linux不像windows有個回收站，使用rm -rf *基本上文件是找不回來的。

那么問題來了：
對于linux下誤刪的文件，我們是否真的無法通過軟件進行恢復呢?

答案當然是否定的，對于誤刪的文件，我們還是能通過軟件恢復過來的。對于誤刪文件還原可以分為兩種情況:
一種是刪除以后在進程存在刪除信息
一種是刪除以后進程都找不到，只有借助于工具還原。
接下來以例子分別解說下兩種不同的誤刪還原方式：

誤刪除文件進程還在的情況:
這種一般是有活動的進程存在持續標準輸入或輸出，到時文件被刪除后，進程PID依舊存在。這也是有些服務器刪除一些文件但是磁盤不釋放的原因。

打開一個終端對一個測試文件做cat追加操作：

[root@docking?~]#?echo?"This?is?DeleteFile?test."?>?deletefile.txt
[root@docking?~]#?ls
deletefile.txt
[root@docking?~]#?cat?>>?deletefile.txt?
Add?SomeLine?into?deletefile?for?fun.

打開另外一個終端查看這個文件可以清楚看到內容：

[root@docking?~]#?ls
deletefile.txt
[root@docking?~]#?cat?deletefile.txt?
This?is?DeleteFile?test.
Add?SomeLine?into?deletefile?for?fun.

此時，刪除文件rm -f deletefile.txt

[root@docking?~]#?rm?-f?deletefile.txt?
[root@docking?~]#?ls

命令查看這個目錄，文件已經不存在了，那么現在我們將其恢復出來。
lsof查看刪除的文件進程是否還存在。
如沒有安裝請自行yum install lsof或者apt-get install lsof
1.類似這種情況，我們可以先lsof查看刪除的文件 是否還在

[root@docking?~]#?lsof?|?grep?deletefile
cat???????21796??????????root????1w??????REG??????????????253,1????????63?????138860?/root/deletefile.txt?(deleted)

2.恢復cp /proc/pid/fd/1 /指定目錄/文件名
進入 進程目錄，一般是進入/proc/pid/fd/,針對當前情況：

[root@docking?~]#?cd?/proc/21796/fd
[root@docking?fd]#?ll
總用量?0
lrwx------?1?root?root?64?1月??18?22:21?0?->?/dev/pts/0
l-wx------?1?root?root?64?1月??18?22:21?1?->?/root/deletefile.txt?(deleted)
lrwx------?1?root?root?64?1月??18?22:21?2?->?/dev/pts/0
恢復操作：

[root@docking?fd]#?cp?1?~/deletefile.txt.backup
[root@docking?fd]#?cat?~/deletefile.txt.backup?
This?is?DeleteFile?test.
Add?SomeLine?into?deletefile?for?fun.

3.恢復完成。

誤刪除的文件進程已經不存在，借助于工具還原
準備一些文件目錄

準備一份掛載的盤

mkdir?backuptest
cd?backuptest
mkdir?deletetest
mkdir?deletetest/innerfolder
echo?"Delete?a?folder?test."?>?deletetest/innerfolder/deletefile.txt?

echo?"tcpdump:x:172:72::/:/sbin/nologin"?>?tmppasswd

最后準備的目錄結構如下：

taroballs@taroballs-PC:/media/taroballs/taroballs/backuptest$?cd?..
taroballs@taroballs-PC:/media/taroballs/taroballs$?tree?backuptest/
backuptest/
├──?deletetest
│???└──?innerfolder
│???????└──?deletefile.txt
└──?tmppasswd

2 directories, 2 files
現在開始刪除該目錄rm -rf backuptest/

taroballs@taroballs-PC:/media/taroballs/taroballs$?rm?-rf?backuptest/
taroballs@taroballs-PC:/media/taroballs/taroballs$??ls??-l

總用量 0
這種情況一般是沒有守護進行或者后臺進程對其持續輸入，所以刪除就真的刪除了。lsof也看不到，故需要采用工具進行恢復。

現在開始進行誤刪除文件的恢復。

我們采用的工具是extundelete第三方工具?；謴筒襟E以及注意事項如下：

停止對當前分區做任何操作，防止inode被覆蓋。inode被覆蓋基本就告別恢復了。
夸張一點講，比如停止所在分區的服務，卸載目錄所在的設備，有必要的情況下都可以斷網。
通過dd命令對 當前分區進行備份，防止第三方軟件恢復失敗導致數據丟失。
適合數據非常重要的情況，這里是例子，所以就沒有備份，如備份可以考慮如下方式：dd if=/path/filename of=/dev/vdc1
通過umount命令，對當前設備分區卸載?；蛘遞user 命令umount /dev/vdb1
如果提示設備busy，可以用fuser命令強制卸載：fuser -m -v -i -k ./
下載第三方工具extundelete安裝，搜索誤刪除的文件進行還原
extundelete工具安裝

extundelete下載地址：http://extundelete.sourceforge.net/
wget?https://nchc.dl.sourceforge.net/project/extundelete/extundelete/0.2.4/extundelete-0.2.4.tar.bz2
解壓該文件tar?jxvf?extundelete-0.2.4.tar.bz2

若報這種錯誤

[root@docking?~]#?tar?jxvf?extundelete-0.2.4.tar.bz2?
tar (child): bzip2：無法 exec:?沒有那個文件或目錄
tar?(child):?Error?is?not?recoverable:?exiting?now
tar:?Child?returned?status?2
tar:?Error?is?not?recoverable:?exiting?now
則使用yum?-y?install?bzip2進行解決

[root@docking?~]#?tar?jxvf?extundelete-0.2.4.tar.bz2?
extundelete-0.2.4/
extundelete-0.2.4/acinclude.m4
extundelete-0.2.4/missing
extundelete-0.2.4/autogen.sh
extundelete-0.2.4/aclocal.m4
extundelete-0.2.4/configure
extundelete-0.2.4/LICENSE
extundelete-0.2.4/README
...................................................
cd??extundelete-0.2.4
./configure?

若這步驟報錯

[root@docking?extundelete-0.2.4]#?./configure?
Configuring?extundelete?0.2.4
configure:?error:?in?`/root/extundelete-0.2.4':
configure:?error:?C++?compiler?cannot?create?executables
See?`config.log'?for?more?details
則使用yum?-y?install?gcc-c++解決.

若執行上一步仍然報錯，

[root@docking?extundelete-0.2.4]#?./configure?
Configuring?extundelete?0.2.4
configure:?error:?Can't?find?ext2fs?library
則使用yum -y install e2fsprogs e2fsprogs-devel來解決。
#Ubuntu的解決辦法為sudo?apt-get?install?e2fslibs-dev?e2fslibs-dev

不出意外的話到這里應該configure能夠順利完成.

[root@docking?extundelete-0.2.4]#?./configure?
Configuring?extundelete?0.2.4
Writing?generated?files?to?disk
[root@docking?extundelete-0.2.4]#?

最后make然后 make install

[root@docking?extundelete-0.2.4]#?make
make?-s?all-recursive
Making?all?in?src
extundelete.cc:?在函數‘ext2_ino_t?find_inode(ext2_filsys,?ext2_filsys,?ext2_inode*,?std::string,?int)’中:
extundelete.cc:1272:29:?警告：在?{}?內將‘search_flags’從‘int’轉換為較窄的類型‘ext2_ino_t?{aka?unsigned?int}’?[-Wnarrowing]
????buf,?match_name2,?priv,?0};
?????????????????????????????^
[root@docking?extundelete-0.2.4]#?make?install
Making?install?in?src
??/usr/bin/install?-c?extundelete?'/usr/local/bin'
extundelete安裝完成.

掃描誤刪除的文件：

使用df -lh查看掛載：

taroballs@taroballs-PC:~$?df?-lh
文件系統????????容量??已用??可用?已用%?掛載點
udev????????????1.9G?????0??1.9G????0%?/dev
tmpfs???????????387M??1.8M??385M????1%?/run
/dev/sda2????????92G???61G???26G???71%?/
tmpfs???????????1.9G???49M??1.9G????3%?/dev/shm
tmpfs???????????5.0M??4.0K??5.0M????1%?/run/lock
tmpfs???????????1.9G?????0??1.9G????0%?/sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda3???????104G???56G???44G???57%?/home
tmpfs???????????387M???40K??387M????1%?/run/user/1000
/dev/sda4????????70G???20G???47G???30%?/media/taroballs/d8423f8c-d687-4c03-a7c8-06a7fb57f96d
/dev/sdb1???????6.8G??4.1G??2.8G???60%?/media/taroballs/taroballs
/dev/sr0????????4.0G??4.0G?????0??100%?/media/taroballs/2018-01-16-12-36-00-00
taroballs@taroballs-PC:~$?cd?/media/taroballs/taroballs/
taroballs@taroballs-PC:/media/taroballs/taroballs$?
可以看到，我們的目錄/media/taroballs/taroballs
掛載到/dev/sdb1?這個文件系統中.

umount我們的掛載盤
比如：

taroballs@taroballs-PC:~$?df?-lh?|?grep?/dev/sdb1
/dev/sdb1???????6.8G??4.1G??2.8G???60%?/media/taroballs/taroballs
umount這個目錄

taroballs@taroballs-PC:~$?umount?/media/taroballs/taroballs
taroballs@taroballs-PC:~$?df?-lh?|?grep?/dev/sdb1
taroballs@taroballs-PC:~$?

記得刪除一定要后umount哦，不然二次寫入誰也幫不了你呢。

通過inode節點恢復

taroballs@taroballs-PC:~$?mkdir?recovertest
taroballs@taroballs-PC:~$?cd?recovertest/
taroballs@taroballs-PC:~/recovertest$?

執行恢復extundelete /dev/sdb1 --inode 2

taroballs@taroballs-PC:/media/taroballs/taroballs$?sudo?extundelete?/dev/sdb1?--inode?2
NOTICE:?Extended?attributes?are?not?restored.
Loading?filesystem?metadata?...?8?groups?loaded.
Group:?0
Contents?of?inode?2:

.
.省略N行

File?name???????????????????????????????????????|?Inode?number?|?Deleted?status
.?????????????????????????????????????????????????2
..????????????????????????????????????????????????2
deletetest????????????????????????????????????????12?????????????Deleted
tmppasswd????????????????????????????????????????????14?????????????Deleted

通過掃描發現了我們刪除的文件夾，現在執行恢復操作。

（1）恢復單一文件tmppasswd

taroballs@taroballs-PC:~/recovertest$??extundelete?/dev/sdb1?--restore-file?passwd???
NOTICE:?Extended?attributes?are?not?restored.
Loading?filesystem?metadata?...?8?groups?loaded.
Loading?journal?descriptors?...?46?descriptors?loaded.
Successfully?restored?file?tmppasswd
恢復文件是放到了當前目錄RECOVERED_FILES。
查看恢復的文件：
taroballs@taroballs-PC:~/recovertest$?cat?tmppasswd?
tcpdump:x:172:72::/:/sbin/nologin

（2）恢復目錄deletetest

extundelete?/dev/sdb1?--restore-directory??deletetest
NOTICE:?Extended?attributes?are?not?restored.
Loading?filesystem?metadata?...?8?groups?loaded.
Loading?journal?descriptors?...?46?descriptors?loaded.
Searching?for?recoverable?inodes?in?directory?deletetest?...?
5?recoverable?inodes?found.
Looking?through?the?directory?structure?for?deleted?files?...?

（3）恢復所有

taroballs@taroballs-PC:~/recovertest$?extundelete?/dev/sdb1?--restore-all
NOTICE:?Extended?attributes?are?not?restored.
Loading?filesystem?metadata?...?8?groups?loaded.
Loading?journal?descriptors?...?46?descriptors?loaded.
Searching?for?recoverable?inodes?in?directory?/?...?
5?recoverable?inodes?found.
Looking?through?the?directory?structure?for?deleted?files?...?
0?recoverable?inodes?still?lost.?
taroballs@taroballs-PC:~/recovertest$?tree?
backuptest/
├──?deletetest
│???└──?innerfolder
│???????└──?deletefile.txt
└──?tmppasswd

2?directories,?2?files

（4）恢復指定inode

taroballs@taroballs-PC:~/recovertest$?extundelete?/dev/sdb1?--restore-inode?14
NOTICE:?Extended?attributes?are?not?restored.
Loading?filesystem?metadata?...?8?groups?loaded.
Loading?journal?descriptors?...?46?descriptors?loaded.
taroballs@taroballs-PC:~/recovertest$?cat?file.14?
tcpdump:x:172:72::/:/sbin/nologin

注意恢復inode的時候，恢復 出來的文件名和之前不一樣，需要單獨進行改名。

最后附上extundelete的用法:

$?extundelete?--help
Usage:?extundelete?[options]?[--]?device-file
Options:
??--version,?-[vV]???????Print?version?and?exit?successfully.
??--help,????????????????Print?this?help?and?exit?successfully.
??--superblock???????????Print?contents?of?superblock?in?addition?to?the?rest.
?????????????????????????If?no?action?is?specified?then?this?option?is?implied.
??--journal??????????????Show?content?of?journal.
??--after?dtime??????????Only?process?entries?deleted?on?or?after?'dtime'.
??--before?dtime?????????Only?process?entries?deleted?before?'dtime'.
Actions:
??--inode?ino????????????Show?info?on?inode?'ino'.
??--block?blk????????????Show?info?on?block?'blk'.
??--restore-inode?ino[,ino,...]
?????????????????????????Restore?the?file(s)?with?known?inode?number?'ino'.
?????????????????????????The?restored?files?are?created?in?./RECOVERED_FILES
?????????????????????????with?their?inode?number?as?extension?(ie,?file.12345).
??--restore-file?'path'??Will?restore?file?'path'.?'path'?is?relative?to?root
?????????????????????????of?the?partition?and?does?not?start?with?a?'/'
?????????????????????????The?restored?file?is?created?in?the?current
?????????????????????????directory?as?'RECOVERED_FILES/path'.
??--restore-files?'path'?Will?restore?files?which?are?listed?in?the?file?'path'.
?????????????????????????Each?filename?should?be?in?the?same?format?as?an?option
?????????????????????????to?--restore-file,?and?there?should?be?one?per?line.
??--restore-directory?'path'
?????????????????????????Will?restore?directory?'path'.?'path'?is?relative?to?the
?????????????????????????root?directory?of?the?file?system.??The?restored
?????????????????????????directory?is?created?in?the?output?directory?as?'path'.
??--restore-all??????????Attempts?to?restore?everything.
??-j?journal?????????????Reads?an?external?journal?from?the?named?file.
??-b?blocknumber?????????Uses?the?backup?superblock?at?blocknumber?when?opening
?????????????????????????the?file?system.
??-B?blocksize???????????Uses?blocksize?as?the?block?size?when?opening?the?file
?????????????????????????system.??The?number?should?be?the?number?of?bytes.
??--log?0????????????????Make?the?program?silent.
??--log?filename?????????Logs?all?messages?to?filename.
--log?D1=0,D2=filename???Custom?control?of?log?messages?with?comma-separated
???Examples?below:???????list?of?options.??Dn?must?be?one?of?info,?warn,?or
???--log?info,error??????error.??Omission?of?the?'=name'?results?in?messages
???--log?warn=0??????????with?the?specified?level?to?be?logged?to?the?console.
???--log?error=filename??If?the?parameter?is?'=0',?logging?for?the?specified
?????????????????????????level?will?be?turned?off.??If?the?parameter?is
?????????????????????????'=filename',?messages?with?that?level?will?be?written
?????????????????????????to?filename.
???-o?directory??????????Save?the?recovered?files?to?the?named?directory.
?????????????????????????The?restored?files?are?created?in?a?directory
?????????????????????????named?'RECOVERED_FILES/'?by?default.

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