新立得软件包管理器
新立得軟件包管理器
簡介
新立得軟件包管理器起源于Debian。它是dpkg命令的圖形化前端，或者說是前端軟件套件管理工具。它能夠在圖形界面內(nèi)完成LINUX系統(tǒng)軟件的搜尋、安裝和刪除，相當(dāng)于終端里的apt命令。在ubuntu最近的長期支持版里已經(jīng)預(yù)裝了新立得軟件包管理器。在沒有安裝它的系統(tǒng)中，可以通過apt-get install synaptic進(jìn)行安裝。使用新立得軟件包管理器的同時(shí)不能使用終端，因?yàn)樗鼈儗?shí)質(zhì)上是一樣的。
使用指南
Getting Started（啟動(dòng)）To launch Synaptic, choose System > Administration > Synaptic Package Manager.
要運(yùn)行新立得，點(diǎn)擊系統(tǒng) > 系統(tǒng)管理 > 新立得軟件包管理器（System > Administration > Synaptic Package Manager）。
The main window is divided into three sections: a package browser on the left, the package list on the upper right, and package details on the lower right. The status bar shows you the system state at a glance.
新立得的主窗口分為三個(gè)部分：左邊是一個(gè)包瀏覽器，右上方是包列表以及右下方的包詳細(xì)信息。狀態(tài)欄顯示您的系統(tǒng)的總體狀態(tài)。
Browsing the package database（瀏覽軟件包數(shù)據(jù)庫）
To browse the (very large) list of available packages by category, section, package status, custom filters, or recent searches. Click on the corresponding button at the bottom of the left window pane. You can also create your own filters. See the filters Filters section for details.
如果要按分類、類別、狀態(tài)、自定義過濾器或者最近搜索來瀏覽軟件包列表（巨大）。點(diǎn)擊窗口左下角相應(yīng)的按鈕。您也可以自定義過濾器。關(guān)于過濾器的詳細(xì)信息，請(qǐng)參考filters Filters一節(jié)。
To search for packages by name or description, click on the Search button in the toolbar:
點(diǎn)擊工具欄上的搜索（Search）以名稱或者描述來搜索軟件包：
You can examine a number of package details in the lower right window pane such as its size, its dependencies, recommended or suggested additional packages, and a short description.
您可以查看右下角面板上的一系列關(guān)于選定軟件包的詳細(xì)信息，例如大小、依賴關(guān)系、推薦或建議的額外軟件包以及一段簡短的描述。
Adding or Removing Software（添加或刪除軟件）
To install a package
安裝一個(gè)軟件包 ：
Click Reload or press Ctrl + R to make Synaptic aware of the latest updates.
點(diǎn)擊刷新（Reload）或者按下Ctrl + R來使新立得獲得最新的軟件包信息。
Right-click on the package and choose Mark for Installation from the context menu, or press Ctrl + I. If the package requires the installation of another package, a dialog box appears:
右鍵點(diǎn)擊需要的軟件包，然後在彈出的菜單中選擇標(biāo)記以便安裝（Mark for Installation）或者按下 Ctrl + I.
Synaptic will warn you if your choices conflict with packages that are already installed on your system. If this is the case, the dialog box will show you any packages that need to be removed. If you are not sure you don't need the package(s) that will be removed, make sure you look up its function and use before you apply the changes you've made.
如果您所選擇的軟件包與系統(tǒng)中已經(jīng)安裝了的軟件包有沖突，新立得會(huì)給予您警告。如果確有沖突發(fā)生，一個(gè)對(duì)話框?qū)⑻崾灸枰獎(jiǎng)h除的軟件包。如果您不確定您已經(jīng)不需要將要被刪除的軟件包，那么在您確認(rèn)之前，請(qǐng)務(wù)必先查看這些軟件包的功能和作用。
Click Mark to allow the installation of the additional package(s).
點(diǎn)擊標(biāo)記（Mark）來安裝所需的額外軟件包。
Once you're satisfied with your choices, click on Apply in the toolbar or press Ctrl + P.
當(dāng)您滿意您的選擇後，點(diǎn)擊工具欄上的應(yīng)用（Apply）按鈕或者按下Ctrl + P。
A dialog box appears with a summary of changes that will be made.
這時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)一個(gè)摘要您所作更改的對(duì)話框。
Confirm the changes by clicking on Apply.
點(diǎn)擊應(yīng)用（Apply）按鈕來確認(rèn)您的更改。
To remove or 'completely remove' a package
刪除或者徹底刪除一個(gè)軟件包
Right-click on the package and choose Mark for Removal from the context menu
右鍵點(diǎn)擊需要?jiǎng)h除的軟件包，然後在彈出的菜單中選擇標(biāo)記以便刪除（Mark for Removal）。
Once you're satisfied with your choices, click on Apply in the toolbar or press Ctrl + P.
當(dāng)您滿意您的選擇後，點(diǎn)擊工具欄上的應(yīng)用（Apply）按鈕或者按下Ctrl + P。
A dialog box appears with a summary of changes that will be made. Confirm the changes by clicking on Apply.
這時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)一個(gè)摘要您所作更改的對(duì)話框。點(diǎn)擊應(yīng)用（Apply）按鈕來確認(rèn)您的更改。
The Mark for Complete Removal option instructs Synaptic to remove any configuration files associated with the package as well. 標(biāo)記以便徹底刪除（Mark for Complete Removal）選項(xiàng)會(huì)使新立得同時(shí)刪除所有與軟件包相關(guān)的配置文件。
To upgrade a package
升級(jí)一個(gè)軟件包
Click Reload or press Ctrl + R to make Synaptic aware of the latest updates.
點(diǎn)擊刷新（Reload）或者按下Ctrl + R來使新立得獲得最新的軟件包信息。
Right-click on the package and choose Mark for Upgrade from the context menu, or press Ctrl + U.
右鍵點(diǎn)擊需要的軟件包，然後在彈出的菜單中選擇標(biāo)記以便升級(jí)（Mark for Upgrade''''）或者按下 Ctrl + U.
Once you're satisfied with your choices, click on Apply in the toolbar or press Ctrl + P.
當(dāng)您滿意您的選擇後，點(diǎn)擊工具欄上的應(yīng)用（Apply）按鈕或者按下Ctrl + P。
A dialog box appears with a summary of changes that will be made. Confirm the changes by clicking on Apply.
這時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)一個(gè)摘要您所作更改的對(duì)話框。點(diǎn)擊應(yīng)用（Apply）按鈕來確認(rèn)您的更改。
Managing Repositories（管理軟件倉庫）
You can manage the list of repositories or software channels from the Software Preferences Panel. To learn more about managing software channels in Ubuntu, see the Ubuntu Repositories wiki page. You can call up the software preferences panel from within Synaptic by selecting Repositories from the Settings menu.
您可以軟件首選項(xiàng)面板來管理軟件倉庫或軟件頻道。您可以通過設(shè)置菜單中的軟件庫命令來打開軟件軟件首選項(xiàng)。
As a front-end to apt, Synaptic uses the system-wide list of software repositories file located at
/etc/apt/sources.list For more on managing software channels, see the Repositories wiki page. 作為apt的前端，新立得使用系統(tǒng)系統(tǒng)己的軟件倉庫配置文件：
/etc/apt/sources.list
Updating the Package List（更新軟件包列表）
Synaptic maintains a database of packages on your system in order to keep track of installed software. This list is checked against the software repositories to inform you of new packages or updates. Synaptic checks for new software packages when you launch Synaptic. It's a good idea to update the database from time to time while running Synaptic. In particular, you may want to do so if you have made changes to the list of software channels or if you have made changes to Synaptic's configuration. Just click on the Reload button or press Ctrl + R.
新立得維護(hù)了一個(gè)關(guān)于您系統(tǒng)上所有軟件包的數(shù)據(jù)庫來追蹤您系統(tǒng)上安裝了的軟件包。新立得通過檢查軟件倉庫來更新數(shù)據(jù)庫，這樣它就可以提示您新的軟件包或者已有軟件包的升級(jí)。新立得在啟動(dòng)時(shí)檢查新的軟件包。在運(yùn)行新立得時(shí)時(shí)常更新數(shù)據(jù)庫是個(gè)不錯(cuò)的選擇。特別是當(dāng)您改變了軟件倉庫列表或者更改了新立得的設(shè)置時(shí)，您可能需要立即更新數(shù)據(jù)庫。需要更新只需點(diǎn)擊工具欄上的刷新（Reload）按鈕或者按下Ctrl + R。
How to keep your system up-to-date（如何使您的系統(tǒng)保持最新）
Synaptic provides two methods for upgrading your system:
新立得提供兩種方式來更新您的系統(tǒng)：
Smart Upgrade (Dist-Upgrade) -- recommended
The smart upgrade method tries to resolve package conflicts. This includes installing additional dependencies (required packages) if needed and preferring packages with higher priority. Smart Upgrade has the same effect as the apt-get dist-upgrade tool on the command line.
智能升級(jí)(Dist-Upgrade) -- 推薦
智能升級(jí)會(huì)試圖解決軟件包之間沖突的問題。這包括在需要時(shí)安裝額外的依賴關(guān)系（需要的軟件包）或者選擇具有較高優(yōu)先級(jí)的軟件包。智能升級(jí)與命令行上的apt-get dist-upgrade具有同樣的效果。
Default Upgrade
The default upgrade method marks upgrades of installed packages only. If the new version of a package depends on not installed packages or coflicts with an already installed package, it will not be upgraded.
默認(rèn)升級(jí)
默認(rèn)升級(jí)僅僅標(biāo)記所有已安裝軟件包的升級(jí)。如果新版本的軟件包依賴于尚未安裝的軟件包或者于已安裝的軟件包沖突，升級(jí)將不會(huì)繼續(xù)。
Dist-upgrade is the default upgrade method used by Synaptic. To change the upgrade method, choose Preferences from the Settings menu, then click on the General tab and adjust the System upgrade entry. 智能升級(jí)是新立得默認(rèn)的升級(jí)方式。如果希望改變升級(jí)方式，選擇設(shè)置（Settings）菜單下的首選項(xiàng)（Preferences），點(diǎn)擊常規(guī)信息（General）選項(xiàng)卡，然後調(diào)整系統(tǒng)升級(jí)（System upgrade）項(xiàng)。
To upgrade your system with Synaptic:
要使用新立得升級(jí)您的系統(tǒng)：
Click Reload or press Ctrl + R to make Synaptic aware of the latest updates.
點(diǎn)擊刷新（Reload）或者按下Ctrl + R來使新立得獲得最新的軟件包信息。
Click Mark all Upgrades or press Ctrl + G.
點(diǎn)擊工具欄上的標(biāo)記所有軟件包以便升級(jí)（Mark all Upgrades）按鈕或者按下Ctrl + G。
Click Apply on the toolbar or press Ctrl + P. A dialog appears with a summary of the changes that will be made to your system.
點(diǎn)擊工具欄上的應(yīng)用（Apply）按鈕或者按下Ctrl + P。* 這時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)一個(gè)摘要您所作更改的對(duì)話框。
Click Apply to confirm the changes and go ahead with the upgrade.
點(diǎn)擊應(yīng)用（Apply）來確認(rèn)您的更改并繼續(xù)升級(jí)。
Integration with Update-Manager
與更新管理器(Update-Manager)的集成
Synaptic works hand-in-hand with Update-Manager to inform you about updates to the software installed on your system. If software or security updates are available, Update-Manager will display a pop-up message and an icon in the notification area on your GNOME desktop. To update your system, click on the notification icon, enter your password and click OK.
新立得與更新管理器（Update-Manager）緊密合作來提示您您系統(tǒng)上安裝的軟件包的升級(jí)。如果有軟件或者安全更新，更新管理器會(huì)在您的GNOME桌面的通知區(qū)域顯示一個(gè)圖標(biāo)。要升級(jí)您的系統(tǒng)，點(diǎn)擊通知區(qū)域的圖表，輸入您的密碼，然後點(diǎn)擊OK。
You can change the frequency of update checks in the Software Preferences panel. Choose Repositories from the Settings menu, then click on the Internet Updates tab and adjust the Check for updates entry.
您可以通過軟件首選項(xiàng)面板（Software Preferences）改變檢查更新的頻率。選擇設(shè)置（Settings）菜單下的首選項(xiàng)（Preferences），點(diǎn)擊Internet Updates（Internet Updates）選項(xiàng)卡，然後調(diào)整自動(dòng)檢查更新（Check for updates）項(xiàng)。
Locating software on your system（定位你系統(tǒng)上的軟件）
Synaptic can tell you about every file that belongs to a software package it knows about and show you where it is located on your system. Search the database for the software package you are interested in and select it in Synaptic's main window. Next, click on the Installed Files tab to see a list of all files and where they are.
新立得可以告訴您它所知道的一個(gè)包內(nèi)所有的文件的位置。在數(shù)據(jù)庫中搜索您感興趣的軟件包，然後在新立得的主窗口中選中它。接著，點(diǎn)擊已安裝的文件（Installed Files）選項(xiàng)卡來查看每個(gè)文件的位置。
View the Changelog of a Package（查看軟件包的變更日志）
Applies to native Debian (.deb) packages only
僅適用于原生Debian(.deb)包
You can view the changelog of a package with Synaptic. Select a package, then choose Download Changelog from the Package menu.
您可以用新立得來查看一個(gè)軟件包的變更日志。選定一個(gè)軟件包，然後選擇軟件包（Package）菜單下的下載變更日志（Download Changelog）。
View History（查看歷史）
You can easily keep track of all changes made to your system's software configuration. To view the history log file, choose History from the File menu.
您可以非常簡單得追蹤所有新立得對(duì)您的系統(tǒng)作的改動(dòng)。要查看歷史日志文件，選擇文件（File）菜單下的歷史（History）。
The history log only shows changes made with Synaptic.
歷史日志僅僅顯示新立得所作的更改。
How to force the installation of a package version（如何強(qiáng)制安裝某個(gè)版本的軟件包）
To be added: Why you would (and would not) want to force a specific version
將要添加：為什么您會(huì)希望（或者不再希望）強(qiáng)制安裝某個(gè)版本的軟件
To force the installation of a package different from the one chosen by Synaptic, do the following:
要強(qiáng)制安裝一個(gè)軟件包不同于新立得選擇的版本，如下操作：
Click Reload or press Ctrl + R to make Synaptic aware of the latest updates.
點(diǎn)擊刷新（Reload）或者按下Ctrl + R來使新立得獲得最新的軟件包信息。
Select the package. Choose Force Version from the Package menu.
選定需要改變的軟件包。選擇軟件包（Package）菜單下的強(qiáng)制版本(Force Version)。
Select the version you would like to use. To confirm your decision, click Force.
選擇您想使用的版本。點(diǎn)擊強(qiáng)制(Force)來確人您的決定。
Click Apply on the toolbar or press Ctrl + P. A dialog appears with a summary of the changes that will be made to your system. To confirm, press Apply.
點(diǎn)擊工具欄上的應(yīng)用（Apply）按鈕或者按下Ctrl + P。這時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)一個(gè)摘要您所作更改的對(duì)話框。點(diǎn)擊應(yīng)用（Apply）來確認(rèn)。
How to fix broken packages（如何修復(fù)軟件包）
'Broken packages' are packages that have unsatisfied dependencies. If broken packages are detected, Synaptic will not allow any further changes to the system until all broken packages have been fixed.
'毀損的軟件包'是指那些沒有滿足依賴關(guān)系的軟件包。如果新立得檢測到毀損的軟件包，它將不允許在這些毀損的軟件包被修復(fù)前對(duì)系統(tǒng)作任何改變。
To fix broken packages
修復(fù)毀損的軟件包
Choose Edit > Fix Broken Packages from the menu.
選擇編輯（Edit)菜單下的修正損毀的軟件包（Fix Broken Packages）。
Choose Apply Marked Changes from the Edit menu or press Ctrl + P.
點(diǎn)擊編輯（Edit）菜單下的實(shí)施標(biāo)記的更新（Apply Marked Change）或者按下Ctrl + P。
Confirm the summary of changes and click Apply.
點(diǎn)擊應(yīng)用（Apply）按鈕來確認(rèn)您的更改。
Anchor(statusicons)
Status Icons（狀態(tài)圖標(biāo)）
The following icons are used to indicate the status of a package in the package list:
以下這些圖標(biāo)用于表示軟件包列表中軟件包的狀態(tài)：
Keyboard shortcuts for Synaptic（新立得的快捷鍵）
.
<tablebgcolor="#f1f1ed" tablewidth="80%" tablestyle="margin: 0px 0px 1em 1em; padding: 0.5em; font-size: 0.9em;"rowbgcolor="#dde3e7">Command <style="text-align: center;">Key Combination
.
Update the list of available packages <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + R
Open the package search dialog <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + F
Show the Properties window for the selected package <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + O
Mark the selected package(s) for installation <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + I
Mark the selected package(s) for upgrade <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + U
Mark the selected package(s) for removal <style="text-align: center;">Delete
Mark the selected package(s) for complete removal <style="text-align: center;">Shift + Delete
Unmark any changes to packages <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + N
Mark all possible upgrades <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + G
Force the installation of a specific version of the package <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + E
Undo the last change <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + Z
Redo the last change <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + Shift + Z
Apply all marked changes <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + P
Quit Synaptic <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + Q
<tablebgcolor="#f1f1ed" tablewidth="80%" tablestyle="margin: 0px 0px 1em 1em; padding: 0.5em; font-size: 0.9em;"rowbgcolor="#dde3e7">命令 <style="text-align: center;">組合鍵
.
更新軟件包列表 <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + R
打開軟件包搜索對(duì)話框 <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + F
顯示所選軟件包的屬性窗口 <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + O
標(biāo)記所選的軟件包以便安裝 <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + I
標(biāo)記所選的軟件包以便升級(jí) <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + U
標(biāo)記所選的軟件包以便刪除 <style="text-align: center;">Delete
標(biāo)記所選的軟件包以便徹底刪除 <style="text-align: center;">Shift + Delete
取消全部標(biāo)記 <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + N
標(biāo)記所有更新 <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + G
強(qiáng)制安裝某個(gè)版本的軟件包 <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + E
撤銷最近一次更改 <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + Z
重做最近一次更改 <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + Shift + Z
應(yīng)用所有標(biāo)記的更改 <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + P
退出新立得 <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + Q
Troubleshooting（疑難解答）
What to do if an installation process fails and you find it is no longer possible to install or remove packages:一次安裝過程失敗而且不能在進(jìn)行安裝或者刪除了怎么辦：
Open a Terminal and type the following at the command line:
apt-get install -f Then press Return.
打開一個(gè)終端，在命令行輸入如下命令：
apt-get install -f 然後按下回車。
Browser works, Synaptic will not (note: probably inaccurate or outdated)
瀏覽器正常工作，但是新立得卻有問題（注：描述可能不準(zhǔn)確或者已經(jīng)過時(shí)）
If the router is set to auto discover DNS then Synaptic will fail. Resolve this by setting up a static ip address and manually set DNS ip in router. Now Ubuntu (system-administration-networking) config static ip and enter your ISP dns ip and delete router DNS ip which will look something like 192.168.1.1
路由器設(shè)置為自動(dòng)檢測DNS，新立得就無法工作：可以通過靜態(tài)ip地址以及手動(dòng)設(shè)置路由器的DNS來解決此問題。現(xiàn)在使用Ubuntu（系統(tǒng)-系統(tǒng)管理-聯(lián)網(wǎng))配置靜態(tài)ip，然後輸入您的ISP的DNS的ip地址然後刪除路由器的DNS的ip地址，可能是類似 192.168.1.1 這樣。
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