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python numpy官网_Python Numpy 教程(上)

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該教程來自于 Justin Johnson

我們將會使用Python編程語言來完成本課程(斯坦福大學cs231n)的所有作業(yè)。Python是一個偉大的通用編程語言,在一些流行庫(numpy,scipy,matplotlib)的幫助下,它可以提供一個科學計算的強大環(huán)境。

我們希望你們之中的大多數人已經有了使用Python和numpy的經驗;其余的人,這個部分將作為一個速成課程,幫助你們掌握Python編程語言,并且使用Python來做科學計算。

也許有些人有過matlab的使用經驗,所以我們也推薦numpyfor matlab user。

Python

Python是一個高級、動態(tài)類型多范性編程語言。Python與偽代碼很相似,它允許你使用非常少的代碼來表達強大的思想。舉個例子,下面是一個經典的快速排序算法的Python實現:

def quicksort(arr):

if len(arr) <= 1:

return arr

pivot = arr[len(arr) / 2]

left = [x for x in arr if x < pivot]

middle = [x for x in arr if x == pivot]

right = [x for x in arr if x > pivot]

return quicksort(left) + middle + quicksort(right)

print quicksort([3,6,8,10,1,2,1])

# Prints "[1, 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 10]"

Python版本

目前有兩種不同的Python支持版本——Python 2.7和Python 3.4。Python 3.0引入了很多向后不兼容的變化,所以使用2.7編寫的代碼在3.4下可能無法正常工作,反之亦然。這門課程使用的是Python 2.7。

你可以通過在命令行運行 python --version 來查看Python版本。

Basic data types

與其他語言類似,Python有很多基本的數據類型,包括整型、浮點型、布爾型、字符串型。這些類型的表現與在其他編程語言中類似。

Numbers:整數和浮點數與其他語言中類似:

x = 3

print type(x) # Prints ""

print x # Prints "3"

print x + 1 # Addition; prints "4"

print x - 1 # Subtraction; prints "2"

print x * 2 # Multiplication; prints "6"

print x ** 2 # Exponentiation; prints "9"

x += 1

print x # Prints "4"

x *= 2

print x # Prints "8"

y = 2.5

print type(y) # Prints ""

print y, y + 1, y * 2, y ** 2 # Prints "2.5 3.5 5.0 6.25"

與許多其他語言不同的是,Python沒有一元增加(x++)和減少(x--)操作。

Python也有內置的長整型和復雜數類型,你可以在相關文檔中找到。

Booleans:Python實現所有的布爾邏輯通用操作,但是它不使用符號(&&,II,etc),而是使用英文單詞:

t = True

f = False

print type(t) # Prints ""

print t and f # Logical AND; prints "False"

print t or f # Logical OR; prints "True"

print not t # Logical NOT; prints "False"

print t != f # Logical XOR; prints "True"

Strings:Python對字符串支持很好:

hello = 'hello' # String literals can use single quotes

world = "world" # or double quotes; it does not matter.

print hello # Prints "hello"

print len(hello) # String length; prints "5"

hw = hello + ' ' + world # String concatenation

print hw # prints "hello world"

hw12 = '%s %s %d' % (hello, world, 12) # sprintf style string formatting

print hw12 # prints "hello world 12"

字符串對象有很多有用的方法;例如:

s = "hello"

print s.capitalize() # Capitalize a string; prints "Hello"

print s.upper() # Convert a string to uppercase; prints "HELLO"

print s.rjust(7) # Right-justify a string, padding with spaces; prints " hello"

print s.center(7) # Center a string, padding with spaces; prints " hello "

print s.replace('l', '(ell)') # Replace all instances of one substring with another;

# prints "he(ell)(ell)o"

print ' world '.strip() # Strip leading and trailing whitespace; prints "world"

你可以在相關文檔中找到string方法的列表。

Containers

Python包含一些內置的容器類型:lists(列表),dictionaries(字典), sets(集合), and tuples(元組)。

Lists

list是數組在Python中的等價物,但是它是可變大小的,且可以包含不同類型的元素:

xs = [3, 1, 2] # Create a list

print xs, xs[2] # Prints "[3, 1, 2] 2"

print xs[-1] # Negative indices count from the end of the list; prints "2"

xs[2] = 'foo' # Lists can contain elements of different types

print xs # Prints "[3, 1, 'foo']"

xs.append('bar') # Add a new element to the end of the list

print xs # Prints "[3, 1, 'foo', 'bar']"

x = xs.pop() # Remove and return the last element of the list

print x, xs # Prints "bar [3, 1, 'foo']"

實際上,你可以在官網文檔中找到更多的關于lists的細節(jié)。

Slicing:除了可以每次訪問列表的一個元素,Python提供了簡潔的語法來訪問子列表;這就叫做slicing:

nums = range(5) # range is a built-in function that creates a list of integers

print nums # Prints "[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]"

print nums[2:4] # Get a slice from index 2 to 4 (exclusive); prints "[2, 3]"

print nums[2:] # Get a slice from index 2 to the end; prints "[2, 3, 4]"

print nums[:2] # Get a slice from the start to index 2 (exclusive); prints "[0, 1]"

print nums[:] # Get a slice of the whole list; prints ["0, 1, 2, 3, 4]"

print nums[:-1] # Slice indices can be negative; prints ["0, 1, 2, 3]"

nums[2:4] = [8, 9] # Assign a new sublist to a slice

print nums # Prints "[0, 1, 8, 9, 4]"

我們還會在numpy arrays上下文中看到slicing。

Loops:你可以像這樣循環(huán)遍歷列表中的元素:

animals = ['cat', 'dog', 'monkey']

for animal in animals:

print animal

# Prints "cat", "dog","monkey", each on its own line.

如果你想在循環(huán)體中訪問每個元素的索引,可使用內置的 enumerate 函數:

animals = ['cat', 'dog', 'monkey']

for idx, animal in enumerate(animals):

print '#%d: %s' % (idx + 1, animal)

# Prints "#1: cat", "#2: dog", "#3: monkey", each on its own line

List comprehensions:編程的時候,經常會涉及到把數據從一個類型轉換到另一個類型。舉個簡單的例子,考慮下面計算平方數的代碼:

nums = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

squares = []

for x in nums:

squares.append(x ** 2)

print squares # Prints [0, 1, 4, 9, 16]

list comprehensions 也可以包含條件:

nums = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

even_squares = [x ** 2 for x in nums if x %2 == 0]

print even_squares # Prints "[0, 4, 16]"

Dictionaries

一個字典存儲了(key,value)對,這與Java中的Map或者Javascript中的object都很相似。你可以這樣使用字典:

d = {'cat': 'cute', 'dog': 'furry'} # Create a new dictionary with some data

print d['cat'] # Get an entry from a dictionary; prints "cute"

print 'cat' in d # Check if a dictionary has a given key; prints "True"

d['fish'] = 'wet' # Set an entry in a dictionary

print d['fish'] # Prints "wet"

# print d['monkey'] # KeyError: 'monkey' not a key of d

print d.get('monkey', 'N/A') # Get an element with a default; prints "N/A"

print d.get('fish', 'N/A') # Get an element with a default; prints "wet"

del d['fish'] # Remove an element from a dictionary

print d.get('fish', 'N/A') # "fish" is no longer a key; prints "N/A"

在官方文檔中可以找到所有關于字典的知識。

Loops:很容易對字典中的keys進行迭代:

d = {'person': 2, 'cat': 4, 'spider': 8}

for animal in d:

legs = d[animal]

print 'A %s has %d legs' % (animal, legs)

# Prints "A person has 2 legs", "A spider has 8 legs", "A cat has 4 legs"

如果想要訪問keys和對應的values,可以使用iteritems 方法:

d = {'person': 2, 'cat': 4, 'spider': 8}

for animal, legs in d.iteritems():

print 'A %s has %d legs' % (animal, legs)

# Prints "A person has 2 legs", "A spider has 8 legs", "A cat has 4 legs"

Dictionary comprehensions:這與list comprehensions是相似的,但是允許你方便地構建字典。例如:

nums = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

even_num_to_square = {x: x ** 2 for x in nums if x % 2 == 0}

print even_num_to_square # Prints "{0: 0, 2: 4, 4: 16}"

Sets

Set是不同元素的無序集合。下面是一個簡單的例子:

animals = {'cat', 'dog'}

print 'cat' in animals # Check if an element is in a set; prints "True"

print 'fish' in animals # prints "False"

animals.add('fish') # Add an element to a set

print 'fish' in animals # Prints "True"

print len(animals) # Number of elements in a set; prints "3"

animals.add('cat') # Adding an element that is already in the set does nothing

print len(animals) # Prints "3"

animals.remove('cat') # Remove an element from a set

print len(animals) # Prints "2"

通常,你想要知道的所有關于sets的東西可以在官方文檔中找到。

Loops:set中的迭代與list中具有相同的語法;然而,由于sets是無序的,你不能對訪問set中元素的順序做出假設:

animals = {'cat', 'dog', 'fish'}

for idx, animal in enumerate(animals):

print '#%d: %s' % (idx + 1, animal)

# Prints "#1: fish", "#2: dog", "#3: cat"

Set comprehensions:與dictionaries和lists類似,我們可以很容易地使用set comprehensions來構建sets:

from math import sqrt

nums = {int(sqrt(x)) for x in range(30)}

print nums # Prints "set([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5])"

Tuples

一個tuple是一個(不可改變)有序值列表。Tuple在很多方面和list相似;最大的不同是tuples可以被用作字典的keys和sets的元素,但是lists卻不能。這里是一個簡單的例子:

d = {(x, x + 1): x for x in range(10)} # Create a dictionary with tuple keys

t = (5, 6) # Create a tuple

print type(t) # Prints ""

print d[t] # Prints "5"

print d[(1, 2)] # Prints "1"

官方文檔中有更多的關于tuple的例子。

Functions

Python函數使用def關鍵字來定義。例如:

def sign(x):

if x > 0:

return 'positive'

elif x < 0:

return 'negative'

else:

return 'zero'

for x in [-1, 0, 1]:

print sign(x)

# Prints "negative", "zero", "positive"

我們經常會將函數定義為可選參數的,像這樣:

def hello(name, loud=False):

if loud:

print 'HELLO, %s!' % name.upper()

else:

print 'Hello, %s' % name

hello('Bob') # Prints "Hello, Bob"

hello('Fred', loud=True) # Prints "HELLO, FRED!"

更多的關于Python函數的內容請參考官方文檔。

Classes

Python中定義類的語法是簡潔明了的:

class Greeter(object):

# Constructor

def __init__(self, name):

self.name = name # Create an instance variable

# Instance method

def greet(self, loud=False):

if loud:

print 'HELLO, %s!' % self.name.upper()

else:

print 'Hello, %s' % self.name

g = Greeter('Fred') # Construct an instance of the Greeter class

g.greet() # Call an instance method; prints "Hello, Fred"

g.greet(loud=True) # Call an instance method; prints "HELLO, FRED!"

同樣可以在官方文檔中找到更多的內容。

======================================

關于Numpy和其他庫的使用將會在下一篇中介紹。

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