linux安裝和卸載軟件

• 安裝三種方法

  • rpm工具

  • yum工具

  • 源碼包

rpm工具使用

• 首先看一下什么事rpm包，可以掛載光驅看看里面有很多

[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/ mount: /dev/sr0 寫保護，將以只讀方式掛載 [root@localhost ~]# df -h 文件系統 容量 已用 可用 已用% 掛載點 /dev/sda3 18G 1.3G 17G 8% / devtmpfs 479M 0 479M 0% /dev tmpfs 489M 0 489M 0% /dev/shm tmpfs 489M 6.7M 482M 2% /run tmpfs 489M 0 489M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/sr0 4.1G 4.1G 0 100% /mnt /dev/sda1 197M 109M 88M 56% /boot tmpfs 98M 0 98M 0% /run/user/0 [root@localhost ~]# cd /mnt/ [root@localhost mnt]# ls CentOS_BuildTag EFI EULA GPL images isolinux LiveOS Packages repodata RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7 RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Testing-7 TRANS.TBL [root@localhost mnt]#

• 其中有一個目錄是Packages,里面都是rpm包

[root@localhost Packages]# ls xulrunner-31.6.0-2.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm xvattr-1.3-27.el7.x86_64.rpm xz-5.2.2-1.el7.x86_64.rpm xz-devel-5.2.2-1.el7.x86_64.rpm xz-libs-5.2.2-1.el7.x86_64.rpm yajl-2.0.4-4.el7.x86_64.rpm yelp-3.14.2-1.el7.x86_64.rpm yelp-libs-3.14.2-1.el7.x86_64.rpm yelp-xsl-3.14.0-1.el7.noarch.rpm ypbind-1.37.1-7.el7.x86_64.rpm ypserv-2.31-8.el7.x86_64.rpm yp-tools-2.14-3.el7.x86_64.rpm yum-3.4.3-150.el7.centos.noarch.rpm yum-langpacks-0.4.2-7.el7.noarch.rpm yum-metadata-parser-1.1.4-10.el7.x86_64.rpm yum-plugin-aliases-1.1.31-40.el7.noarch.rpm yum-plugin-changelog-1.1.31-40.el7.noarch.rpm yum-plugin-fastestmirror-1.1.31-40.el7.noarch.rpm yum-plugin-tmprepo-1.1.31-40.el7.noarch.rpm yum-plugin-verify-1.1.31-40.el7.noarch.rpm yum-plugin-versionlock-1.1.31-40.el7.noarch.rpm yum-utils-1.1.31-40.el7.noarch.rpm zenity-3.8.0-5.el7.x86_64.rpm zip-3.0-11.el7.x86_64.rpm zlib-1.2.7-17.el7.x86_64.rpm zlib-devel-1.2.7-17.el7.x86_64.rpm zsh-5.0.2-25.el7.x86_64.rpm zziplib-0.13.62-5.el7.x86_64.rpm

• rpm包的格式

  • 包名、版本號、發布版本號、平臺

• rpm包安裝 rpm -ivh rpm包文件

  • -i 表示安裝
  • -v 表示可視化
  • -h 表示顯示安裝進度

[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -ivh zsh-5.0.2-25.el7.x86_64.rpm 準備中... ################################# [100%] 正在升級/安裝...1:zsh-5.0.2-25.el7 ################################# [100%] [root@localhost Packages]#

• rpm包升級 rpm -Uvh rpm包文件

  • -U ： 表示升級

[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -Uvh zsh-5.0.2-25.el7.x86_64.rpm 準備中... ################################# [100%]軟件包 zsh-5.0.2-25.el7.x86_64 已經安裝

• rpm包卸載 rpm -e rpm包文件

[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -e zsh [root@localhost Packages]#

什么都沒有顯示說明卸載成功了

• 查詢rpm包 rpm -qa

  列出的包都是已經安裝的包

• 查詢指定包是否安裝 rpm -q 包名

[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -q ppp ppp-2.4.5-33.el7.x86_64 [root@localhost Packages]# rpm -q ppp1244324 未安裝軟件包 ppp1244324 [root@localhost Packages]#

• 查詢指定包信息　rpm -qi

[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -qi vim-enhanced Name : vim-enhanced Epoch : 2 Version : 7.4.160 Release : 1.el7_3.1 Architecture: x86_64 Install Date: 2017年08月23日 星期三 20時09分35秒 Group : Applications/Editors Size : 2292098 License : Vim Signature : RSA/SHA256, 2016年12月22日 星期四 01時14分11秒, Key ID 24c6a8a7f4a80eb5 Source RPM : vim-7.4.160-1.el7_3.1.src.rpm Build Date : 2016年12月22日 星期四 01時00分52秒 Build Host : c1bm.rdu2.centos.org Relocations : (not relocatable) Packager : CentOS BuildSystem <http://bugs.centos.org> Vendor : CentOS URL : http://www.vim.org/ Summary : A version of the VIM editor which includes recent enhancements Description : VIM (VIsual editor iMproved) is an updated and improved version of the vi editor. Vi was the first real screen-based editor for UNIX, and is still very popular. VIM improves on vi by adding new features: multiple windows, multi-level undo, block highlighting and more. The vim-enhanced package contains a version of VIM with extra, recently introduced features like Python and Perl interpreters.Install the vim-enhanced package if you'd like to use a version of the VIM editor which includes recently added enhancements like interpreters for the Python and Perl scripting languages. You'll also need to install the vim-common package. [root@localhost Packages]#

• 列出包安裝的文件 rpm -ql

[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -ql vim-enhanced /etc/profile.d/vim.csh /etc/profile.d/vim.sh /usr/bin/rvim /usr/bin/vim /usr/bin/vimdiff /usr/bin/vimtutor [root@localhost Packages]#

• 查看一個文件是由哪個包安裝的　rpm -qf 文件絕對路徑

[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -qf /usr/bin/vim vim-enhanced-7.4.160-1.el7_3.1.x86_64 [root@localhost Packages]#

反引號查找，如果不知道文件的具體路徑可以這樣用

[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -qf `which cd` bash-4.2.46-20.el7_2.x86_64 [root@localhost Packages]#

yum工具用法

• 在rpm工具使用時候會出現一些很復雜的依賴關系。用起來非常麻煩，這時候可以用yum工具來解決

  比如用yum 安裝一個texlinve和rpm安裝的區別

[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -ivh texlive-2012-38.20130427_r30134.el7.x86_64.rpm 錯誤：依賴檢測失敗：texlive-scheme-basic 被 texlive-2:2012-38.20130427_r30134.el7.x86_64 需要texlive-collection-latexrecommended 被 texlive-2:2012-38.20130427_r30134.el7.x86_64 需要tex-kpathsea 被 texlive-2:2012-38.20130427_r30134.el7.x86_64 需要tex-tetex 被 texlive-2:2012-38.20130427_r30134.el7.x86_64 需要[root@localhost Packages]# yum install texlive 已加載插件：fastestmirror base | 3.6 kB 00:00:00 extras | 3.4 kB 00:00:00 updates | 3.4 kB 00:00:00 Determining fastest mirrors* base: mirrors.zju.edu.cn* extras: mirrors.neusoft.edu.cn* updates: mirrors.neusoft.edu.cn 正在解決依賴關系 --> 正在檢查事務 ---> 軟件包 texlive.x86_64.2.2012-38.20130427_r30134.el7 將被 安裝 --> 正在處理依賴關系 texlive-scheme-basic，它被軟件包 2:texlive-2012-38.20130427_r30134.el7.x86_64 需要 --> 正在處理依賴關系 texlive-collection-latexrecommended，它被軟件包 2:texlive-2012-38.20130427_r30134.el7.x86_64 需要 --> 正在處理依賴關系 tex-tetex，它被軟件包 2:texlive-2012-38.20130427_r30134.el7.x86_64 需要 --> 正在處理依賴關系 tex-kpathsea，它被軟件包 2:texlive-2012-38.20130427_r30134.el7.x86_64 需要 --> 正在檢查事務 ---> 軟件包 texlive-collection-latexrecommended.noarch.2.svn25795.0-38.20130427_r30134.el7 將被 安裝 ··· ==================================================================================================================================================== 安裝 1 軟件包 (+223 依賴軟件包)

• 列出可用的rpm包 yum list

• 查找一個rpm包 yum search 查找內容

[root@localhost Packages]# yum search network 已加載插件：fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile* base: mirrors.zju.edu.cn* extras: mirrors.neusoft.edu.cn* updates: mirrors.neusoft.edu.cn =============================================================== N/S matched: network =============================================================== NetworkManager.x86_64 : Network connection manager and user applications NetworkManager-adsl.x86_64 : ADSL device plugin for NetworkManager NetworkManager-bluetooth.x86_64 : Bluetooth device plugin for NetworkManager NetworkManager-config-server.x86_64 : NetworkManager config file for "server-like" defaults NetworkManager-dispatcher-routing-rules.noarch : NetworkManager dispatcher file for advanced routing rules NetworkManager-glib.i686 : Libraries for adding NetworkManager support to applications (old API). NetworkManager-glib.x86_64 : Libraries for adding NetworkManager support to applications (old API). NetworkManager-glib-devel.i686 : Header files for adding NetworkManager support to applications (old API). NetworkManager-glib-devel.x86_64 : Header files for adding NetworkManager support to applications (old API). NetworkManager-libnm.i686 : Libraries for adding NetworkManager support to applications (new API). NetworkManager-libnm.x86_64 : Libraries for adding NetworkManager support to applications (new API). NetworkManager-libnm-devel.i686 : Header files for adding NetworkManager support to applications (new API). NetworkManager-libnm-devel.x86_64 : Header files for adding NetworkManager support to applications (new API). NetworkManager-libreswan.x86_64 : NetworkManager ××× plug-in for IPsec ××× NetworkManager-libreswan-gnome.x86_64 : NetworkManager ××× plugin for libreswan - GNOME files NetworkManager-team.x86_64 : Team device plugin for NetworkManager NetworkManager-tui.x86_64 : NetworkManager curses-based UI

• 這樣查找并不嚴謹，搜索出來的內容太多，還可以使用grep來進行過濾

  yum list |grep 'vim'

  [root@localhost Packages]# yum list |grep 'vim' vim-common.x86_64 2:7.4.160-1.el7_3.1 @updates vim-enhanced.x86_64 2:7.4.160-1.el7_3.1 @updates vim-filesystem.x86_64 2:7.4.160-1.el7_3.1 @updates vim-minimal.x86_64 2:7.4.160-1.el7 @anaconda golang-vim.noarch 1.3.3-2.el7_0 extras protobuf-vim.x86_64 2.5.0-8.el7 base vim-X11.x86_64 2:7.4.160-1.el7_3.1 updates vim-minimal.x86_64 2:7.4.160-1.el7_3.1 updates [root@localhost Packages]#

• 列出可用的環境分組 yum grouplist

[root@localhost Packages]# yum gouplist 已加載插件：fastestmirror 沒有該命令：gouplist。請使用 /usr/bin/yum --help [root@localhost Packages]# yum grouplist 已加載插件：fastestmirror 沒有安裝組信息文件 Maybe run: yum groups mark convert (see man yum) Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile* base: mirrors.zju.edu.cn* extras: mirrors.neusoft.edu.cn* updates: mirrors.neusoft.edu.cn 可用的環境分組：最小安裝基礎設施服務器計算節點文件及打印服務器基本網頁服務器虛擬化主機帶 GUI 的服務器GNOME 桌面KDE Plasma Workspaces開發及生成工作站 可用組：傳統 UNIX 兼容性兼容性程序庫圖形管理工具安全性工具開發工具控制臺互聯網工具智能卡支持科學記數法支持系統管理系統管理工具 完成 [root@localhost Packages]#

• 安裝rpm包 yum install -y rpm包名

• 安裝rpm組包 yum groupinstall rpm組包名 如果組包名是一個單詞就直接輸入，如果是很長的的名字中間有空格，就需要用''單引號括起來

• 卸載rpm包 yum remove 可以加-y 。用yum 卸載的優勢是可以直接卸載所有的依賴關系。這樣也是比較危險的。

• 升級rpm包 yum update 包名 。 如果不加上包名，yum會把系統所有的rpm包進行升級，包括系統，內核升級。

• yum provides "/*/vim" 意思是當不知道vim的rpm包名字時候，用這條命令來進行查找

[root@localhost Packages]# yum provides "/*/vim" 已加載插件：fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile* base: mirrors.zju.edu.cn* extras: mirrors.neusoft.edu.cn* updates: mirrors.neusoft.edu.cn base/7/x86_64/filelists_db | 6.6 MB 00:00:01 extras/7/x86_64/filelists_db | 1.1 MB 00:00:00 updates/7/x86_64/filelists_db | 4.4 MB 00:00:00 cmake-2.8.12.2-2.el7.x86_64 : Cross-platform make system 源 ：base 匹配來源： 文件名 ：/usr/share/cmake/editors/vim2:docker-unit-test-1.10.3-59.el7.centos.x86_64 : Automates deployment of containerized applications - for running unit tests 源 ：extras 匹配來源： 文件名 ：/var/lib/docker-unit-test/contrib/syntax/vim 文件名 ：/var/lib/docker-unit-test/v1.10-migrator-c417a6a022c5023c111662e8280f885f6ac259be/Godeps/_workspace/src/github.com/docker/docker/contrib/syntax/vim 文件名 ：/var/lib/docker-unit-test/docker-novolume-plugin-c5212546ab01b4b7b62caba888d298ab63f53984/Godeps/_workspace/src/github.com/docker/docker/contrib/syntax/vim2:docker-unit-test-1.12.5-14.el7.centos.x86_64 : Automates deployment of containerized applications - for running unit tests 源 ：extras 匹配來源： 文件名 ：/var/lib/docker-unit-test/containerd-471f03c11413d9ab1523de24d3e79ae3a7b8126e/vendor/src/github.com/docker/docker/contrib/syntax/vim 文件名 ：/var/lib/docker-unit-test/contrib/syntax/vim 文件名 ：/var/lib/docker-unit-test/runc-b8dbc3b8e8d868723aec2fd5082e6547ec66cf58/Godeps/_workspace/src/github.com/docker/docker/contrib/syntax/vim 文件名 ：/var/lib/docker-unit-test/v1.10-migrator-c417a6a022c5023c111662e8280f885f6ac259be/Godeps/_workspace/src/github.com/docker/docker/contrib/syntax/vim 文件名 ：/var/lib/docker-unit-test/docker-novolume-plugin-385ec70baac3ef356f868f391c8d7818140fbd44/Godeps/_workspace/src/github.com/docker/docker/contrib/syntax/vim2:docker-unit-test-1.12.6-11.el7.centos.x86_64 : Automates deployment of containerized applications - for running unit tests 源 ：extras 匹配來源： 文件名 ：/var/lib/docker-unit-test/containerd-471f03c11413d9ab1523de24d3e79ae3a7b8126e/vendor/src/github.com/docker/docker/contrib/syntax/vim 文件名 ：/var/lib/docker-unit-test/contrib/syntax/vim 文件名 ：/var/lib/docker-unit-test/v1.10-migrator-c417a6a022c5023c111662e8280f885f6ac259be/Godeps/_workspace/src/github.com/docker/docker/contrib/syntax/vim 文件名 ：/var/lib/docker-unit-test/runc-81b254244390bc636b20c87c34a3d9e1a8645069/Godeps/_workspace/src/github.com/docker/docker/contrib/syntax/vim 文件名 ：/var/lib/docker-unit-test/docker-novolume-plugin-385ec70baac3ef356f868f391c8d7818140fbd44/Godeps/_workspace/src/github.com/docker/docker/contrib/syntax/vim···

yum 搭建本地倉庫

• 首先掛載鏡像到 /mnt目錄

• 下面可能要刪除一些文件所以先拷貝一下這個目錄

  [root@localhost ~]# cp -r /etc/yum.repos.d/ /etc/yum.repos.d.bak

[root@localhost ~]# cp -r /etc/yum.repos.d/ /etc/yum.repos.d.bak

• 然后到yum.repos.d目錄下刪除所有文件

  [root@localhost ~]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d [root@localhost yum.repos.d]# rm -rf ./*

• 然后編輯一下 dvd.repo文件,添加光盤為倉庫

  [root@localhost yum.repos.d]# vim dvd.repo ` ` [dvd] name=install dvd baseurl=file:///mut enable=1 gpcheck=0 ` ` [root@localhost yum.repos.d]#

• 然后清楚下緩存 yum clean all

  [root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum clean all 已加載插件：fastestmirror 正在清理軟件源： dvd Cleaning up everything Cleaning up list of fastest mirrors [root@localhost yum.repos.d]#

轉載于:https://blog.51cto.com/11751505/2105219

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總結

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