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OpenCASCADE 麻花钻头造型实例分析

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OpenCASCADE 麻花鉆頭造型實(shí)例分析

eryar@163.com

Abstract. OpenCASCADE provides a simple twist drill bit modeling example in Tcl script. The blog will give a details of some key points, when you understand the key points, you can modeling the shape like that.

Key Words. OpenCASCADE, Twist Drill Bit Modeling, Tcl

1.Introduction

OpenCASCADE的Draw Test Harness中提供了一個(gè)麻花鉆頭造型的實(shí)例，如下圖所示：

Figure 1. A Simple Twist Drill Bit by OpenCASCADE

鉆頭造型主要涉及到旋轉(zhuǎn)形狀的造型方法，放樣造型及布爾操作。本文結(jié)合鉆頭的Tcl腳本來(lái)詳細(xì)說(shuō)明造型過(guò)程。對(duì)于有同樣造型需求的，可以在理解造型方法的基礎(chǔ)上實(shí)現(xiàn)自己需要的參數(shù)化形狀。

2.Modeling Tcl Script

通過(guò)Draw Test Harness的菜單Samples->View samples可以找到Drill例子，如下圖所示：

Figure 2. Drill bit modeling sample

對(duì)應(yīng)的Tcl腳本位于samples/tcl文件夾中，列出如下：

# Sample: creation of simple twist drill bit #Category: Modeling #Title: Drill pload MODELING VISUALIZATION # drill parameters (some terms taken from http://www.drill-bits.cn/drill-bits-quality.asp) dset R 4. ;# outer radius dset D 2*R ;# diameter dset Rr 3.5 ;# chisel radius (outer radius minus body clearance) dset b 1. ;# web thickness (approximate) dset d b/2 dset H 80. ;# height of the spiral part dset a 3.*pi ;# total angle of spiral rotation dset sigma 118 ;# point angle, in degrees # Create section profile by sequence of Boolean operations # on simple planar objects puts "Creating the drill section profile..." polyline rectangle1 d -R 0 R -R 0 -d R 0 -R R 0 d -R 0 circle circle1 0 0 0 0 0 1 R mkedge circle1 circle1 wire circle1 circle1 circle circle2 0 0 0 0 0 1 Rr mkedge circle2 circle2 wire circle2 circle2 plane p0 mkface rectangle1 p0 rectangle1 mkface circle1 p0 circle1 mkface circle2 p0 circle2 bcommon sec rectangle1 circle1 # note use of 'fuse' instead of 'bfuse' -- we need to get single face fuse sec sec circle2 # Construct flute profile so as to have cutting lip straight after sharpening. # Here we need to take into account spiral shift of the flute edge # along the point length -- the way to do that is to make spiral # from the desired cutting lip edge and then intersect it by plane polyline lip d -d/2 0 d -R -R/tan(sigma/2*pi/180) polyline sp 0 0 0 0 0 H cylinder cc 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 -4 0 4 line ll 0 0 a 80 trim ll ll 0 sqrt(a*a+H*H) vertex v1 0 -R 0 vertex v2 0 -R H trotate v2 0 0 0 0 0 1 180.*a/pi mkedge ee ll cc v1 v2 wire gg ee mksweep sp setsweep -G gg 0 0 addsweep lip buildsweep spiral -S mkface f0 p0 -R R -R R bsection sflute spiral f0 # here we rely on that section curve is parameterized from 0 to 1 # and directed as cutting lip edge; # note that this can change if intersection algorithm is modified explode sflute e mkcurve cflute sflute_1 cvalue cflute 0. x0 y0 z0 cvalue cflute 1. x1 y1 z1 vertex vf0 x0 y0 z0 vertex vf1 x1 y1 z1 # -- variant: replace curve by arc with start at x0,y0,z0 and end at x1,y1,z1, # -- such that tanget at start point is along Y #dset Rflute ((x1-x0)*(x1-x0)+(y1-y0)*(y1-y0))/(2*(x1-x0)) #circle aflute x0+Rflute y0 0 0 0 1 Rflute #mkedge sflute_1 aflute vf0 vf1 # make rounding in the flute; use circle with radius Rr/2 circle cround x0+Rr/2 y0 0 0 0 1 Rr/2 vertex vf3 x0+Rr y0 0 mkedge sflute_2 cround vf3 vf0 vertex vf2 R -R 0 edge sflute_3 vf3 vf2 edge sflute_4 vf2 vf1 wire w2 sflute_1 sflute_2 sflute_3 sflute_4 mkface flute p0 w2 # cut flute from profile bcut sec sec flute trotate flute 0 0 0 0 0 1 180. bcut sec sec flute donly sec # sweep profile to get a drill body puts "Sweeping the profile..." mksweep sp setsweep -G gg 0 0 explode sec w addsweep sec_1 buildsweep base -S # sharpen the drill (see http://tool-land.ru/zatochka-sverla.php) puts "Sharpening..." dset theta a*R/H*sin((90-sigma/2)*pi/180) plane ax1 d 1.9*D "H+1.9*D/tan(pi/180.*sigma/2.)" 0 -1 -1 pcone sh1 ax1 0 100*sin((sigma-90)/2*pi/180.) 100 trotate sh1 0 0 0 0 0 1 -theta*180/pi tcopy sh1 sh2 trotate sh2 0 0 0 0 0 1 180 box sh -D/2 -D/2 72 D D 20 bcommon qq sh1 sh2 bcut sharpener sh qq bcut body base sharpener # make a shank puts "Making a shank..." plane pl2 0 0 -40 0 0 1 pcylinder shank pl2 4 40 pcone transit R 0 R plane pl3 0 0 -40 0 0 -0.5 pcone tail pl3 R 0 0.5 bfuse shank shank tail bfuse shank shank transit bfuse drill body shank # check result checkshape drill # show result puts "Displaying result..." incmesh drill 0.01 vdisplay drill vsetdispmode drill 1 vrenderparams -msaa 8 vfit # show section and sweep path ttranslate sec_1 0 0 H; trotate sec_1 0 0 0 0 0 1 a*180/pi; incmesh gg 0.01; vdisplay gg sec_1

下面結(jié)合Tcl腳本來(lái)對(duì)鉆頭的造型過(guò)程進(jìn)行詳細(xì)說(shuō)明。

3.Twist Drill Bit Parameters

腳本首先加載相應(yīng)的模塊：造型模塊和顯示模塊，分別為MODEING和VISUALIZATION。然后設(shè)置鉆頭相關(guān)參數(shù)變量：

Figure 3. Drill Bit?

變量名及其說(shuō)明：

變量名variable	說(shuō)明 detail
R	外半徑 outer radius
D	直徑D
Rr	Chisel Radius
b	Web thickness(approximate)
d	?
H	螺旋部分的高度Height of the spiral height
a	螺旋角度Total angle of spiral rotation
sigma	鉆尖角度Point angle in degrees.

先定義這些變量的思想也是參數(shù)化的思想，將這些變量值改變就會(huì)得到不同的鉆頭模型。參數(shù)化的思想在CAD軟件中比較常見(jiàn)，如AutoCAD中的動(dòng)態(tài)塊，PDMS中的設(shè)備模板Template等，都屬于參數(shù)化的方法。通過(guò)修改參數(shù)讓一個(gè)或多個(gè)幾何體形狀發(fā)生變化。

4.Create Drill Section Profile

創(chuàng)建鉆頭截面的Tcl腳本如下所示：

# Create section profile by sequence of Boolean operations # on simple planar objects puts "Creating the drill section profile..." polyline rectangle1 d -R 0 R -R 0 -d R 0 -R R 0 d -R 0 circle circle1 0 0 0 0 0 1 R mkedge circle1 circle1 wire circle1 circle1 circle circle2 0 0 0 0 0 1 Rr mkedge circle2 circle2 wire circle2 circle2 plane p0 mkface rectangle1 p0 rectangle1 mkface circle1 p0 circle1 mkface circle2 p0 circle2 bcommon sec rectangle1 circle1 # note use of 'fuse' instead of 'bfuse' -- we need to get single face fuse sec sec circle2

生成的圖形如下圖所示：

Figure 4 Profile construction curves

其中變量Rectangle1是圖中綠色表示的四邊形，Circle1是黃色表示的外圓，Circle2是紅色表示的內(nèi)圓。通過(guò)布爾操作求取Rectangle1和Circle1的公共部分得到如下圖所示的截面：

Figure 5 Common of Rectangle1 and Circle1

將公共部分與內(nèi)圓Circle2合并得到如圖所示截面：

Figure 6. Fuse of Common part and Circle2

下面在這個(gè)截面的基礎(chǔ)上生成鉆頭的螺旋凹槽，這里是相對(duì)關(guān)鍵的地方，生成凹槽的時(shí)候還要考慮螺旋。

# Construct flute profile so as to have cutting lip straight after sharpening. # Here we need to take into account spiral shift of the flute edge # along the point length -- the way to do that is to make spiral # from the desired cutting lip edge and then intersect it by plane polyline lip d -d/2 0 d -R -R/tan(sigma/2*pi/180) polyline sp 0 0 0 0 0 H cylinder cc 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 -4 0 4 line ll 0 0 a 80 trim ll ll 0 sqrt(a*a+H*H) vertex v1 0 -R 0 vertex v2 0 -R H trotate v2 0 0 0 0 0 1 180.*a/pi mkedge ee ll cc v1 v2 wire gg ee mksweep sp setsweep -G gg 0 0 addsweep lip buildsweep spiral -S mkface f0 p0 -R R -R R bsection sflute spiral f0

代碼生成的圖形如下圖所示：

Figure 7. Flute of the drill bit

通過(guò)將線lip沿著路徑直線sp和螺旋線gg放樣得到螺旋截面spiral，再將螺旋截面spiral和底平面f0求交得到sflute。

# here we rely on that section curve is parameterized from 0 to 1 # and directed as cutting lip edge; # note that this can change if intersection algorithm is modified explode sflute e mkcurve cflute sflute_1 cvalue cflute 0. x0 y0 z0 cvalue cflute 1. x1 y1 z1 vertex vf0 x0 y0 z0 vertex vf1 x1 y1 z1 # -- variant: replace curve by arc with start at x0,y0,z0 and end at x1,y1,z1, # -- such that tanget at start point is along Y #dset Rflute ((x1-x0)*(x1-x0)+(y1-y0)*(y1-y0))/(2*(x1-x0)) #circle aflute x0+Rflute y0 0 0 0 1 Rflute #mkedge sflute_1 aflute vf0 vf1 # make rounding in the flute; use circle with radius Rr/2 circle cround x0+Rr/2 y0 0 0 0 1 Rr/2 vertex vf3 x0+Rr y0 0 mkedge sflute_2 cround vf3 vf0 vertex vf2 R -R 0 edge sflute_3 vf3 vf2 edge sflute_4 vf2 vf1 wire w2 sflute_1 sflute_2 sflute_3 sflute_4 mkface flute p0 w2

通過(guò)求得的交線再構(gòu)造圓弧和線段來(lái)構(gòu)造出鉆頭凹槽的截面，如下圖所示：

Figure 8. Make flute section

將凹槽截面flute從前面構(gòu)造的截面中去除：

# cut flute from profile bcut sec sec flute

Figure 9. Make drill bit profile

將凹槽截面繞Z軸旋轉(zhuǎn)180度，再去布爾減原來(lái)的截面：

trotate flute 0 0 0 0 0 1 180. bcut sec sec flute

Figure 10. Make drill bit profile

這樣鉆頭的截面就生成了。

5.Sweeping the Profile

將上面鉆頭截面沿著直線sp和螺旋線gg放樣：

# sweep profile to get a drill body puts "Sweeping the profile..." mksweep sp setsweep -G gg 0 0 explode sec w addsweep sec_1 buildsweep base -S

生成圖形如下圖所示：

Figure 11. Sweep the profile

通過(guò)放樣得到了鉆頭的螺桿base。

6.Sharpening

得到鉆頭的螺桿后需要生成鉆頭的鉆尖，根據(jù)鉆尖角point angle變量sigma來(lái)造型。

# sharpen the drill (see http://tool-land.ru/zatochka-sverla.php) puts "Sharpening..." dset theta a*R/H*sin((90-sigma/2)*pi/180) plane ax1 d 1.9*D "H+1.9*D/tan(pi/180.*sigma/2.)" 0 -1 -1 pcone sh1 ax1 0 100*sin((sigma-90)/2*pi/180.) 100 trotate sh1 0 0 0 0 0 1 -theta*180/pi tcopy sh1 sh2 trotate sh2 0 0 0 0 0 1 180 box sh -D/2 -D/2 72 D D 20 bcommon qq sh1 sh2 bcut sharpener sh qq bcut body base sharpener

先構(gòu)造兩個(gè)圓錐體(sh1和sh2)和一個(gè)長(zhǎng)方體sh，再通過(guò)布爾運(yùn)算得到兩個(gè)圓錐體sh1，sh2的公共部分qq。如下圖所示：

Figure 12. Modeling point angle

再?gòu)拈L(zhǎng)方體sh中減去兩個(gè)圓錐的公共部分得到如下圖所示：

Figure 13. Modeling point angle

將螺桿減去上面得到的sharpener就完成鉆尖的造型，如下圖所示：

Figure 14. Modeling point angle

7.Make Shank

完成螺桿和鉆尖造型后，就來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)麻花鉆頭的最后部分，鉆頭柄shank。

# make a shank puts "Making a shank..." plane pl2 0 0 -40 0 0 1 pcylinder shank pl2 4 40 pcone transit R 0 R plane pl3 0 0 -40 0 0 -0.5 pcone tail pl3 R 0 0.5 bfuse shank shank tail bfuse shank shank transit bfuse drill body shank

鉆頭柄部由兩個(gè)圓錐（transit和tail）和一個(gè)圓柱shank組成。最后將這三個(gè)形狀合并得到完成的鉆頭的柄部shank。

Figure 15. Modeling Shank

8.Conclusion

通過(guò)對(duì)OpenCASCADE中麻花鉆頭的造型實(shí)例分析，可見(jiàn)這個(gè)鉆頭造型用到的算法主要是放樣及布爾操作。在生成螺旋線時(shí)主要是使用pcurve的方式。最后還要理解參數(shù)化的造型思想，通過(guò)定義變量來(lái)生成參數(shù)化的模型。

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