配置ORACLE 客户端连接到数据库
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-- 配置ORACLE 客戶端連接到數據庫
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??? Oracle 客戶端連接到Oracle 數據庫服務器貌似不同于SQL serve中的網絡配置，其實不然，只不過所有的SQL server 運行于Windows平臺，故很多配置直接集成到了操作系統之中。所以無需配置客戶端即可連接到服務器。Oracle 客戶端連接到數據庫依賴于Oracle Net。Oracle提供了很多基于客戶端或服務器的配置工具，需要搞清的是Oracle Net 中的相關術語。術語明白了，其實配置方法與SQL server 大同小異。
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一、什么是Oracle Net
??? Oracle Net 用于客戶端和服務器之間創建一個連接會話，并負責維護該會話。
??? Oracle Net 在客戶端作為應用程序的一個后臺進程組件，而在服務器端則包含稱為偵聽器的活動進程，
負責客戶端和服務器之間的交互。
??? Oracle Net 同時也支持異構數據庫的連接，如連接到Sybase，Informix，DB2，SQL Server等
??? 通常基于下列配置來實現
??????? 網絡配置(網絡必須是聯通的)
??????? 節點所在的位置(IP/Hostname)
??????? 應用程序
??????? 所使用的協議(TCP/IP、/TCP/IP with SSL、SDP、Named Pipes)
???????
??? Oracle Net支持的連接類型
??????? 客戶端-服務器模式(如SQLPlus)
??????? Java 應用程序(JDBC等)
??????? Web 客戶端應用程序
使用基于Web的應用程序(App Server)作為中間件來實現，可以配置JDBC Oracle Call Interface (OCI) driver 或thin JDBC driver
??????????? 通過HTTP直接連接到Oracle 服務器，如OEM
???????????
???
??? Oracle Net實現機制
??????? 用戶發出連接請求實現與用戶進程進行交互
??????? 用戶進程通過Oracle Net 來與服務器進程交互
??????? 服務器進程則與實例進行交互(由Oracle Net維護)
??????? 實例通過后臺進程交互來完成數據庫的讀寫操作
???
??? Oracle Net 連接方式
??????? 本地客戶端連接的數據庫(即客戶端與數據庫位于同一臺服務器)。
??????????? 本地連接同樣使用到了Oracle Net，因為任何與數據的交互都通過Oracle Net來完成。
不需要使用到Listener，因為本地連接使用的是IPC協議，而IPC協議允許主機內進程間相互通信，由操作系統提供。
??????????? 本地連接不需要進行任何配置，且本地服務器上可以運行若干個實例。
??????????? 本地連接是唯一一個不需要偵聽器的連接類型。
??????????? 連接方法：CONNECT username/password
???????????
??????? 所有非本地客戶端連接到數據庫
??????????? 服務器端啟用Listener進程
??????????? 客戶端通過TNSNAME或Easy connect或LDAP等名稱解析方式來解析連接字符串
??????????? 一旦連接成功，即是Listener服務停止，不影響該會話。
???????????????
??? Oracle Net Listener(偵聽器)
??????? 運行于服務器端，用于偵聽所有來自客戶端的連接請求，并提供處理數據庫服務方面的請求
??????????? 位置：$ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/listerer.ora
?--對應于netmgr中(GUI界面)的Listeners項下建立的缺省偵聽器(Listener)
??????????????? ? $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/sqlnet.ora??
?--對應于netmgr中(GUI界面)的Profile
??????? 服務器端配置tnsnames
??????????? 位置：ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/tnsnames.ora
--對應于netmgr中(GUI界面)的Service Naming
??????? Listener提供的信息包括，IP地址、端口號、協議、服務名(service_name)等
??????? 一個Listener能夠為多個數據庫實例提供服務
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二、客戶端到服務器建立會話的過程及相關術語
??? 執行如下的命令來建立連接
??????? SQL> CONNECT username/password@net_service_name??
???????
??????? 連接字符串(connect string)：username/password@net_service_name
包含了用戶名、密碼、連接標識符
??????????? 如：SQL> conn scott/tiger@orcl
??????????? 字符串分解
??????????????? 用戶名scott
??????????????? 密碼為tiger
??????????????? "/"??? 用于分割用戶與密碼
??????????????? "@"?? 指示網絡連接所需的用戶進程
??????????????? orcl? 連接標識符
???????
??????? 連接標識符(connect identifier)
??????????? @后面的即為連接標識符，如上例中的orcl。
??????????? 連接標識符的名字是一個映射到連接描述符的簡化
??????????? 連接標識符可以為網絡服務名/別名、數據庫服務名等
(net service name, database service name, or net service alias.)
???????????
??????? 連接描述符(connect discriptor)
??????????? 使用一種特殊格式來描述連接的具體信息，信息包含了、數據庫所在的位置(IP地址)、
服務名、端口號等
??????????? 如tnsnames中的：
??????????? orcl =? --網絡服務名,數據庫別名,等同于連接標識符(屏蔽客戶端如何連接到服務器端的細節)
??????????? ? (DESCRIPTION =???????????
??????????????? (ADDRESS_LIST =
??????????????? ? (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.1.128)(PORT = 1521))
--IP地址,端口號,協議
??????????????? )
??????????????? (CONNECT_DATA =
??????????????? ? (SERVICE_NAME = orcl.robinson.com)? --服務名
??????????????? )
??????????? ? )
??????????? 以上所有DESCRIPTION內的信息即為連接描述信息
??????????? 描述符之上等于號左邊的可以為網絡服務名，網絡服務別名等，此等同于連接標識符。
???????????
??????? 服務名(service_name)
客戶端連接到實例的服務名，可以為該參數指定一個或多個服務名。該參數從i引入，service_name通常可以使用SID代替。
9i之后，Oracle推薦使用service_name而不是SID。可以通過定義多不不同的服務名來區分不同的用戶連接，該參數缺省的格式為db_name.db_name。
實例將所定義的服務名注冊到偵聽器，當客戶端請求服務時，偵聽器根據服務名決定將使用哪個實例提供所請求的服務并與之建立連接
??????????? 基于相同的數據庫可以定義多不不同的服務名來區分不同的使用情況
??????????? 如定義service_name為
??????????????? service_names = sales.robinson.com,hr.robinsn.com
??????????? 則sales部門通過sales服務名來建立連接，hr部門通過hr服務名來建立連接，
而無須關心連接的是哪一個數據庫。
???????
??????? 演示連接過程(非本地連接)
??????????? 環境：服務器為RHEL 5 + Oracle 10g ，客戶端Winxp + 10g Client
??????????? 查看服務器listener是否啟動
??????????? [oracle@robinson admin]$ lsnrctl?? --啟動lsnrctl 偵聽器程序
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??????????? LSNRCTL for Linux: Version 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on 03-SEP-2010 13:31:06
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??????? ??? Copyright (c) 1991, 2005, Oracle.? All rights reserved.
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??????????? Welcome to LSNRCTL, type "help" for information.
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??????????? LSNRCTL> status????? --查看偵聽器狀態，偵聽器沒有啟動
??????????? Connecting to (ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=)(PORT=1521))
??????????? TNS-12541: TNS:no listener
??????????? ?TNS-12560: TNS:protocol adapter error
??????????? ? TNS-00511: No listener
??????????? ?? Linux Error: 111: Connection refused
??????????? ??
??????????? --啟動缺省的偵聽器
??????????? --在下面列出的信息中沒有偵聽器的路徑及listener.ora文件，此處listener.ora 不存在
??????????? LSNRCTL> start????
??????????? Starting /u01/app/oracle/10g/bin/tnslsnr: please wait...
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??????????? TNSLSNR for Linux: Version 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
??????????? Log messages written to /u01/app/oracle/10g/network/log/listener.log
??????????? Listening on: (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=robinson.com)(PORT=1521)))
???????????????????????????????
??????????? Connecting to (ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=)(PORT=1521))
??????????? STATUS of the LISTENER
??????????? ------------------------
??????????? Alias???????????????????? LISTENER
??????????? Version?????????????????? TNSLSNR for Linux: Version 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
??????????? Start Date??????????????? 03-SEP-2010 13:31:14
??????????? Uptime??????????????????? 0 days 0 hr. 0 min. 0 sec
??????????? Trace Level?????????????? off
??????????? Security????????????????? ON: Local OS Authentication
??????????? SNMP????????????????????? OFF
??????????? Listener Log File???????? /u01/app/oracle/10g/network/log/listener.log
??????????? Listening Endpoints Summary...
??????????? ? (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=robinson.com)(PORT=1521)))
??????????? The listener supports no services
??????????? The command completed successfully
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??????????? LSNRCTL> service? --已經看到了已注冊的實例信息，因為g支持動態注冊
??????????? Connecting to (ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=)(PORT=1521))
??????????? Services Summary...
??????????? Service "orcl.robinson.com" has 1 instance(s).
??????????? ? Instance "orcl", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
??????????????? Handler(s):
??????????????? ? "DEDICATED" established:0 refused:0 state:ready
??????????????????? ?LOCAL SERVER
??????????? Service "orclXDB.robinson.com" has 1 instance(s).
??????????? ? Instance "orcl", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
??????????????? Handler(s):
??????????????? ? "D000" established:0 refused:0 current:0 max:1022 state:ready
??????????????????? ?DISPATCHER <machine: robinson, pid: 3246>
??????????????????? ?(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=robinson.com)(PORT=51473))
??????????? Service "orcl_XPT.robinson.com" has 1 instance(s).
??????????? ? Instance "orcl", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
??????? ??????? Handler(s):
??????????????? ? "DEDICATED" established:0 refused:0 state:ready
??????????????????? ?LOCAL SERVER
??????????? The command completed successfully?
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??????????? --查看客戶端tnsnames.ora的信息
??????????? C:/>type F:/oracle/product/10.2.0/client_1/NETWORK/ADMIN/tnsnames.ora
??????????? # tnsnames.ora Network Configuration File: F:/oracle/product/10.2.0/client_1/NET
??????????? WORK/ADMIN/tnsnames.ora
??????????? # Generated by Oracle configuration tools.
??????????? orcl =
??????????? ? (DESCRIPTION =
??????????????? (ADDRESS_LIST =
??????????????? ? (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.1.128)(PORT = 1521))
??????????????? )
??????????? ??? (CONNECT_DATA =
??????????????? ? (SERVICE_NAME = orcl.robinson.com)
??????????????? )
??????????? ? )
??????????? C:/>sqlplus /nolog
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??????????? SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on 星期五9月3 13:42:02 2010
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??????????? Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle.? All rights reserved.
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??????????? SQL> conn scott/tiger@orcl
??????????? Connected.
??????????? --將tnsnames.ora中服務別名改為oral后再連接，可以正常連接，即網絡服務名可以隨便取。
??????????? SQL> conn system/redhat@oral
??????????? Connected.
???????????
??????????? --查看數據庫中的服務名?????????
??????????? SQL> show parameter service_names;
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??????????? NAME???????????????????????????????? TYPE??????? VALUE
??????????? ------------------------------------ ----------- --------------------------
??????????? service_names??????????????????????? string????? orcl.robinson.com
???????????
三、服務注冊與名稱解析????? ???
???
??? 服務注冊(service registration)
??????? 實例將數據庫將所提供的服務名及相關信息告知listener的過程稱之為服務注冊
??????? 注冊通常包含下列信息
??????????? 數據庫的服務名
??????????? 實例名
??????????? 可用的服務處理程序(service handlers)，用于調度(共享模式)和派生子程序(專用模式)
??????????? 端口號等
???????
??????? 注冊方法
??????????? 靜態注冊: 指將實例的相關信息手動告知listener偵聽器，可以使用netmgr,netca,oem以及直接vi listener.ora文件來實現
??????????????? --下面是通過netmgr配置后產生的listener.ora文件的內容
??????????????? [oracle@robinson ~]$ cat $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/listener.ora
??????????????? # listener.ora Network Configuration File: /u01/app/oracle/10g/network/admin/listener.ora
??????????????? # Generated by Oracle configuration tools.
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??????????????? SID_LIST_LISTENER =?????? -->這里定義LISTENER進程提供的數據庫服務列表
??????????????? ? (SID_LIST =
??????????????????? (SID_DESC =
??????????????????? ? (GLOBAL_DBNAME = orcl.robinson.com)
??????????????????? ? (ORACLE_HOME = /u01/app/oracle/10g)
??????????????????? ? (SID_NAME = ORCL)
??????????????????? )
??????????????? ? )
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??????????????? LISTENER =?????????????? -->監聽器的名字，一臺數據庫可以有多個監聽器
??????????????? ? (DESCRIPTION =
??????????????????? (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = robinson)(PORT = 1521))
??????????????? ? )
??????????????? ?
動態注冊：實例在啟動時使用PMON進程自動將instance_name和service_names等信息注冊到已啟動的缺省偵聽器listener.ora,在9i之后,不需要任何配置即可實現動態注冊.實例啟動后會自動在本地主機默認的號端口上查找偵聽器,并在查找到時進行注冊
??? ??????????? 可以在實例啟動后的任何時間段執行下面命令實現重新注冊
??????????????????? alter system register;
???????????????????
??????????????????? 如果偵聽器在非默認端口上運行，可以通過設置local_listener參數來制定偵聽器所在的位置并手動進行注冊
??????????????????? SQL> alter system set local_listener = 'list2';
??????????????????? SQL> alter system register;
???????????????????
??????????????? 建議配置兩個參數保證成功注冊：service_names,instance_name
??????????????????? service_names缺省為global database name
??????????????????? alter system set service_names = 'testdb.robinson.com' scope =spfile;
??????????????????? alter system set instance_name = 'testdb' scope = spfile;
???????????
??????????????? --下面啟動缺省的偵聽器來實現動態注冊
??????????????? [oracle@robinson ~]$ lsnrctl start
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??? ??????????? LSNRCTL for Linux: Version 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on 03-SEP-2010 16:30:04
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??????????????? Copyright (c) 1991, 2005, Oracle.? All rights reserved.
?
??????????????? Starting /u01/app/oracle/10g/bin/tnslsnr: please wait...
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??????????????? TNSLSNR for Linux: Version 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
??????????????? System parameter file is /u01/app/oracle/10g/network/admin/listener.ora
??????????????? Log messages written to /u01/app/oracle/10g/network/log/listener.log
??????????????? Listening on: (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=robinson.com)(PORT=1521)))
?
??????????????? Connecting to (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=robinson)(PORT=1521)))
??????????????? STATUS of the LISTENER
??????????????? -----------------------------部分信息省略---------------------------------------
???????????????
??????????????? Listener Parameter File?? /u01/app/oracle/10g/network/admin/listener.ora
??????????? ??? Listener Log File???????? /u01/app/oracle/10g/network/log/listener.log
??????????????? Listening Endpoints Summary...
??????????????? ? (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=robinson.com)(PORT=1521)))
??????????????? Services Summary...
??????????????? Service "orcl.robinson.com" has 1 instance(s).
--啟動了orcl.robinson.com服務且為靜態注冊
??????????????? ? Instance "ORCL", status UNKNOWN, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
??????????????? The command completed successfully
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??????????????? [oracle@robinson ~]$ export ORACLE_SID=testdb? --設置ORACLE_SID并啟動testdb
??????????????? [oracle@robinson ~]$ sqlplus /nolog
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??????????????? SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Fri Sep 3 16:33:00 2010
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??????????????? Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle.? All rights reserved.
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??????????????? SQL> conn / as sysdba
??????????????? Connected to an idle instance.
??????????????? SQL> startup
??????????????? ORACLE instance started.
?
??????????????? Total System Global Area? 469762048 bytes
??????????????? Fixed Size????????????????? 1220048 bytes
??????????????? Variable Size???????????? 138412592 bytes
??????????????? Database Buffers????????? 327155712 bytes
??????????????? Redo Buffers??????????????? 2973696 bytes
??????????????? Database mounted.
??????????????? Database opened.
?
??????????????? SQL> ho lsnrctl status???? --再次查看偵聽器的狀態
??????????????????????????????????????? ?? --可以看到testdb已經被動態注冊
??????????????? LSNRCTL for Linux: Version 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on 03-SEP-2010 16:34:06
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??????????????? Copyright (c) 1991, 2005, Oracle.? All rights reserved.
?
??????????????? Connecting to (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=robinson)(PORT=1521)))
??????????????? STATUS of the LISTENER
??????????????? -----------------------------部分信息省略---------------------------------------
??????????????? Services Summary...
??????????????? Service "orcl.robinson.com" has 2 instance(s).
??????????????? ? Instance "ORCL", status UNKNOWN, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
??????????????? Service "orclXDB.robinson.com" has 1 instance(s).
??????????????? Service "orcl_XPT.robinson.com" has 1 instance(s).
??????????????? Service "testdb" has 1 instance(s).??? --下面是和testdb相關的服務名，實例名
??????????????? ? Instance "testdb", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
??????????????? Service "testdb.robinson.com" has 1 instance(s).
??????????????? ? Instance "testdb", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
??????????????? Service "testdbXDB" has 1 instance(s).
??????????????? ? Instance "testdb", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
??????????????? Service "testdb_XPT" has 1 instance(s).
??????????????? ? Instance "testdb", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
??????????????? The command completed successfully?????????????
?
??????????????? SQL> conn scott/tiger@192.168.1.128/testdb.robinson.com? ?????????????? ??????????????? ??? Connected.? --動態注冊testdb,Win客戶端可以正常連接
??????????????? SQL> conn system/redhat@orcl ????????--原來靜態注冊的orcl也可以正常連接
??????????????? Connected.
???????????????
??????????????? --注意服務名中有些狀態為UNKNOWN，有些為READY
??????????????? --對于動態注冊的服務名，因為監聽器知道實例的狀態，所以正常狀態通常顯示為READY。
??????????????? --對于靜態注冊的服務名，通常顯示為UNKNOWN。
???????????????
??????? 當客戶端的請求到達listener時，listener選擇一個合適的service handler為之服務。
之后listener就不再參與相關處理。
???????
??????? 對于受限模式的實例，PMON阻塞所有到實例的連接。當客戶端嘗試連接將收到如下錯誤信息：
??????????? ORA-12526：TNS：listener: all appropriate instances are in restricted mode
??????????? ORA-12527: TNS：listener: all appropriate instances are in restricted mode or blocking new connections
???????
??????????? C:/Documents and Settings/Robinson Cheng>sqlplus scott/tiger@orcl
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??????????? SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on 星期三9月1 17:14:41 2010
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??????????? Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle.? All rights reserved.
?
??????????? ERROR:
??????????? ORA-12526: TNS:listener: all appropriate instances are in restricted mode
???????
??????? 動態注冊時的幾個常用參數以及需要$ORACLE_HOME目錄
??????????? SQL> select name,value,isdefault from v$parameter
??????????? ? 2? where name in ('instance_name','db_domain','service_names');
?
??????????? NAME????????????????????? VALUE????????????????????????? ISDEFAULT
??????????? ------------------------- ------------------------------ ---------
??????????? db_domain???????????????? robinson.com?????????????????? FALSE
??????????? instance_name???????????? orcl??????????? ???????????????FALSE
??????????? service_names???????????? orcl.robinson.com????????????? FALSE
????????
??????? 更多關于動態注冊的更多描述：配置非默認端口的動態服務注冊
??? 名稱解析方式(Naming Method)
??????? 用于客戶端連接到數據庫服務時如何解析連接字符串。連接字符串形式：c:/sqlplus scott/tiger@orcl
??????? 常用的字符串解析方法
??????????? Easy connect
??????????????? 缺省的連接方式為Easy connect ，僅僅限制于使用TCP協議，不支持負載均衡
??????????????? 不支持connect-time failover、source routing、load balancing
??????????????? SQL> connect username/password@host[:port][/service_name]
??????????????? C:/>sqlplus scott/tiger@192.168.192.128:1521/orcl
???????????????
??????????? Local naming(本地名稱解析)
??????????????? 使用本地配置文件tnsnames.ora
??????????????? 支持所有的Oracle Net 協議
??????????????? 支持高級連接選項：connect-time failover、source routing、load balancing
??????????????? 在服務器端缺省路徑為$ORACLE_HOME/network/admin
??????????????? tnsnames.ora可以使用TNS_ADMIN環境變量設定到任意位置
???????????????
??????????? Directory naming(目錄名稱解析)
??????????????? 目錄名稱解析技術使得解析實現集中化管理，用戶會被指向一個解析別名的LDAP目錄服務器
??????????????? 支持所有的Oracle Net協議及高級選項
???????????????
??????????? External Naming Method(外部名稱解析方式)
??????????????? 第三方名稱解析方法如SUN的NIS等。
???????
四、常用的配置文件
??? ldqp.ora???????? -->用于配置LDAP目錄名稱解析
??? cman.ora???????? -->用于配置Oracle 連接管理參數
??? tnsnames.ora???? -->用于配置本地客戶端或遠程客戶端的本地名稱解析
??? listener.ora???? -->用于配置偵聽器的相關注冊信息
??? sqlnet.ora?????? -->用于配置服務器或客戶端所支持的解析方式
?
??? netmgr(Net Manager)中的幾個配置模塊
??????? Profile 分支?????? -->對應于sqlnet.ora文件，可以設置客戶端和服務器端同時應用的Oracle選項
??????? Sevice Naming 分支 -->用于配置客戶端的名稱解析，對應于tnsnames.ora文件
??????? Listener 分支????? -->用于配置服務器端的數據庫偵聽器，對應于listener.ora文件
?
五、偵聽器配置程序(lsnrctl) 及TNSPING命令??
??? [oracle@robinson admin]$ lsnrctl
?
??? LSNRCTL for Linux: Version 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on 03-SEP-2010 21:30:52
?
??? Copyright (c) 1991, 2005, Oracle.? All rights reserved.
?
??? Welcome to LSNRCTL, type "help" for information.
?
??? LSNRCTL> help?? --使用help 查看lsnrctl 的擴展命令
??? The following operations are available
??? An asterisk (*) denotes a modifier or extended command:
?
??? start?????????????? stop??????????????? status??? -->停止、啟動、查看狀態等(常用)?????????
??? services??????????? version???????????? reload?????????????
??? save_config???????? trace?????????????? spawn??????????????
??? change_password???? quit??????????????? exit????? ??????????
??? set*??????????????? show*?????????????? ???
???
??? lsnrctl命令用法
??????? LSNRCTL> command [listener_name]
???????
??? lsnrctl命令演示參照前面例子中的使用
???
??? tnsping命令用于測試網絡的可聯通性
??????? C:/>tnsping orcl
?
??????? TNS Ping Utility for 32-bit Windows: Version 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on 03-9月-
??? ??? 2010 21:52:45
?
??????? Copyright (c) 1997, 2005, Oracle.? All rights reserved.
?
??????? Used parameter files:
??????? F:/oracle/product/10.2.0/client_1/network/admin/sqlnet.ora
?
??????? Used TNSNAMES adapter to resolve the alias
??????? Attempting to contact (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS_LIST = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)
??????? (HOST = 192.168.1.128)(PORT = 1521))) (CONNECT_DATA = (SERVICE_NAME = orcl.robin
??????? son.com)))
??????? OK (0 msec)
???????
六、總結???????
??? 1.客戶端連接時的五個重要參數：用戶名、密碼、IP地址、端口號、服務名
??? 2.從客戶端成功連接到數據庫服務器
??????? 客戶端要求
??????????? 需要安裝適當的客戶端軟件(Oracle Client)
??????????? 正確配置sqlnet.ora??
??????????????? NAMES.DIRECTORY_PATH = (TNSNAMES,EZCONNECT ….)??????
??????????????? SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES = (NTS)?? 關于認證方式，請參考：Oracle 密碼文件
??????????????? NAMES.DEFAULT_DOMAIN=robinson.com
--表示客戶端在請求連接時將設定的缺省值追加網絡服務名(net_service_name)之后
??????????????????? --如果db_domain為robinson.com,使用scott/tiger@orcl連接,則等同于使用scott@orcl.robinson.com進行連接
??????????? 正確配置tnsnames.ora
??????? 服務器端要求
??????????? listener已經啟動
??????????? 數據庫已經啟動
??
?
??? 3.手動配置listener.ora和tnsnames.ora
??????? 配置tnsname.ora文件：
??????????? 可用的配置工具
??????????????? oracle Net Configuration Assistant(GUI)?????? -->實際上修改tnsnames.ora文件
??????????????? oracle Net Manager(GUI)?????????????????????? -->實際上修改tnsnames.ora文件
???????????????
??? ??? 給出下面的示例：
??????????? orcl =?????????????????????????????????????????? -->網絡服務別名，可以修改，對應于連接標識符
??????????? ? (DESCRIPTION =
??????????????? (ADDRESS_LIST =
??????????????? ? (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.1.128)(PORT = 1521))
??????????????? )
??????????????? (CONNECT_DATA =
??????????????? ? (SERVICE_NAME = orcl.robinson.com)
??????????????? )
??????????? ? )
??????????? 紅色的內容為根據實際需要進行修改的內容，現描述如下：
??????????? PROTOCOL：客戶端與服務器端通訊的協議，一般為TCP，該內容一般不用改。
HOST：數據庫偵聽所在的主機的主機機名或IP地址，通常數據庫偵聽與數據庫位于同一個機器上。建議使用IP地址。在UNIX或WINDOWS下可以使用hostname來獲得主機的機器名或使用ifconfig(UNIX)、ipconfgi(Windows)來獲得主機的IP地址。
??????????? PORT：數據庫偵聽使用的端口，缺省為，可以查看服務器端的listener.ora文件獲得端口號
??????????? ????? 或在數據庫服務器命令提示符下使用nsrctl status [listener name]命令查看獲得端口號。
????????????????? 此處Port的值一定要與數據庫偵聽正在偵聽的端口一樣。
??????????? SERVICE_NAME：在服務器端，使用sqlplus> show parameter service_name命令查看。
???????????
??????????? 上述配置時應保證客戶機能夠ping通服務器，之后可以使用
tnsping orcl(網絡服務名)來測試網絡的聯通情況
??????????????? SQL> conn scott/tiger@orcl
??????????????? Connected.
??????????? 使用上面的連接方式進行連接時，則連接標識符orcl被解釋為tnsnames.ora中orcl對應
的描述信息,根據描述信息來解析連接服務器
???????????
??????? 配置listener.ora? -->同樣可以使用tnsnames.ora配置時所使用的GUI工具來完成
??????????? 給出下面的示例System parameter file is /u01/app/oracle/10g/network/admin/listener.ora
??????????? LISTENER =
??????????? ? (DESCRIPTION =
??????????????? (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.1.128)(PORT = 1521))
??????????? ? )?? --LISTENER部分描述了主機地址、端口及協議
???????????
??????????? SID_LIST_LISTENER =
??????????? ? (SID_LIST =
??????????????? (SID_DESC =
??????????????? ? (GLOBAL_DBNAME = orcl1)
??????????????? ? (ORACLE_HOME = /u01/app/oracle/10g)
??????????????? ? (SID_NAME = ORCL)
??????????????? )
??????????????? (SID_DESC =
??????????????? ? (GLOBAL_DBNAME = orcl2)
??????????????? ? (ORACLE_HOME = /u01/app/oracle/10g)
??????????????? ? (SID_NAME = ORCL)
??????????????? )
??????????? ? )
???????????
??????????? a. LISTENER部分描述了主機地址、端口及協議
??????????? b. SID_LIST_LISTENER描述對外提供數據庫服務的列表
??????????? ?? 兩個SID_DESC是對同一個SID數據庫設置的兩個service_names所設置的監聽服務
??????????? 啟動該Listener后的信息如下
??????????????? Services Summary...
??????????????? Service "orcl1" has 1 instance(s).
??????????????? ? Instance "ORCL", status UNKNOWN, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
??????????????? Service "orcl2" has 1 instance(s).
??????????????? ? Instance "ORCL", status UNKNOWN, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
??????????????? The command completed successfully
??????????? 配置客戶端的tnsnames.ora如下
??????????????? orcl1 =
??????????????? ? (DESCRIPTION =
??????????????????? (ADDRESS_LIST =
??????????????????? ? (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.1.128)(PORT = 1521))
??????????????????? )
??????????????????? (CONNECT_DATA =
??????????????????? ? (SERVICE_NAME = orcl1)
??????????????? ??? )
??????????????? ? )
??????????????? ?
??????????????? orcl2 =
??????????????? ? (DESCRIPTION =
??????????????????? (ADDRESS_LIST =
??????????????????? ? (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.1.128)(PORT = 1521))
??????????????????? )
??????????????????? (CONNECT_DATA =
??????????????????? ? (SERVICE_NAME = orcl2)
??????????????????? )
??????????????? ? )
??????????????? ?
??????????? 從客戶端進行連接??? ?
??????????????? C:/>sqlplus /nolog
?
??????????????? SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on 星期六9月4 09:47:22 2010
?
??????????????? Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle.? All rights reserved.
?
??????????????? SQL> conn scott/tiger@orcl1
??????????????? Connected.
??????????????? SQL> conn scott/tiger@orcl2
??????????????? Connected.?????
???????????????
??????????? 注意：
??????????????? 筆者首次連接時收到如下錯誤提示,將listener.ora中的SID_NAME的值改為小寫,即orcl,問題解決
??????????????? 所以盡可能的統一大小寫。
??????????????????? SQL> conn scott/tiger@orcl1;??? --下面是未統一大小寫時的錯誤提示
??????????????????? ERROR:
??????????????????? ORA-01034: ORACLE not available
??????????????????? ORA-27101: shared memory realm does not exis
??????????????????? Linux Error: 2: No such file or directory
???????????????????
??? 4.關于GLOBAL_DBNAME
??????? 下面是GLOBAL_DBNAME的官方描述
??????????? GLOBAL_DBNAME
??????????????? Purpose????????
??? Use the parameter GLOBAL_DBNAME to identify the database service.
???????????????
??????????????? While processing a client connection request, the listener tries to match the value of
??????????????? this parameter with the value of the SERVICE_NAME parameter in the client connect
??????????????? descriptor. If the client connect descriptor uses the SID parameter, then the listener
??????????????? does not attempt to map the values. This parameter is primarily intended for
??????????????? configurations with Oracle8 release 8.0 or Oracle7 databases (where dynamic service
??????????????? registration is not supported for dedicated servers). This parameter may also be
??????????????? required for use with Oracle9i and Oracle8 database services by some configurations
??????????????? and management tools.
???????????????
??????????????? The value for this parameter is typically obtained from the combination of the DB_
??????????????? NAME and DB_DOMAIN parameters (DB_NAME.DB_DOMAIN) in the initialization
??????????????? parameter file, but the value can also contain any valid name used by clients to
??????????????? identify the service.
???????????????
??????????????? Embed this parameter under the SID_DESC parameter.
???????????????
??????? 大致意思如下：
??????????? 當客戶端發出連接請求時，監聽器首先使用客戶端連接描述符中的SERVICE_NAME相匹配。
??????????? 如果客戶端連接描述符中使用的是SID,則不再嘗試匹配該值,而是對監聽器中設置的SID_NAME進行匹配
??????????? 該參數的值主要從初始化參數文件中的db_name和db_domian中組合得到。
???????
??????? 演示GOLBAL_DBNAME使用
??????????? 假定服務器listener.ora配置如下：
??????????????? SID_LIST_LISTENER =
??????????????? ? (SID_LIST =
??????????????????? (SID_DESC =
??????????????????? ? (GLOBAL_DBNAME = orcl.robinson.com)
??????????????????? ? (ORACLE_HOME = /u01/app/oracle/10g)
??????????????????? ? (SID_NAME = orcl)
??????????????????? )
??????????????? ??)
?
??????????????? LISTENER =
??????????????? ? (DESCRIPTION =
??????????????????? (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.1.128)(PORT = 1521))
??????????????? ? )
??????????????? ?
??????????? 客戶端的tnsnames.ora配置如下：
??????????????? orcl =
??????????????? ? (DESCRIPTION =
??????????????????? (ADDRESS_LIST =
??????????????????? ? (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.1.128)(PORT = 1521))
??????????????????? )
??????????????????? (CONNECT_DATA =
??????????????????? ? (SERVICE_NAME = orcl.robinson.com)
??????????????????? )
??????????????? ? )
??????????? 且spfileorcl中db_domain為空值
??????????????? [oracle@robinson ~]$ strings $ORACLE_HOME/dbs/spfileorcl.ora | grep db_domain
??????????????? *.db_domain=''
???????????
??????????? 數據庫中的相關設置為空值
??????????????? SQL> col name format a20
??????????????? SQL> col value format a35
??????????????? SQL> select name,value,isdefault from v$parameter
??????????????? ? 2? where name in ('instance_name','db_domain','service_names');
?
??????????????? NAME???????????????? VALUE?????????????????????????????? ISDEFAULT
??????????????? -------------------- ----------------------------------- ---------
??????????????? db_domain??????????????????????????????????????????????? FALSE
??????????????? instance_name??????????????????????????????????????????? FALSE
??????????????? service_names?????????????????????????????????????? ?????FALSE?
???????????????
??????????? 能夠成功連接
??????????????? SQL> conn system/redhat@orcl
??????????????? Connected.
??????????? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
??????????? 修改客戶端tnsnames.ora中的service_name項
??????????????? 即去掉SERVICE_NAME = orcl.robinson.com這項內容且添加為SID = ORCL
??????????? 修改后的內容如下：
??????????????? ORCL =
??????????????? ? (DESCRIPTION =
??????????????????? (ADDRESS_LIST =
??????????????????? ? (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.1.128)(PORT = 1521))
??????????????????? )
??????????????????? (CONNECT_DATA =
??????????????????? ? (SID = ORCL)
??????????????????? )
??????????????? ? )
???????????????
??????????? SQL> conn scott/tiger@orcl?? --能夠成功連接
??????????? Connected.
???????????????????
??????? 關于GOLBAL_DBNAME總結：
當客戶端使用的是SID連接參數，則匹配偵聽器配置文件中的SID_NAME項??? (主要用于兼容以前的老版本,8i或更早版本)
否則當使用的是SERVICE_NAME，則匹配偵聽器配置文件中的SERVICE_NAME項 (現在多用SERVICE_NAME項)
???
七、更多???
?
Oracle 冷備份
?
SPFILE錯誤導致數據庫無法啟動
?
Oracle 用戶、對象權限、系統權限
?
Oracle 角色、配置文件
?
? Oracle 聯機重做日志文件(ONLINE LOG FILE)
?
? Oracle 控制文件(CONTROLFILE)
?
? Oracle 表空間與數據文件
?
Oracle 歸檔日志
?
?
?????
???????
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