起初，最先接觸python命令行傳參是sys模塊的argv方法，此方法功能簡(jiǎn)單，稍微增加一些需求，就不難滿足需要了

那么今天就和大家聊聊optparse模塊來替換sys模塊的argv方法

一、optparse官方概述

1 2 3 4 5

optparse?is?a?more?convenient,?flexible,?and?powerful?library?for?parsing?command-line?options?than? the?old?getopt?module.?optparse?uses?a?more?declarative?style?of?command-line?parsing:?you?create? an?instance?of?OptionParser,?populate?it?with?options,?and?parse?the?command?line.?optparse? allows?users?to?specify?options?in?the?conventional?GNU/POSIX?syntax,?and?additionally?generates? usage?and?help?messages?for?you.

1 2 3

optparse是更加方便，靈活，和用于解析命令行選項(xiàng)比老Getopt模塊強(qiáng)大。 optparse使用陳述式的命令行解析：你創(chuàng)建optionparser實(shí)例，選擇填充它，并解析命令行。 optparse允許用戶指定在傳統(tǒng)的GNU?/?POSIX語(yǔ)法選項(xiàng)，并生成使用和幫助給你的留言。

二、optparser語(yǔ)法

1. Here’s an example of using optparse in a simple script:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

從optparse模塊中導(dǎo)入OptionParse類 from?optparse?import?OptionParser [...] 實(shí)例化一個(gè)OptionParse對(duì)象 parser?=?OptionParser() 調(diào)用add_ooption方法并聲明參數(shù)結(jié)構(gòu) parser.add_option("-f",?"--file",?dest="filename", ??????????????????help="write?report?to?FILE",?metavar="FILE") parser.add_option("-q",?"--quiet", ??????????????????action="store_false",?dest="verbose",?default=True, ??????????????????help="don't?print?status?messages?to?stdout") 調(diào)用parse_args解析參數(shù)，返回(option,args)元組 (options,?args)?=?parser.parse_args（） parser.parse_args()返回值為兩個(gè) options為字典，而args為列表

2.幫助信息展示

• 測(cè)試optparse腳本
  

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

[root@python?script]#?cat?04_optparse.py? #!/usr/bin/env?python from?optparse?import?OptionParser parser?=?OptionParser() parser.add_option("-f",?"--file",?dest="filename", ??????????????????help="write?report?to?FILE",?metavar="FILE") parser.add_option("-q",?"--quiet", ??????????????????action="store_false",?dest="verbose",?default=True, ??????????????????help="don't?print?status?messages?to?stdout") (options,?args)?=?parser.parse_args()

• 執(zhí)行腳本，獲取幫助信息

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

[root@python?script]#?python?04_optparse.py?-h Usage:?04_optparse.py?[options] Options: ??-h,?--help????????????show?this?help?message?and?exit ??-f?FILE,?--file=FILE??write?report?to?FILE ??-q,?--quiet???????????don't?print?status?messages?to?stdout

3.參數(shù)解析

parser.add_option()參數(shù)說明：

• "-f", "--file"：長(zhǎng)短選項(xiàng)

• action="store"：存儲(chǔ)方式

1 2 3 4

存儲(chǔ)方式有三種：store，store_false，store_true action="store"默認(rèn)值，將命令行選項(xiàng)后面的值(示例中-F?2)和dest的值（from_step）組成字典({'from_step':2})并賦值給options,所以options.from_step的值為2 action="store_true",options.from_step的值是Ture，不是2 action="store_false",options.from_step的值是False，不是2

• type="string"：參數(shù)類型

• dest="filename"：存儲(chǔ)的變量，即生成字典的key

• default：設(shè)置參數(shù)的默認(rèn)值

• help：幫助信息

• metavar：幫助信息中用到

4.詳解參數(shù)action存儲(chǔ)方式

起初我在學(xué)習(xí)optparse的時(shí)候，參數(shù)中的存儲(chǔ)方式action我一個(gè)沒有弄明白，為了讓大家更清晰的弄清楚，我在這里寫個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的腳本做個(gè)測(cè)試。

• 情況1：action='store'

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

[root@python?script]#?vim?07_optparse.py? #!/usr/bin/env?python from?optparse?import?OptionParser def?opt(): ????parser?=?OptionParser() ????parser.add_option('-l','--local', ??????????????????????dest='local', ??????????????????????action='store', ??????????????????????help='local?file?or?directory') ????options,?args?=?parser.parse_args() ????return?options,?args if?__name__?==?'__main__': ????options,?args?=?opt() ????print?options ????print?args

• 執(zhí)行此腳本：

1 2 3

[root@python?script]#?python?07_optparse.py? {'local':?None} []

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

[root@python?script]#?python?07_optparse.py?-h Usage:?07_optparse.py?[options] Options: ??-h,?--help????????????show?this?help?message?and?exit ??-l?LOCAL,?--local=LOCAL???? ????????????????????????local?file?or?directory

1 2 3

[root@python?script]#?python?07_optparse.py?-l?nihao {'local':?'nihao'} []

• 情況2：action='store_true'

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

[root@python?script]#?cat?07_optparse.py? #!/usr/bin/env?python from?optparse?import?OptionParser def?opt(): ????parser?=?OptionParser() ????parser.add_option('-l','--local', ??????????????dest='local', ??????????????action='store_true', ??????????????help='local?file?or?directory') ????options,?args?=?parser.parse_args() ????return?options,?args if?__name__?==?'__main__': ????options,?args?=?opt() ????print?options ????print?args

• 執(zhí)行此腳本：

1 2 3

[root@python?script]#?python?07_optparse.py? {'local':?None} []

1 2 3 4 5 6

[root@python?script]#?python?07_optparse.py?-h Usage:?07_optparse.py?[options] Options: ??-h,?--help???show?this?help?message?and?exit ??-l,?--local??local?file?or?directory

1 2 3

[root@python?script]#?python?07_optparse.py?-l?nihao {'local':?True} ['nihao']

• 情況3：action='store_false'

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

[root@python?script]#?cat?07_optparse.py? #!/usr/bin/env?python from?optparse?import?OptionParser def?opt(): ????parser?=?OptionParser() ????parser.add_option('-l','--local', ??????????????dest='local', ??????????????action='store_false', ??????????????help='local?file?or?directory') ????options,?args?=?parser.parse_args() ????return?options,?args if?__name__?==?'__main__': ????options,?args?=?opt() ????print?options ????print?args

• 執(zhí)行此腳本：

1 2 3

[root@python?script]#?python?07_optparse.py? {'local':?None} []

1 2 3

[root@python?script]#?python?07_optparse.py?h {'local':?None} ['h']

1 2 3

[root@python?script]#?python?07_optparse.py?-l?nihao {'local':?False} ['nihao']

• 簡(jiǎn)論：參數(shù)值為store會(huì)把你傳入的參數(shù)作為字典的value，反而store_true和store_false不會(huì)。

四、解決上篇博客的問題

• 腳本的功能：

顯示更多豐富的幫助信息

批量上傳單個(gè)文件到遠(yuǎn)程主機(jī)

批量上傳多個(gè)文件到遠(yuǎn)程主機(jī)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

#!/usr/bin/env?python #coding:utf8 from?multiprocessing?import?Process from?optparse?import?OptionParser import?paramiko import?sys import?os Username?=?'root' Password?=?'redhat' Port?=?22 def?opt(): ????parser?=?OptionParser() ????parser.add_option('-l','--local', ?????????????dest='local', ?????????????action='store', ?????????????help="local?directory's?file") ????parser.add_option('-r','--remote', ?????????????dest='remote', ?????????????action='store', ?????????????help="remote?directory's?file") ????options,?args?=?parser.parse_args() ????return?options,?args def?fdir(ff): ????fileList?=?[] ????for?p,?d,?f?in?os.walk(ff): ????files?=?f ????break ????for?i?in?files: ????ii?=?os.path.join(ff,i) ????fileList.append(ii) ????return?fileList def?delgen(path): ????try: ????????if?path[-1]?==?'/': ????????????path?=?path[:-1] ????????else: ????????????path?=?path ????except: ????sys.exit(1) ????return?path def?sftpPut(ip,localDir,rfile): ????try: ????????s?=?paramiko.Transport((ip,Port)) ????????s.connect(username=Username,password=Password) ????????sftp?=?paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(s) ????????sftp.put(localDir,rfile)? ????s.close() ????print?'%s?put?successful.'?%?ip ????except: ????print?'%s?not?exists.'?%?ip def?sftpPuts(ip,localDir,remoteDir): ????try: ????????s?=?paramiko.Transport((ip,Port)) ????????s.connect(username=Username,password=Password) ????????sftp?=?paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(s) ????for?localFile?in?localDir: ????????filebasename?=?os.path.basename(localFile) ????????remoteFile?=?'%s/%s'?%?(remoteDir,filebasename) ????????????sftp.put(localFile,remoteFile) ????????s.close() ????print?'%s?put?successful.'?%?ip ????except: ????print?'%s?not?exists.'?%?ip def?ipProcess01(localFile,remoteFile): ????for?i?in?range(2,255): ????????ip?=?'192.168.0.%s'?%?i ????????p?=?Process(target=sftpPuts,args=(ip,localFile,remoteFile)) ????????p.start() ????? def?ipProcess02(localDir,rfile): ????for?i?in?range(2,255): ????????ip?=?'192.168.0.%s'?%?i ????????p?=?Process(target=sftpPut,args=(ip,localDir,rfile)) ????????p.start() if?__name__?==?'__main__': ????options,?args?=?opt() ????localDir,remoteDir?=?options.local,options.remote ????try: ????????if?os.path.isdir(localDir): ????????????fileList?=?fdir(localDir) ????????????remoteDir?=?delgen(remoteDir) ????????????ipProcess01(fileList,remoteDir) ????????elif?os.path.isfile(localDir):? ???????????lfile?=?os.path.basename(localDir) ???????????remoteDir?=?delgen(remoteDir) ???????????rfile?=?'%s/%s'?%?(remoteDir,lfile) ???????????ipProcess02(localDir,rfile) ????except: ????print?'Usage:?python?%s'?%?sys.argv[0] ????sys.exit(1)

• 腳本的幫助信息

1 2	[root@python?script]#?python?01_optparse_process.py? Usage:python?01_optparse_process.py

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

[root@python?script]#?python?01_optparse_process.py?-h Usage:?01_optparse_process.py?[options] Options: ??-h,?--help????????????show?this?help?message?and?exit ??-l?LOCAL,?--local=LOCAL ????????????????????????local?directory's?file ??-r?REMOTE,?--remote=REMOTE ????????????????????????remote?directory's?file

• 上傳單個(gè)文件到遠(yuǎn)程服務(wù)器

1 2 3 4

#?python?01_optparse_process.py?-l?/path/to/somefile?-r?/root/ 假設(shè)，這里有一個(gè)需求，將本地/tmp/sync.sh這個(gè)shell腳本批量上傳到遠(yuǎn)程主機(jī)的/tmp目錄下： #?python?01_optparse_process.py?-l?/tmp/sync.sh?-r?/tmp

• 上傳多個(gè)文件(指定目錄下所有文件不包括子目錄)到遠(yuǎn)程服務(wù)器

1 2 3 4

#?python?01_optparse_process.py?-l?/path/to/directory?-r?/tmp/ 假設(shè)，這里有一個(gè)需求，將本地某一個(gè)備份數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)目錄下的所有備份文件(不包括子目錄)/bakckup/mysql上傳到遠(yuǎn)程主機(jī)的/tmp目錄下： #?python?01_optparse_process.py?-l?/backup/mysql?-r?/tmp/

• 在實(shí)際應(yīng)用當(dāng)中，我們可能并不是直接的這么來用，我們可以針對(duì)主機(jī)根據(jù)應(yīng)用的不同進(jìn)行分組，然后可以針對(duì)某臺(tái)主機(jī)進(jìn)行上傳，也可以針對(duì)某一個(gè)組進(jìn)行上傳，這樣用起來會(huì)更舒服，更人性化。所謂事情都是一步步來，后面的章節(jié)中會(huì)有所介紹。

• 今天和大家就先聊到這里，我們下篇博客見。

• 如果大家對(duì)批量管理主機(jī)的實(shí)現(xiàn)感興趣的可以參考我的另外一篇章：http://467754239.blog.51cto.com/4878013/1619166

本文轉(zhuǎn)自zys467754239 51CTO博客，原文鏈接：http://blog.51cto.com/467754239/1619323，如需轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)自行聯(lián)系原作者

總結(jié)

以上是生活随笔為你收集整理的Python [9] optparse模块生成命令行帮助信息的全部?jī)?nèi)容，希望文章能夠幫你解決所遇到的問題。

如果覺得生活随笔網(wǎng)站內(nèi)容還不錯(cuò)，歡迎將生活随笔推薦給好友。