10MLast?sector,?+sectors?or?+size{K,M,G}?(2048-20971519,default?20971519):?+10M

Command?(m?for?help):

8)打印分區表信息：pCommand?(m?for?help):?p

Disk?/dev/xvdb:?10.7?GB,?10737418240bytes

255?heads,?63?sectors/track,?1305cylinders,?total?20971520?sectors

Units?=?sectors?of?1?*?512?=?512?bytes

Sector?size?(logical/physical):?512bytes?/?512?bytes

I/O?size?(minimum/optimal):?512?bytes?/512?bytes

Disk?identifier:?0x12c129c5

Device?Boot??????Start?????????End??????Blocks??Id??System

/dev/xvdb1????????????2048???????22527???????10240??83??Linux??#<==已建好分區

9)保存退出：wCommand?(m?for?help):?w

The?partition?table?has?been?altered!

Calling?ioctl()?to?re-read?partitiontable.

Syncing?disks.

10)分區完成之后，使用partprobe命令將分區信息加載到內核[root@lt1?~]#?partprobe?/dev/xvdb

注：如果分區過程中輸入錯誤，可以使用快捷鍵Ctrl+u退回

2、parted分區過程

parted用于對磁盤(或RAID磁盤)進行分區及管理，與fdisk分區工具相比，支持2TB以上的磁盤分區，并且允許調整分區的大小。可以使用交互式或者非交互式來為磁盤分區。交互式分區：

1)選擇所需要用parted分區的磁盤：parted/dev/xvdb[root@lt1?~]#?parted?/dev/xvdb

GNU?Parted?2.1

Using?/dev/xvdb

Welcome?to?GNU?Parted!?Type?'help'?toview?a?list?of?commands.

(parted)

2)查看幫助：help(parted)?help

align-check?TYPE?N???????????????????????check?partition?N?for?TYPE(min|opt)?alignment

check?NUMBER????????????????????????????do?a?simple?check?on?the?file?system

cp?[FROM-DEVICE]?FROM-NUMBER?TO-NUMBER??copy?file?system?to?another?partition

help?[COMMAND]??????????????????????????print?general?help,?or?help?on?COMMAND

mklabel,mktable?LABEL-TYPE???????????????create?a?new?disklabel(partition?table)

mkfs?NUMBER?FS-TYPE??????????????????????make?a?FS-TYPE?file?system?onpartition?NUMBER

mkpart?PART-TYPE?[FS-TYPE]?START?END?????make?a?partition

mkpartfs?PART-TYPE?FS-TYPE?START?END????make?a?partition?with?a?file?system

move?NUMBER?START?END???????????????????move?partition?NUMBER

name?NUMBER?NAME????????????????????????name?partition?NUMBER?as?NAME

print?[devices|free|list,all|NUMBER]????display?the?partition?table,?available?devices,?free?space,?all

found?partitions,?or?a?particular?partition

quit?????????????????????????????????????exit?program

rescue?START?END????????????????????????rescue?a?lost?partition?near?START?and?END

resize?NUMBER?START?END?????????????????resize?partition?NUMBER?and?its?file?system

rm?NUMBER????????????????????????????????delete?partition?NUMBER

select?DEVICE???????????????????????????choose?the?device?to?edit

set?NUMBER?FLAG?STATE???????????????????change?the?FLAG?on?partition?NUMBER

toggle?[NUMBER?[FLAG]]??????????????????toggle?the?state?of?FLAG?on?partition?NUMBER

unit?UNIT???????????????????????????????set?the?default?unit?to?UNIT

version?????????????????????????????????display?the?version?number?and?copyright?information?of?GNU

Parted

3)定義分區表格式：mklabel gpt? (常用的有msdos和gpt格式，msdos不支持2T以上容量的磁盤，所以大于2TB的磁盤選擇gpt分區格式)(parted)?mklabel?gpt

Warning:?The?existing?disk?label?on/dev/xvdb?will?be?destroyed?and?all?data?on?this?disk?will?be?lost.?Do

you?want?to?continue?

Yes/No??yes

(parted)

4)創建分區，名稱為p1:mkpart p1(parted)?mkpart?p1

File?system?type???[ext2]?

5)定義分區格式：ext2|ext3|ext4? ----centos6默認為ext4了，centos7是xfsFile?system?type???[ext2]??ext4

Start?

6)定義分區起始位置(單位支持K,M,G,T)

7)定義分區結束位置(單位支持K,M,G,T)Start??1

End??10M

8)查看當前分區情況：print(parted)?print

Model:?Xen?Virtual?Block?Device?(xvd)

Disk?/dev/xvdb:?10.7GB

Sector?size?(logical/physical):512B/512B

Partition?Table:?gpt

Number?Start???End?????Size???File?system??Name??Flags

1?????1049kB??10.5MB??9437kB??????????????p1

9)以上步驟也結合為一個指令

mkpart primary 0 10

mkpart primary linux-swap 11 21 Ignore

mkpart logical ext4 22 32 Ignore(parted)?mkpart?p1?0?10?Ignore

Warning:?The?resulting?partition?is?notproperly?aligned?for?best?performance.

(parted)?mkpart?p2?linux-swap?11?21Ignore

Warning:?The?resulting?partition?is?notproperly?aligned?for?best?performance.

(parted)?mkpart?logical?ext4?22?32Ignore

Warning:?The?resulting?partition?is?notproperly?aligned?for?best?performance.

(parted)?print

Model:?Xen?Virtual?Block?Device?(xvd)

Disk?/dev/xvdb:?10.7GB

Sector?size?(logical/physical):512B/512B

Partition?Table:?gpt

Number?Start???End?????Size???File?system??Name?????Flags

1?????17.4kB??10.0MB??9983kB???????????????p1

2?????11.0MB??21.0MB??10.0MB???????????????p2

3?????22.0MB??32.0MB??10.0MB???????????????logical

10)刪除分區：rm(parted)?rm

Partition?number??1

二、擴容swap分區

swap分區，即緩存交換空間，當計算機內存用完時，會用到這部分交換空間，否則服務器就不能正常工作。新建物理分區擴容swap

1)初始的swap空間[root@lt1?~]#?free?-m

total???????used???????free????shared????buffers?????cached

Mem:???????????980?????????88????????891??????????0?????????7?????????25

-/+?buffers/cache:?????????55????????924

Swap:?????????2047?????????0???????2047

2)利用fdisk或者parted新建一個磁盤分區Command?(m?for?help):?p

Disk?/dev/sdb:?2147?MB,?2147483648?bytes

255?heads,?63?sectors/track,?261cylinders

Units?=?cylinders?of?16065?*?512?=8225280?bytes

Sector?size?(logical/physical):?512bytes?/?512?bytes

I/O?size?(minimum/optimal):?512?bytes?/512?bytes

Disk?identifier:?0x393390bf

Device?Boot??????Start?????????End??????Blocks??Id??System

/dev/sdb1???????????????1?????????261????2096451???83??Linux

3)將該分區格式化成swap分區：mkswap[root@lt1?~]#?mkswap?/dev/sdb1

Setting?up?swapspace?version?1,?size?=2096444?KiB

no?label,UUID=d04b54dc-f068-4563-9a0d-33bacca1d4d5

4)將新建的分區加入swap內存中：swapon[root@lt1?~]#?swapon?/dev/sdb1

[root@lt1?~]#?free?-m

total???????used??????free?????shared????buffers????cached

Mem:???????????980?????????90????????890??????????0??????????7?????????25

-/+?buffers/cache:?????????57????????923

Swap:?????????4095?????????0???????4095

5)刪除新增的swap分區：swapoff[root@lt1?~]#?swapoff?/dev/sdb1

[root@lt1?~]#?free?-m

total???????used???????free????shared????buffers?????cached

Mem:???????????980?????????89????????891??????????0??????????7?????????25

-/+?buffers/cache:?????????56????????924

Swap:?????????2047??????????0???????2047使用文件構建swap

1)構建一個大小為2G的文件：ddif=/dev/zert of=/tmp/swap bs=1G count=2[root@lt1?~]#?dd?if=/dev/zert?of=/tmp/swap?bs=1G?count=2

[root@lt1?~]#?ls?-lh?/tmp/swap

-rw-r--r--?1?root?root?2.0G?Oct?14?11:45/tmp/swap

2)格式化文件為swap分區[root@lt1?~]#?mkswap?/tmp/swap

mkswap:?/tmp/swap:?warning:?don't?erasebootbits?sectors

on?whole?disk.?Use?-f?to?force.

Setting?up?swapspace?version?1,?size?=2097148?KiB

no?label,UUID=c8c89301-83ec-436d-9101-718ec5e401c9

3)將新建的分區加入swap內存中：swapon[root@lt1?~]#?swapon?/tmp/swap

[root@lt1?~]#?free?-m

total???????used???????free????shared????buffers?????cached

Mem:???????????980?????????79????????901??????????0??????????5?????????21

-/+?buffers/cache:?????????52????????928

Swap:?????????4095?????????3???????4092

4)刪除新增的swap分區：swapoff[root@lt1?~]#?swapoff?/tmp/swap

[root@lt1?~]#?free?-m

total???????used???????free????shared????buffers?????cached

Mem:???????????980?????????78????????902??????????0??????????5?????????21

-/+?buffers/cache:?????????51???????929

Swap:?????????2047?????????3???????2044

三、格式化文件系統

新建硬盤分區之后，需要對硬盤進行格式化操作，以創建相應的文件系統，格式化過程如下：

1)查看系統支持的文件系統格式[root@lt1?~]#?ls/lib/modules/`uname?-r`/kernel/fs

autofs4?cachefiles??configfs??dlm??????exportfs??ext3?fat??????fuse??jbd??jffs2??mbcache.ko??nfs_common?nls???????ubifs??xfs

btrfs???cifs????????cramfs????ecryptfs?ext2??????ext4??fscache??gfs2?jbd2??lockd??nfs?????????nfsd????????squashfs??udf

2)格式化成ext4系統

ext4是centos6系列默認的文件系統[root@lt1?~]#?mkfs?-t?ext4?-b?4096?-I?256?/dev/sdb1

mke2fs?1.41.12?(17-May-2010)

Filesystem?label=

OS?type:?Linux

Block?size=4096?(log=2)

Fragment?size=4096?(log=2)

Stride=0?blocks,?Stripe?width=0?blocks

4016?inodes,?4008?blocks

200?blocks?(4.99%)?reserved?for?the?super?user

First?data?block=0

1?block?group

32768?blocks?per?group,?32768?fragments?per?group

4016?inodes?per?group

Writing?inode?tables:?done

Creating?journal?(1024?blocks):?done

Writing?superblocks?and?filesystem?accounting?information:?done

This?filesystem?will?be?automatically?checked?every?26?mounts?or

180?days,?whichever?comes?first.??Use?tune2fs?-c?or?-i?to?override.

3)設置不檢查[root@lt1?~]#?tune2fs?-c?-1?/dev/sdb1

tune2fs?1.41.12?(17-May-2010)

Setting?maximal?mount?count?to?-1

四、掛載磁盤到服務器

1)磁盤格式化完畢之后，需要掛載到系統目錄才能使用，掛載命令如下：[root@lt1?~]#?mount?/dev/sdb1?/mnt

[root@lt1?~]#?df?-h

Filesystem??????Size?Used?Avail?Use%?Mounted?on

/dev/sda3????????18G?3.8G???13G??23%?/

tmpfs???????????491M?????0?491M???0%?/dev/shm

/dev/sda1???????194M??29M??155M??16%?/boot

/dev/sdb1???????2.0G??35M??1.9G???2%?/mnt3.6.3

2)取消掛載：[root@lt1?~]#?umount?/dev/sdb1

[root@lt1?~]#?df?-h

Filesystem??????Size?Used?Avail?Use%?Mounted?on

/dev/sda3????????18G?3.8G???13G??23%?/

tmpfs???????????491M?????0?491M???0%?/dev/shm

/dev/sda1???????194M??29M??155M??16%?/boot

3)掛載CD或DVD光盤mount?-t?iso9660?/dev/cdrom?/mnt???#<==iso9660是光盤的格式

4)設置開機自動掛載

設置開機掛載文件非常有用，如果沒有設置，可能有些用到磁盤的服務就無法正常工作。

開機掛載硬盤文件：/etc/fstab

在文件末尾寫入：/dev/sdb1 /mnt? ext3 dufaults 0 0[root@lt1?~]#?cat?/etc/fstab

#

#?/etc/fstab

#?Created?by?anaconda?on?Wed?Aug??2?07:12:45?2017

#

#?Accessible?filesystems,?by?reference,?are?maintained?under?'/dev/disk'

#?See?man?pages?fstab(5),?findfs(8),?mount(8)?and/or?blkid(8)?for?more?info

#

UUID=e04ab670-2f2e-41de-906b-4067e2fa509e?/???????????????????????ext4????defaults????????1?1

UUID=c1fa18da-eacd-40b2-8046-7dbc584825c2?/boot???????????????????ext4????defaults????????1?2

UUID=0a1c2136-c98c-4c5b-bf12-a4ba2a6744cc?swap????????????????????swap????defaults????????0?0

tmpfs???????????????????/dev/shm????????????????tmpfs???defaults????????0?0

devpts??????????????????/dev/pts????????????????devpts??gid=5,mode=620??0?0

sysfs???????????????????/sys????????????????????sysfs???defaults????????0?0

proc????????????????????/proc???????????????????proc????defaults????????0?0

第一列：磁盤設備文件或者該設備的Label，UUID

第二列：設備的掛載點

第三列：文件系統的格式，包括ext2,ext3,ext4，reiserfs,nfs等

第四列：文件系統參數，一般選擇默認defaults

Async/sync設置是否為同步方式運行，默認為async

auto/noauto當下載mount -a?的命令時，此文件系統是否被主動掛載。默認為auto

rw/ro是否以以只讀或者讀寫模式掛載

exec/noexec限制此文件系統內是否能夠進行"執行"的操作

user/nouser是否允許用戶使用mount命令掛載

suid/nosuid是否允許SUID的存在

Usrquota啟動文件系統支持磁盤配額模式

Grpquota啟動文件系統對群組磁盤配額模式的支持

Defaults同事具有rw,suid,dev,exec,auto,nouser,async等默認參數的設置第五列：是否備份，一般自己掛載的選0

0代表不要做dump備份

1代表要每天進行dump的操作

2代表不定日期的進行dump操作

第六列：是否開機檢查扇區，一般不檢查，選00不要檢驗

1最早檢驗(一般根目錄會選擇)

21級別檢驗完成之后進行檢驗

至此，磁盤的分區，格式化，掛載完畢！

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