python框架 mysql数据库_在Python的框架中为MySQL实现restful接口的教程
最近在做游戲服務分層的時候，一直想把mysql的訪問獨立成一個單獨的服務DBGate，原因如下:
請求收攏到DBGate，可以使DBGate變為無狀態的，方便橫向擴展
當請求量或者存儲量變大時，mysql需要做分庫分表，DBGate可以內部直接處理，外界無感知
通過restful限制對數據請求的形式，僅支持簡單的get/post/patch/put 進行增刪改查，并不支持復雜查詢。這個也是和游戲業務的特性有關，如果網站等需要復雜查詢的業務，對此并不適合
DBGate使用多進程模式，方便控制與mysql之間的鏈接數，進行mysql訪問量閥值保護
方便在DBGate上進行訪問量統計，慢查詢統計、權限控制等等一系列邏輯
目前是使用python，以后要使用其他語言進行mysql操作時，只要進行標準的http請求即可，不會出現不兼容的情況
當然壞處也是有的：
首當其沖就是單次請求的響應時間變長，畢竟中間加了一層服務，并且還是http格式
部署上比原來復雜了一些，很多對mysql直接操作的思維需要進行轉變，一開始可能會有些不適
不過總的來說，還是利大于弊，所以最終還是決定搭建DBGate
當然，我們不可能去手工挨個寫每個庫表對應的restful服務，值得慶幸的是django和flask都提供了對應的解決方案，我們一個個介紹.
Flask
參考鏈接: flask-restless
flask-restless使用方法比較簡單，我直接貼一下代碼即可:
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import datetime
from flask import Flask
from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
from flask_restless import APIManager
app = Flask(__name__)
db = SQLAlchemy(app)
restless = APIManager(app, flask_sqlalchemy_db=db)
class User(db.Model):
"""
user
"""
id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
username = db.Column(db.String(255), unique=True, nullable=False)
password = db.Column(db.String(255), nullable=False)
create_time = db.Column(db.DateTime, nullable=False, default=datetime.datetime.utcnow)
login_time = db.Column(db.DateTime)
restless.create_api(User, methods=['GET', 'POST', 'DELETE', 'PATCH', 'PUT'], results_per_page=100)
db.create_all()
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run(port=25000)
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import datetime
from flask import Flask
from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
from flask_restless import APIManager
app = Flask(__name__)
db = SQLAlchemy(app)
restless = APIManager(app, flask_sqlalchemy_db=db)
class User(db.Model):
"""
user
"""
id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
username = db.Column(db.String(255), unique=True, nullable=False)
password = db.Column(db.String(255), nullable=False)
create_time = db.Column(db.DateTime, nullable=False, default=datetime.datetime.utcnow)
login_time = db.Column(db.DateTime)
restless.create_api(User, methods=['GET', 'POST', 'DELETE', 'PATCH', 'PUT'], results_per_page=100)
db.create_all()
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run(port=25000)
其對應的restful操作如下:
獲取用戶列表:?? GET /user
添加用戶:?????? POST /user
獲取單個用戶:?? GET /user/1
覆蓋單個用戶:?? PUT /user/1
修改單個用戶:?? PATCH /user/1
獲取用戶列表:?? GET /user
添加用戶:?????? POST /user
獲取單個用戶:?? GET /user/1
覆蓋單個用戶:?? PUT /user/1
修改單個用戶:?? PATCH /user/1
注意:
在http請求中，記得加入header: Content-Type: application/json
flask-restless中，PUT和PATCH一樣，都是傳入什么字段，只修改什么字段，不會完全覆蓋
Django
參考鏈接: Django REST framework
Django用起來要更復雜一些，也因為django版自帶了一個可視化的操作頁面，如下:
1. 在settings中添加:
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
# Use hyperlinked styles by default.
# Only used if the `serializer_class` attribute is not set on a view.
'DEFAULT_MODEL_SERIALIZER_CLASS':
'rest_framework.serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer',
# Use Django's standard `django.contrib.auth` permissions,
# or allow read-only access for unauthenticated users.
'DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES': [
#'rest_framework.permissions.DjangoModelPermissionsOrAnonReadOnly',
'rest_framework.permissions.IsAdminUser',
]
}
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
# Use hyperlinked styles by default.
# Only used if the `serializer_class` attribute is not set on a view.
'DEFAULT_MODEL_SERIALIZER_CLASS':
'rest_framework.serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer',
# Use Django's standard `django.contrib.auth` permissions,
# or allow read-only access for unauthenticated users.
'DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES': [
#'rest_framework.permissions.DjangoModelPermissionsOrAnonReadOnly',
'rest_framework.permissions.IsAdminUser',
]
}
2. 通過startapp建立一個app: demo
3. 修改demo的models:
class User(models.Model):
# key是保留字
password = models.IntegerField()
nick = models.CharField(max_length=255)
create_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.datetime.now)
class User(models.Model):
# key是保留字
password = models.IntegerField()
nick = models.CharField(max_length=255)
create_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.datetime.now)
4. 在demo下新建serializers.py
from rest_framework import serializers
from models import User
class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = User
from rest_framework import serializers
from models import User
class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = User
5. 在demo下修改views.py
from django.shortcuts import render
from rest_framework import viewsets
from serializers import UserSerializer
from models import User
class UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
queryset = User.objects.all()
serializer_class = UserSerializer
from django.shortcuts import render
from rest_framework import viewsets
from serializers import UserSerializer
from models import User
class UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
queryset = User.objects.all()
serializer_class = UserSerializer
6. 在demo下新建urls.py
import os.path
from django.conf.urls import patterns, include, url
from django.conf.urls.static import static
from django.conf import settings
import views
from rest_framework import routers
appname = os.path.basename(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
router = routers.DefaultRouter()
router.register('users', views.UserViewSet, appname)
urlpatterns = patterns('',
url(r'^', include(router.urls)),
)
import os.path
from django.conf.urls import patterns, include, url
from django.conf.urls.static import static
from django.conf import settings
import views
from rest_framework import routers
appname = os.path.basename(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
router = routers.DefaultRouter()
router.register('users', views.UserViewSet, appname)
urlpatterns = patterns('',
url(r'^', include(router.urls)),
)
7. 在mysite.urls下include demo.urls和rest_framework.urls
urlpatterns = patterns('',
url(r'^demo/', include('demo.urls')),
url(r'^admin/', include(admin.site.urls)),
url(r'^api-auth/', include('rest_framework.urls', namespace='rest_framework'))
)
urlpatterns = patterns('',
url(r'^demo/', include('demo.urls')),
url(r'^admin/', include(admin.site.urls)),
url(r'^api-auth/', include('rest_framework.urls', namespace='rest_framework'))
)
8. 執行初始化數據操作:
python manage.py syncdb
python manage.py syncdb
之后訪問: http://127.0.0.1:8000/demo 即可看到如下界面了:
對應的測試代碼如下:
import json
import requests
from urlparse import urljoin
BASE_URL = 'http://127.0.0.1:16500/'
AUTH = ('admin', 'admin')
def test_get_user_list():
rsp = requests.get(urljoin(BASE_URL, '/demo/users/'), auth=AUTH, headers={
'Accept': 'application/json'
})
assert rsp.ok
def test_post_user_list():
json_data = dict(
password=0,
nick='oo',
create_time='2014-03-3T03:3:3'
)
rsp = requests.post(urljoin(BASE_URL, '/demo/users/'), auth=AUTH, headers={
'Accept': 'application/json',
'Content-Type': 'application/json',
}, data=json.dumps(json_data))
assert rsp.ok
def test_get_user():
rsp = requests.get(urljoin(BASE_URL, '/demo/users/1'), auth=AUTH, headers={
'Accept': 'application/json',
'Content-Type': 'application/json',
})
assert rsp.ok
def test_put_user():
json_data = dict(
password=100,
nick='xx',
create_time='2014-03-3T03:3:3'
)
# 注意最后的 /
rsp = requests.put(urljoin(BASE_URL, '/demo/users/1/'), auth=AUTH, headers={
'Accept': 'application/json',
'Content-Type': 'application/json',
}, data=json.dumps(json_data),
)
assert rsp.ok, rsp.status_code
Django REST framework 是嚴格區分PUT和PATCH的，這一點和flask-restless 不一樣，需要注意。
OK，就這樣。
本文標題: 在Python的框架中為MySQL實現restful接口的教程
本文地址: http://www.cppcns.com/shujuku/mysql/122388.html
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