問：在st02中看到，Program和Export/Import的Swap出現紅的了，這個是什么原因啊，是不是對系統的性能有影響啊，是否應該調整一些參數啊。要怎么調整呢？
復1：雙擊紅色的部分就可以看到相應的參數修改提示啦～不過曾經有人告訴過我，只要Hitratio的數字是99點多，Swap是紅色也沒有什么關系，我也不知
道這樣的說法是不是正確的，請各位高手指正！

復2：不是很正確：現在看起來Export/import的Buffer設置是偏小了，因為看起來系統啟動了6個小時，Export/import的SWAP總數就超過1W了，遠高于SAP推薦的警戒值1000/day
建議觀察一段時間，如果的確是平均SWAP超過1000/day的話，還是調高一下Export/import buffer比較好。

復3：跟你說這話的人還是有點片面，我不敢茍同這種觀點。
我剛做的一個項目，客戶情況比較夸張，buffer參數完全沒有調整，保持著安裝完成的初始狀態，整個系統SWAP情況極其嚴重，特別是Program buffer的SWAP平均超過100,000/day！但你看
Hitratior的話，可能覺得還好，也有97.8%。實際上呢，系統的Free物理內存還有超過600M，這種情況完全屬于資源分配不合理；實際運用中他們在執行一些比較大的程序是，速度特別慢：因
為執行的過程中在拼命的SWAP，本來內存里能處理的東西被搞到SWAP里折騰，能不慢嗎？
??我認為只要有SWAP，你都應進行評估，要盡可能發揮系統最大的潛力。有一家公司的系統我特佩服，<31H的老系統了，用了n多年了（我剛做SAP的時候他們生產系統就已經運行了有1、2年
了），業務量也是巨大的（家用電器生產廠，PP、SD、FI、MM都在用），并發用戶也是很多的，可是performance也是不錯的，你看人家的SWAP，幾乎總是為0（我是一次也沒看到過在他們生產系統有SWAP），贊！
再羅嗦一句，Hitratior低也不能代表系統的Buffer沒配好，比如說系統剛系統的一段時間里，你會看到Hitratior可能很低，這個很正常，以Program buffer為例：程序系統第一次啟動后總歸是不在Buffer里的，運行一次后才會在Buffer里，這也就是為什么系統剛啟動的時候，SAP用起來好像比平時要慢對Buffer的評價，最好是長期觀察、分析，這樣的結果更有說服力。

復4：SWAP的單位一律為 “次”。 to:Aming，你們的Export/Import確實小了，10個小時下來都超過7W了，看看物理內存還空吧，如果空可以調一調看。

復5：hehe 這是德式數字你大概用SAP*看的，換個用戶，把用戶的default里面的數字表現方式改一下。另外關于SWAP的問題要分開來看，如果你只有一臺應用服務器（例如CI+DB或者CI&DB），尤其是你們上了多個模塊后，各種Buffer會很快的上漲，ABAP尤其如此，而且你會覺得是個無底洞，這是如果要追求好的performance，需要增加DI。另外建議你看看SAP library里關于Memory management的文檔，里面描述SAP內存管理的模式，懂了模式才可以掌握如何調整它。

?回復:?
Good discuss but I still would like to ask Mr. Performance answer this kind of
question. Not because I do not know he need making money from this kind of task.??I
do not recommend Jr. basis doing any performance tuning task before you understand
whole system technical architechture.

You should start from following oss note if you have no idea about Performance
optimums via memory mangement. It's really depends on the OS and DB and R3 release.

?

--------------------------------------------------------------------
OSS NOTE: 103747

Performance in 4.0/4.5/4.6: Parameter recommendations:

Performance in 4.0/4.5/4.6: Parameter recommendations???Help??

???SAP Note Number??????Note Language????DEENJA????Display Versions????4950515253??
Print??????SSCR??????Download??

Text??Header Data??Release??Correction Instructions??Support Packages??>>??
Symptom
You want to set R/3 Memory Management. Only an optimum setting of the R/3 Memory
Management ensures error-free operation of the R/3 System and satisfactory system
performance.

After upgrading to R/3 Release 4.0, you notice long response times in the R/3 System.

Last changes:

03/11/1999: New recommendations for abap/heap_area_dia
11/23/1998: Release for customer (ts)
11/13/1998: Additions for AS/400 (rh)
11/17/1998: Revision prior to release for customers (ts)
11/18/1998: AS/400: Implementation of Note 126210 (rh)
01/28/2000: Note 192658: Parameters for SAP BW
02/02/2000: abap/heap_area... and Shared Memory Limit on SINIX
09/03/2000: Released for 4.6A/B
08/28/2000: AS/400: Including recommendations for Rel. 4.6 (rh)
10/26/2000: AS/400: New recommendations for em/initial_size_MB (<=4.5B)
03/06/2001: Shared Memory Management for S/390 Application Server
05/17/2001: Note on em/global_area_MB (-> Note 329021)
11/07/2001: Remove AS/400-specific notes (rh)
02/07/2002: Linux 2.4: Note 386605 for MM

Additional key words
Memory Management, EarlyWatch, GoingLive, Basis course BC315 "Workload Analysis",
Release 4.0

Cause and preconditions
This note is a collection of individual notes on Memory Management for Release 4.0.

The recommendations are intended as initial settings (that is, generally) before or
immediately after a release upgrade. After production start individual parameters
may have to be corrected and the actual requirements adapted.

This note is NOT valid for the IBM iSeries (AS/400) platform. The additional
features of this platform are described in other notes (see item 7 Additional notes).

In Note 192658 you can find additional recommendations for BW Systems.

Solution
***********************************************************************
* Support by TCC Services *
***********************************************************************

In order to ensure good performance after the upgrade, we recommend that you make
use of the TCC services, for example within the Early Watch service contract or
within the Going Live functional upgrade check.

You have to plan for two service sessions, approx. 4-8 weeks before and 2-8 weeks
after the upgrade. The following is required to ensure a good performance:

Before the upgrade:
Plausibility check for the hardware sizing
Recommendations on the configuration after the upgrade
After the upgrade:
Detailed adjustment of the R/3 and database parameters
Identification of unsolved performance problems

Make the dates for the TCC service session in time before the upgrade, in order to
avoid long waiting times for the date !!!

?

0) What's new in Release 4.0 ?

a) Recommendations for the physical memory:
----------------------------------------

Note 89305 contains information
89305 Resource requirements for Release 4.0A/4.0B
128221 Increased memory consumption with Oracle 8
85524 R/3 scaling (Quicksizer)

The following recommendation for settings apply to application servers with:
>= 750 MByte main memory
> 50 users
> 3 R/3 modules being used

For development and test systems and for very small productive systems smaller
settings may also be possible.

b) Zero Administration Memory Management for Windows NT:
-----------------------------------------------------
In Release 4.0A, the "Zero Administration Memory Management" described in R/3 Note
88416 is active for R/3 under Windows NT. We recommend that you proceed according to
this note for NT. The parameters affected by the "Zero Administration Memory
Management" are marked with (*) in this note. All recommendations in this note for
parameters with (*) therefore only apply to UNIX platforms (except for LINUX, see
below).

c) Standard profiles for UNIX / 4.0B:
----------------------------------
With new 4.0B installations, memory profiles are delivered which depend on the
physical main storage facilities. The parameter "RAM" which the person performing
the installation makes available for the R/3 instance is used as "input". This
results in an "area" according to the following table:

Area │ RAM [MB]
-----------------------------------------------------------------
0 │ up to 750 -> no recommendations given by this note!
I │ 750 <= RAM < 1024
II │ 1024 <= RAM < 2048
III │ 2048 <= RAM -> not for HP-UX and SINIX

Remark: Owing to operating system restrictions, area III cannot be set for SNI/SINIX
and HP-UX with 32-bit kernel.

Parameters are now set depending on the respective area.
The parameters which are set due to the new installation procedure correspond to a
large extent to the recommendations of this note.

With 4.0A installations or upgrades to 4.0, the parameters should be changed
according to this note either before or immediately after the upgrade.

Note 146528 provides extensive information regarding the limitations and options
regarding the configuration of machines with "a lot of RAM" (> 2GByte).

d) Export/import buffer / ATP server:
----------------------------------
An ATP service can be started on an R/3 instance of an R/3 System. This should be
the instance on which the enqueue service is running. In the Default.pfl
rdisp/atp_server = <ATP instance>
(for example, rdisp/atp_server = us0311_ALR_21)
must be set.
If the ATP service is active, Transaction SM51 displays the value "Atp" in the
Service type column. The ATP service stores its data in the export/import buffer.
This buffer on the ATP instance should therefore be configured larger than usual (20
MBytes). (Other programs also use the export/import buffer.)
See also Note 99999.

e) AIX:
----
???????????????????????For large AIX systems (> 1 GByte physical main memory),
refer to Notes 146528, 98084, 95260, 95454, 117267, 124555, and 128935.
CAUTION: Pay attention to the warning in Note 95260 or 117267 !!!

?

a) Digital Unix:
-------------
Refer to Notes 120539 and 25960.

b) HP-UX and SNI/SINIX (32-bit)
----------------------------
With HP-UX, the allocatable shared memory is limited to approx. 1700 MB for each
server; for SNI/SINIX to approx. 1700 MB for each instance. Therefore, no settings
must be made according to area III for these operating systems. If
em/initial_size_MB and rdisp/ROLL_SHM (in area II) are set greater than the default
values 750 (MB) or 8000 (=64 MB), other shared memory elements (for example,
buffers) must be decreased.

Solution for SINIX: Set up several R/3 instances on one computer or
use the 64-bit R/3 kernel.
Solution for HP-UX: Several R/3 instances are not useful since the
SHM limitation applies per computer. Therefore,
use the 64-bit R/3 kernel.

For the 64-bit kernel also refer to Notes 146528 and 146289.

You can search profiles for errors at the OS level using test program sappfpar
name=<SID> nr= (or sappfpar pf=<full path of profile> (see Note 31395).

c) "Zero Adminstration Memory Management" for Linux:
------------------------------------------------------

With Release 4.5, a simplified memory management has been implemented for R/3 on
Linux 2.4 as well. The following parameters are set automatically: ztta/roll_area,
ztta/roll_first, ztta/roll_extension, rdisp/ROLL_MAXFS, rdisp/PG_MAXFS,
rdisp/ROLL_SHM, rdisp/PG_SHM, em/initial_size_MB. You can also keep parameters
abap/heap_area_dia, abap/heap_area_nondia, abap/heap_area_total on the default
values defined by the SAP System for the time being. We recommend you to proceed as
described in Note 386605.

d) Miscellaneous:
--------------
The changes for the parameters rsdb/ntab/entrycount and rsdb/ntab/ftabsize are
particularly large due to the namespace extension (that is, table name lengths from
10 -> 40 characters). The sizes have more than doubled.
Parameters which are new or are changed significantly as compared to 3.1 are
indicated with "!!!".

1. R/3 buffer

Area-independent:
rsdb/ntab/entrycount 30000 !!!
rsdb/ntab/irbdsize 4000
rsdb/ntab/sntabsize 2500
rsdb/cua/buffersize 5000
sap/bufdir_entries 10000
zcsa/table_buffer_area 50000000
zcsa/db_max_buftab 10000
rtbb/buffer_length 30000
rtbb/max_tables 500

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Area-dependent: I II III
rsdb/ntab/ftabsize 20000 30000 30000 !!!
zcsa/presentation_buffer_area 15000000 20000000 20000000
abap/buffersize 240000 240000 400000

Remark on program buffer (abap/buffersize):

A program buffer with 240 MByte is in most cases not sufficient for Release 4.0/4.5.
During production operation it should be enhanced, if required. For this, observe
the "swaps" in the program buffer in transaction ST02. Some 1,000 swaps a day can be
tolerated, but if you find more than 10,000 swaps a day, the buffer should be
enhanced. Note that imports of ABAP programs cause buffer fragmentation and
consequently swaps. To avoid this, reduce the number of transports in your
production system!

The enhancement of program buffers (abap/buffersize) can cause problems in the
memory administration:

Windows NT: PXA_NO_SHARED_MEMORY because of address space fragmentation. Defective
basis addresses of NT system DLLs fragment the address space of work processes. The
large related Shared Memory Segments (PXA, Extended Memory, ...) possibly cannot be
created, because the available free address space is being fragmented by these DLLs.
This leads to a start with the NOT-PXA buffer of 4 MB. As a workaround the parameter
em/address_space_MB can be reduced to 250 MByte (also refer to the internal Note
129813).

AIX: Note 98084 "AIX: ABAP programm buffer PXA larger than 256MB"

HP-UX and SNI: Because of the Shared Memory restrictions (see above), an enhancement
of the program buffer can lead to error PXA_NO_SHARED_MEMORY. In this case other
Shared Memory Segments have to be made smaller.

With HP-UX you have to consider the following:
If the total out of program buffer and EM is higher than 1000 MB, the program buffer
has to be in a pool:
if abap/buffersize + em/initial_size_MB > 1000 MB.
ipc/shm_psize_06 = -10 and
ipc/shm_psize_02 = -10
(This measure is necessary to avoid a Shared Memory fragmentation.)

?

The buffer sizes specified are standard installation values. After the production
startup, you have to adjust the parameters to the actual requirements. To do this,
call Transaction ST02. If displacements occur in column "Swaps" you should increase
the buffers in question (however, note that up to 10,000 swaps may occur in the
program buffer).

?

Export/import buffer:

The settings recommendations for the export/import buffer are area-independent and
depend on the application programs you use. As standard settings we recommend:

Release 4.0/4.5:
rsdb/obj/buffersize 4096 (KB) !!!
rsdb/obj/max_objects 5000 (buffer entries) !!!
rsdb/obj/large_object_size 8192 (bytes) !!!

As of Release 4.6:
rsdb/obj/buffersize 20000 (KB) !!!
rsdb/obj/max_objects 20000 !!!
rsdb/obj/large_object_size 8192 (bytes) !!!

If the export/import buffer is swapped a lot (more than 1000 swaps/day) then it
should be enlarged.

?

2. Local memory for work processes (roll memory)

***********************************************************************
******** Parameters with (*) only apply to UNIX. ***********
******** For NT see Note 88416. ***********
******** For Unix see Note 386605. ***********
***********************************************************************

ztta/roll_area (*) 6500000

ztta/roll_first (*) 1

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3. Roll buffer and extended memory (except Windows NT)

Area-independent:
ztta/roll_extension(*) 500000000 !!!
AIX: 2000000000

(Note: When using the alternative Memory Management on AIX (see Notes 95454 and
124555), ztta/roll_extension must be set as is recommended in these notes.)
rdisp/ROLL_MAXFS (*) optimal: 32000, minimal: 16000
rdisp/PG_MAXFS (*) optimal: 32000, minimal: 16000
rdisp/ROLL_SHM(*) 8000 (up to 16000) !!!
rdisp/PG_SHM(*) 1000
em/global_area_MB for SAP kernel < 4.6D: 24 (default)
for SAP kernel >= 4.6D:
10% of em/initial_size_MB, maximum
(see also Note 329021) 255 - em/blocksize_KB / 1024 (AIX)
10% of em/address_space_MB (Windows)
255 (others)

Area-dependent: I II III
em/initial_size_MB(*) 512 750 (to 1000) 1000 (to 2000)

The specified values em/initial_size_MB and rdisp/ROLL_SHM are the standard
installation values. After production startup, you must adjust the parameters to the
actual requirements. To do this, call Transaction ST02. If the line "Extended
Memory" contains
"In memory" - "max. use" < 20% of "In memory"

you should enlarge the em/initial_size_MB (within the scope of the values entered in
parentheses above).

In other words: 20% extended memory should also be free at times of high load.

If the line "Roll area" contains
"Max. use" > "In memory"
you should increase rdisp/ROLL_SHM (within the above-mentioned values specified in
parentheses).

?

4. Heap memory (except Windows NT)

abap/heap_area_dia and abap/heap_area_nondia (new as of 03/11/1999):
In general, we recommend setting
abap/heap_area_dia(*) = abap/heap_area_nondia(*)
as follows:

AIX:

Standard: 180000000 (180 MByte)
If ES/TABLE = SHM_SEGS is used (Notes 95454 & 124555)
80000000 ( 80 MByte)

HP-UX:

up to HP-UX Releases smaller than 10.20:
600000000 with OS parameter: maxdsize = 640 MByte
as of HP-UX Release 10.20, the following size is possible:
920000000 with OS parameter: maxdsize = 944 MByte

SNI (SINIX): 350000000

???????????Note: Value 350000000 for abap/heap_area(non)dia is a standard value
which can be used for almost all SINIX/Reliant systems. In rare cases however,
memory management errors can occur. In this case you may be able to solve the
problem by reducing the parameter further (for example, 250000000).

DEC: 900000000

Sun: Standard: 900000000 (900 MByte)

Caution: If you set em/initial_size_MB > 1500, you must reduce

abap/heap_area_dia and abap/heap_area_nondia (see also

section 8f) in Note 97497).

Windows: Delete the profile paramter from the profile

abap/heaplimit(*) 20000000

Area-dependent: I II III

abap/heap_area_total (*) 750000000 750000000 1500000000

?

5. Basic information on the parameter settings
You must save your old profiles before the change. If the instance with the new
parameters does not start, you can use the old profile.
All parameter settings must be checked before being used (program sappfpar, in the
test system and so on).
Consider the architecture restrictions of the operating systems (for example, Shared
Memory restrictions). If you do not consider these restrictions errors and
terminations may be the result.
Consider that actual recommendations on the parameter settings by the TCC can only
be provided within the service sessions.

***********************************************************************

WARNING:
If the R/3 memory areas are set up too small (R/3 buffers, R/3 Extended Memory, and
so on), unnecessary performance problems may occur. If the memory areas are set up
too large, errors can occur when you start the R/3 instance, or runtime errors may
occur. The optimum settings are dependent on the hadware (CPU and RAM), the R/3
release and the operating system release. The TCC Services GoingLive and EarlyWatch
will provide you with individual recommendations for your system.

***********************************************************************

?

6. Miscellaneous

Also see the sections "Swap Space", "File System Cache", "Dependencies of the
operating systems", and "Questions and answers" in Note 97497.

?

7. Additional notes:

Notes for IBM AS/400
139326 AS/400: Memory Management in Release as of 4.6A
126210 AS/400: nametab buffer larger than 16MB
123418 AS/400: Performance 4.0B on AS/400
121625 AS/400: buffer size
119754 AS/400: Parameter for nametab buffer
110157 AS/400: Generic table buffer
79478 AS/400: ERROR => ShmCreate (...)
73628 AS/400: MCH3601 in rstsac2/convert_ABAP_to_C/9
44695 Memory Management in Release as of 3.0C, AS/400

Notes on IBM S/390
326949 Shared Memory Management S/390 Application Server

8. Questions and answers

(See also "Questions and answers" in Notes 33576 and 44695 and
the SAP TechNet article "Memory management as of Release 3.0C"
(http://sapnet.sap-ag.de/TechNet?-> System Monitoring
-> Knowledge Base -> New Memory Management.)

For background knowledge on memory management of R/3 you can also
refer to the book "R/3 Performance Optimization"
(ISBN 0-7821-2563-8)

a) Why is em/initial_size_MB in area III (RAM > 2000 MByte) set to 2000 MByte in so
restrictive a manner?

The main reason is that the 32-bit architecture available to us at present can
manage an address space of a maximum of 2GB - 3.8GB (depending on the operating
system). For category III, the address space is made up as follows:
em 1024MB (shared)
PXA 400MB (shared)
Roll 64MB (shared)
sonst. 150MB (shared)
heap 1500MB (local)
stack 50MB (local)
..........
3138MB

b) Which parameters should be changed for prevention ?

Parameters ztta/roll_extension, rdisp/roll_MAXFS, abap/heap_area_(non)dia,
ABAP/heap_area_total, and rdisp/pg_MAXFS do not influence the performance (in the
sense of "velocity"). They are only "stability-relevant", that is, they prevent
programs from terminating. These parameters should therefore be changed for
prevention.
Example:
Even if the system "never" needs 256 MB of paging (rdisp/pg_MAXFS = 32000), you
should not economize on the paging file. It is senseless to wait until the year-end
settlement terminates since the paging area was configured too small and only
afterwards is the paging area to be configured "on request".
Similar examples apply to the other parameters.

As opposed to this, the buffer sizes (abap/buffer_size ... ) only influence the
response time. In the case of emergency you can wait until the buffer starts to swap
and then raise the response time. (However, you can also set it "large enough"
immediately).

Source code corrections

回復6：
?
to: Ben & newcat??好久沒來, 謝謝兩位還記得我
to:aming&schwalbe?
你們的系統export/import的參數設置的確是有些問題. 但并不是你export/import的buffer大小不夠,而是你系統中為export/import預留的最大object數值不夠大.
系統當前的object數為2000個且已經被用完了,所以盡管還有82.07%和22.91%的export/import空間卻不能夠被利用.
rsdb/obj/max_objects???=2000 改到??5000
rsdb/obj/buffersize??= 4096 改到??8192 ( for schwalbe)??????????????????????
情況會有改善的.
schwalbe 你的program buffer size 有點小了,我不知道你的軟硬件具體情況所以不好給出具體的數字.
如果是32位R/3跑在unix系統下的話尤其要小心,仔細調整pool 10和40的值,不然系統很可能起不來.??
我個人認為沒有必要一定要刻意追求所有的SWAP一直是0.??

回復7：多謝LARRY，我仔細看才發現了問題所在，德文的格式中，“，”和“。”剛好是調轉的

相關：

What's the min swap system? Depends on release, kernel(32/64) and platforms(NT/UNIX/LINUX/AS400)...
Basis idea for MIN SWAP for 20-30current users: 3 X Memory(i.e. 1GB memory needs at least 3GB memory.
But on the Basis Certification TEST the answer is 3.5GB(3 X Memory + 500MB)
For 64bit kernel, please use at least 18-20GB. Use the whole disk if it's possible for beter performance
James Yen - 顏心德

來在disk array里留兩個備用磁盤還是有好處的。。。

swap太小會出Memory問題導致DUMP的。

?

SAP官方：Swap Space Requirements、SAP Memory Management

?

其它討論：

首先確認SAP服務器多久沒有重啟了，如果是有幾個月沒有重啟，則ST02的SWAP一般會出現紅色；這個一般重啟SAP可以release swap的問題。

如果SAP重啟幾天后SWAP就出現紅色，根據SAP服務器的硬件，可以適當調整RZ10的參數。

1、調整前一定先把/usr/sap/DEV/SYS/Profile進行備份，這個非常重要。

2、對具體哪個參數進行調整，T-code: ST02，在出現紅色的地方“雙擊”進入另一個界面，然后點菜單欄的“當前參數”就能看到它對應的Profile Parameter， Value Unit， Comment；然后根據它的現有值 x 0.1 = 要調整的數值。

T_Code:RZ10(調整)，RZ11（查看參數值、默認值和參數說明）

eg: swap出現紅色，雙擊后對應參數值：rtbb/buffer_length 10000 kB
　　那么在RZ10把這個參數調整為：11000

3、RZ10調整后要進行激活，激活后要重新啟動SAP MMC；如果出現調整后SAP MMC無法啟動，那么重啟SAP服務器在重啟SAP MMC，如果還是無法起動，那么把剛備份的原Profile目錄覆蓋新的Profile目錄，然后再重新調整，根據它的現有值 x 0.05 = 要調整的數值。

調整后再觀測ST02的變化，如果原來都沒有調整過那一般要按照上面的調整方式調整幾次ST02就相對比較正常了。

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