寫在前面：本文來自筆者關(guān)于《python編程從入門到實(shí)踐》的讀書筆記與動(dòng)手實(shí)踐記錄。

程序員之禪

文章目錄

• • • 02變量和簡(jiǎn)單數(shù)據(jù)類型
    • 03 列表簡(jiǎn)介
    • 04 操作列表
    • 05 if語句
    • 06 字典
    • 07 用戶輸入和while循環(huán)
    • 08 函數(shù)
    • 09 類
    • 10 文件和異常
    • 11 測(cè)試代碼
    • 參考

02變量和簡(jiǎn)單數(shù)據(jù)類型

字符串
使用方法修改字符串的大小寫

方法title()：字符串首字母大寫
方法lower():字符串全部變成小寫
方法upper():字符串全部變成大寫

name ='li shizheng' print(name.title())

字符串刪除空白
要確保字符串末尾沒有空白，可使用方法rstrip()

消除字符串開頭的空白，使用lstrip();
消除字符串兩端的空白，使用strip()

03 列表簡(jiǎn)介

列表通常包含多個(gè)元素，給列表指定一個(gè)表示復(fù)數(shù)的名稱是個(gè)不錯(cuò)的主意，比如letters，digits或者names。

列表索引為-1表示最后一個(gè)元素，-2表示倒數(shù)第二個(gè)元素，以此類推。

第三章練習(xí)代碼
practice01.py

# coding :GBK names = ['lishizheng','liulei','zhangdanni','huangzhe']print(names[0]) print(names[1]) print(names[2]) print(names[-1]) print()message = ' welcome to Shanghai 'print(names[0] + message) print(names[1] + message) print(names[2] + message) print(names[-1] + message) print()cars = ['Toyoto','BWM','Bentz','Xiaopeng'] for car in cars :print( "I would like to own a " +car + ' car')

practice02.py

persons = ["馬云","達(dá)里歐","張藝謀"]print(persons)print(persons[0] + " 先生cannot attend the meeting,他對(duì)此深表歉意\n") persons[0] = "李安"print(persons)print("現(xiàn)在找到一張更大的餐桌，可以容納六個(gè)人，請(qǐng)?jiān)傺?qǐng)三個(gè)人")persons.insert(0,"馬化騰") persons.insert(2,"李永樂") persons.append("教父")print("現(xiàn)在參加宴會(huì)的人有：") print(persons) print('現(xiàn)在共邀請(qǐng)了' + str(len(persons)) + "位朋友")print() print("由于出現(xiàn)特殊情況，現(xiàn)在只能留下兩位嘉賓:\n")guest = persons.pop() print("尊敬的 " + guest+" 先生，很抱歉通知您無法與您共度晚餐") guest = persons.pop() print("尊敬的 " + guest+" 先生，很抱歉通知您無法與您共度晚餐") guest = persons.pop() print("尊敬的 " + guest+" 先生，很抱歉通知您無法與您共度晚餐") guest = persons.pop() print("尊敬的 " + guest+" 先生，很抱歉通知您無法與您共度晚餐") for person in persons:print("尊敬的 " + person+" 先生,您今晚仍然可以參加典禮，祝您用餐愉快")print()del persons[1] del persons[0] print("下面將輸出空列表") print(persons)

practice03.py

places = ['beijing','shanghai','shenzhen','rizhao','hangzhou','chengdu'] print(places) print(sorted(places)) print(places) print(sorted(places,reverse = True)) print(places)places.reverse() print(places)places.reverse() print(places)places.sort() print(places)places.sort(reverse = True) print(places)

04 操作列表

列表解析
列表解析將for循環(huán)和創(chuàng)建新元素的代碼合并在一行，并自動(dòng)附加新元素

語法規(guī)則是：
列表名 = [計(jì)算表達(dá)式 for循環(huán)]

比如生成1~10個(gè)元素平方的列表，可以使用列表解析

squares = [value**2 for value in range(1,11)]print(squares)

列表非常適合用于存儲(chǔ)再程序運(yùn)行期間可能變化的數(shù)據(jù)集。
而元組中的元素是不能修改的。如果需要存儲(chǔ)的一組值再程序的整個(gè)生命周期內(nèi)都不變，可使用元組。

第四章練習(xí)代碼

practice01.py

# 4-1 pizzas = ['pizza hut' ,'pizza express','pizza kfc']for pizza in pizzas:print("I like " + pizza)print('I really love pizza\n') # 4-2animals = ['dog','cat','tiger','bear']for animal in animals:print('A ' + animal +' would make a great pet')print('Any of these animals would make a great pet')

practice02.py

# 4-3 for digit in range(1,21):print(digit) print()# 4-4 digits = list(range(1,1000001))# print(digits)# 4-5 print(min(digits)) print(max(digits)) print(sum(digits)) print()# 4-6 digits_20 = range(1,21,2)for digit in digits_20:print(digit)print()# 4-7 digits_30 =[] for value in range(3,31):if value % 3 == 0:digits_30.append(value)for digit in digits_30 :print(digit) print()# 4-8 cubes = [value**3 for value in range(1,11)] for digit in cubes:print(digit) print()# 4-9 上一題中就是用的列表解析

practice03.py

# coding:gbk# 4-10 digits = list(range(1,21)) print('The first three items in the list are:')for digit in digits[:3]:print(digit) print()print('Three items from the middle of the list are:') for digit in digits[9:12]:print(digit) print()print('The last three items in the list are:') for digit in digits[-3:]:print(digit) print()# 4-11 my_pizzas = ['pizza hut' ,'pizza express','pizza kfc'] friend_pizzas = my_pizzas[:]my_pizzas.append('pizza what') friend_pizzas.append('pizza friend')print('My favorate pizzas are:') for pizza in my_pizzas:print(pizza) print()print("My friend's favorite pizzas are:") for pizza in friend_pizzas:print(pizza) print()# 4-12 參見課本# 4-13 foods = ('banana','hamburger','mice','noodles','chicken')for food in foods:print(food) print()foods = ('apple','hamburger','mice','noodles','steak') for food in foods:print(food)

05 if語句

本章練習(xí)題

# 5-1 car = 'subaru' print("Is car == 'subaru'? I predict True") print(car =='subaru')print("\nIs car =='audi'? I predict False") print(car == 'audi') print()books = ['C','c','c++','C++','python','java','Java','JAVA','Python','PYTHON','pyThon','pYTHON']for book in books:if book.lower() =='python':print('this is a book about python language')if book.lower() != 'python':print('not python')# 5-2 undone # 5-3 alien_color ='green' if alien_color == 'green':print('您獲得了5個(gè)點(diǎn)')# 5-4 if alien_color =='green':print("您獲得了5個(gè)點(diǎn)") else:print("您獲得了10個(gè)點(diǎn)") # 5-5 if alien_color =='green':print("您獲得了5個(gè)點(diǎn)") elif alien_color == 'yellow':print("您獲得了10個(gè)點(diǎn)") elif alien_color == 'red':print("您獲得了15個(gè)點(diǎn)")# 5-6 age =60 if age <2 :print("This is a baby") elif age <4:print("He is learning to walk") elif age <13:print('This is a child') elif age <20:print('This is a teenager') elif age <65:print("This is an adult") elif age >= 65:print("This is an old man") # 5-7 favorate_fruits =['bluebarry','banana','apple'] if 'bluebarry' in favorate_fruits:print('You really like bluebarries') if 'strawbarry' not in favorate_fruits:print('You donnot like strawbarries') if 'apple' in favorate_fruits:print('You really like apples')# 5-8 users = ['admin','lishizheng','azheng','hello','data'] for user in users:if user == 'admin':print('Hello ' + user +',would you like to see a status report?')else:print('Hello ' + user + ',thank you for logging in again')# 5-9 if users:users = [] else:print('We need to find some users!') # 5-10 current_users = ['lishizheng','liulei','dog','lover','azheng'] new_users = ['cat','miaomiao','dog','lishizheng','hello'] for user in new_users:if user.lower() in current_users:print('this name has been used, please try another name')else:print('this name has not been used, you can use it') # 5-11 digits = list(range(1,10)) for digit in digits:if digit == 1:print('\n1st')elif digit == 2:print('2nd')elif digit == 3:print('3rd')else :print(str(digit) +'th')

06 字典

本章練習(xí)題

# 6-1 person_01={'first_name': 'shizheng','last_name': 'Li','age' : 18,'city': 'Shanghai',}print(person_01['first_name']) print(person_01['last_name']) print(person_01['age']) print(person_01['city'])# 6-2 favorate_number = {'lishizheng':199,'liulei': 200,'zhangli':12,'chengjie':20000,'wangjiangtao':56,} print('lishizheng' + "'s favorate number is: " + str(favorate_number['lishizheng'])) print('wangjiangtao' + "'s favorate number is: " + str(favorate_number['wangjiangtao'])) print()# 6-3 words = {'python' : 'a new language for me','C++' : 'my second programming language,interesting for coding.','list' : 'list in python is like dynamic array in C++',}print('python is like this: ' + words['python']) print('C++ is like this: ' + words['C++']) print('list is like this: ' + words['list']) print()# 6-4for language, character in words.items():print(language + ' is like this: ' + character)words['print'] = 'display what you what on screen' print() for language, character in words.items():print(language + ' is like this: ' + character) print()# 6-5rivers = {'nile' : 'egypt','yangtze river' : 'china','amazon' : 'brazil',}for river_name , river_country in rivers.items():print('The '+ river_name.title() + ' runs throuth '+river_country.title()) print()for river_name in rivers.keys():print(river_name.title()) print()for country in rivers.values():print(country.title()) print()# 6-6 favorate_languages = {'lishizheng' : 'phthon','zhangyinuo' : 'C++','lixiaolai' : 'phthon','liulei' : 'golang',} query_students = ['zhangyinuo','chengjie','liulei','wangjiangtao']for name in query_students:if name in favorate_languages.keys():print('Thank you for the convey!')else:print('Dear ' + name + ', please take our poll!') print() # 6-7person_02 = {'first_name': 'lei','last_name': 'Li','age' : 20,'city': 'Shanghai',}person_03 = {'first_name': 'anqi','last_name': 'wang','age' : 10,'city': 'shenzhen',}people = [person_01, person_02, person_03] for person in people:print(person) print()# 6-8 tom = {'type' : 'cat','owner': 'mom',} jerry = {'type' : 'mouse','owner': 'folk',} pets = [tom ,jerry]for pet in pets:print(pet) print()# 6-9 favorate_places ={'lishizheng' : ['Shanghai','dongguan','chongqing'],'chengjie' : ['chengdu','New York', 'hangzhou'],'wangjiangtao': ['wuxi','Paris'],} print('everybody loves someplace, here are some answers: ') for name,place in favorate_places.items():print('\n' + name.title() + ' likes: ')for p in place:print('\t' + p) print()# 6-10favorate_number = {'lishizheng':[199,200],'liulei': [1111,111,1],'zhangli':[12],'chengjie':[1,2,3,4,5,6],'wangjiangtao':[1000000000],} for name,numbers in favorate_number.items():print(name + ' likes numbers: ')for number in numbers:print('\t' + str(number))print() # 6-11cities = {'Shanghai' : {'country': 'China','population' : '26.32 million','fact' : 'Sound infrastructure',},'Paris' : {'country': 'France','population' : '2.15 million','fact' : 'Not as romantic as the legend',},}for city,city_info in cities.items():print('\n Cityname: ' + city)print( 'it belongs to : '+ city_info['country'] + ' population: ' + city_info['population'] + ' facts about this city: ' + city_info['fact'])

07 用戶輸入和while循環(huán)

本章練習(xí)代碼

# 7-1 car = input("please input what car you like: ") print('Let me see if I can find you a ' + car )# 7-2 people_to_eat = input('Please enter a number'+'\nto indicate how many people are coming for dinner: ') if int(people_to_eat) > 8:print('There is no empty table at this time') else :print('There is a table available') # 7-3 number = input('Please input a number: ')if int(number) % 10 == 0:print( number+ ' is a multiple of 10') else :print(number + 'is not a multiple of 10')# 7-4 prompt = '\nPlease enter the name of topping of a pizza:' prompt += "\n(Enter 'quit' when you are finished.) "while True :topping = input(prompt)if topping == 'quit':breakelse :print('We will add ' + topping + ' into our pizza!')# 7-5 prompt = "\nPlease enter your age ,we will tell the ticket price: "while True:age = input(prompt)if age == 'quit' :breakage = int(age)if age < 3:print('It is free!')elif age <= 12:print('The ticket price is 12 dollars!')elif age > 12:print('The ticket price is 15 dollars!')# 7-8 sandwich_orders = ['egg sandwiches','grilled cheese sandwiches','potato sandwiches','pastrami','pastrami','pastrami','pastrami',] finished_sandwiches = []while sandwich_orders :current_sandwich = sandwich_orders.pop()print("I made your " + current_sandwich.title())finished_sandwiches.append(current_sandwich) print("\nThe following sandwiches have been made:") for finished_sandwich in finished_sandwiches:print(finished_sandwich.title())# 7-9 print('\nWe have these sandwiches:') print(finished_sandwiches) print("\nWe sold out all the pastrami!") while 'pastrami' in finished_sandwiches :finished_sandwiches.remove('pastrami') print(finished_sandwiches)# 7-10 responses ={}polling_active = True message = "If you could visit one place in the world," message += "where would you go? " while polling_active:name = input("\nWhat is your name? ")response = input(message)responses[name] = responserepeat = input("Would you like to let another person response?"+ "(yes/no) ")if repeat == 'no':polling_active = Falseprint("\n--- Polling Result ---") for name, response in responses.items():print(name + ' would like to go to' + response)

08 函數(shù)

8-1 消息：編寫一個(gè)名為display_message()
的函數(shù)，它打印一個(gè)句子，指出你在本章學(xué)的是什么。調(diào)用這個(gè)函數(shù)，確認(rèn)顯示的消息正確無誤。

# 8-1 def display_message():"""顯示信息"""print("I have learned some Python syntax!")display_message()

8-2 喜歡的圖書：編寫一個(gè)名為favorite_book()
的函數(shù)，其中包含一個(gè)名為title的形參。這個(gè)函數(shù)打印一條消息，如One ofmy favorite books is Alice in Wonderland。調(diào)用這個(gè)函數(shù)，并將一本圖書的名稱作為實(shí)參傳遞給它。

# 8-2 def favorite_book(title):print("One of my favorite books is " + title.title())favorite_book("Alice in Wonderland")

8-3 T恤：編寫一個(gè)名為make_shirt()
的函數(shù)，它接受一個(gè)尺碼以及要印到T恤上的字樣。這個(gè)函數(shù)應(yīng)打印一個(gè)句子，概要地說明T恤的尺碼和字樣。
使用位置實(shí)參調(diào)用這個(gè)函數(shù)來制作一件T恤；再使用關(guān)鍵字實(shí)參來調(diào)用這個(gè)函數(shù)。

# 8-3 def make_shirt(size, inscription):print("This T-shirt is " + size.title() +",and has a " + inscription + " on it")make_shirt('M','Hello,Wolrd') make_shirt(size='L', inscription='Loving Python!')

8-4 大號(hào)T恤：修改函數(shù)make_shirt()，使其在默認(rèn)情況下制作一件印有字樣“I love Python”的大號(hào)T恤。調(diào)用這個(gè)函數(shù)來制作如下T恤：一件印有默認(rèn)字樣的大號(hào)T恤、一件印有默認(rèn)字樣的中號(hào)T恤和一件印有其他字樣的T恤（尺碼無關(guān)緊要）。

# 8-4 def make_shirt(size, inscription='I love Python'):print("This T-shirt is " + size.title() +",and has a '" + inscription + "' on it")make_shirt('L') make_shirt('M') make_shirt('S','what if')

8-5 城市：編寫一個(gè)名為describe_city()
的函數(shù)，它接受一座城市的名字以及該城市所屬的國家。這個(gè)函數(shù)應(yīng)打印一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的句子，如Reykjavik is in Iceland。給用于存儲(chǔ)國家的形參指定默認(rèn)值。為三座不同的城市調(diào)用這個(gè)函數(shù)，且其中至少有一座城市不屬于默認(rèn)國家。

# 8-5 def describe_city(city_name, country='China'):print(city_name + " is in " + country)describe_city('Shanghai') describe_city(city_name='Chendu',country='China') describe_city('New York',country='USA')

8-6 城市名：編寫一個(gè)名為city_country()
的函數(shù)，它接受城市的名稱及其所屬的國家。這個(gè)函數(shù)應(yīng)返回一個(gè)格式類似于下面這樣的字符串：
“Santiago, Chile”
至少使用三個(gè)城市-國家對(duì)調(diào)用這個(gè)函數(shù)，并打印它返回的值。

# 8-6 def city_country(name, country):city_and_country =''city_and_country = name + ', ' + countryreturn city_and_countrycity1 = city_country('Shanghai', 'China') city2 = city_country('New York','USA') city3 = city_country('santiago','Chile') cities = [city1,city2,city3] for city in cities:print(city.title())

8-7 專輯：編寫一個(gè)名為make_album()
的函數(shù)，它創(chuàng)建一個(gè)描述音樂專輯的字典。這個(gè)函數(shù)應(yīng)接受歌手的名字和專輯名，并返回一個(gè)包含這兩項(xiàng)信息的字典。使用這個(gè)函數(shù)創(chuàng)建三個(gè)表示不同專輯的字典，并打印每個(gè)返回的值，以核實(shí)字典正確地存儲(chǔ)了專輯的信息。

給函數(shù)make_album()添加一個(gè)可選形參，以便能夠存儲(chǔ)專輯包含的歌曲數(shù)。如果調(diào)用這個(gè)函數(shù)時(shí)指定了歌曲數(shù)，就將這個(gè)值添加到表示專輯的字典中。調(diào)用這個(gè)函數(shù)，并至少在一次調(diào)用中指定專輯包含的歌曲數(shù)。

# 8-7 def make_album(singer, album, songs_number=''):album ={'singer' :singer,'album' :album}if songs_number:album['songs_number'] = songs_numberreturn albumalbum1 = make_album('Jay Jou','a song for you', 10) album2 = make_album('Jordan','what if') print(album1) print(album2)

8-8 用戶的專輯：在為完成練習(xí)8-7編寫的程序中，編寫一個(gè)while循環(huán)，讓用戶輸入一個(gè)專輯的歌手和名稱。獲取這些信息后，使用它們來調(diào)用函數(shù)make_album()，并將創(chuàng)建的字典打印出來。在這個(gè)while
循環(huán)中，務(wù)必要提供退出途徑。

# 8-8 while True:print("\nPlease tell me your favorate singer's name:")print("(enter 'q' at any time to quit)")singer = input("singer's name: ")if singer == 'q':breakalbum = input("singer's album name: ")if album == 'q':breakalbum1 = make_album(singer,album)print("There are the info: " )print(album1)

8-9 魔術(shù)師：創(chuàng)建一個(gè)包含魔術(shù)師名字的列表，并將其傳遞給一個(gè)名為show_magicians()
的函數(shù)，這個(gè)函數(shù)打印列表中每個(gè)魔術(shù)師的名字。

# 8-9 def show_magicians(magicians):"""打印列表中的名字"""for magician in magicians:msg = "Hello, " + magician.title() + '!'print(msg)magicians =['li shizheng','cheng jie', 'wang jiangtao'] show_magicians(magicians)

8-10 了不起的魔術(shù)師：在你為完成練習(xí)8-9而編寫的程序中，編寫一個(gè)名為make_great()
的函數(shù)，對(duì)魔術(shù)師列表進(jìn)行修改，在每個(gè)魔術(shù)師的名字中都加入字樣“the Great”。調(diào)用函數(shù)show_magicians()，確認(rèn)魔術(shù)師列表確實(shí)變了。

# 8-10 def make_great(magicians):tmp =[]for magician in magicians:current_magician = 'the Great ' + magiciantmp.append(current_magician)return tmpmagicians = make_great(magicians) show_magicians(magicians )

8-11 不變的魔術(shù)師：修改你為完成練習(xí)8-10而編寫的程序，在調(diào)用函數(shù)make_great()時(shí)，向它傳遞魔術(shù)師列表的副本。由于不想修改原始列表，請(qǐng)返回修改后的列表，并將其存儲(chǔ)到另一個(gè)列表中。分別使用這兩個(gè)列表來調(diào)用show_magicians()，確認(rèn)一個(gè)列表包含的是原來的魔術(shù)師名字，而另一個(gè)列表包含的是添加了字樣“the Great”的魔術(shù)師名字。

# 8-11 def show_magicians(magicians):"""打印列表中的名字"""for magician in magicians:msg = "Hello, " + magician.title() + '!'print(msg)magicians =['li shizheng','cheng jie', 'wang jiangtao']def make_great(magicians): tmp =[]for magician in magicians:current_magician = 'the Great ' + magiciantmp.append(current_magician)return tmpchanged_magicians = make_great(magicians[:]) show_magicians(changed_magicians) show_magicians(magicians)

8-12 三明治：編寫一個(gè)函數(shù)，它接受顧客要在三明治中添加的一系列食材。這個(gè)函數(shù)只有一個(gè)形參（它收集函數(shù)調(diào)用中提供的所有食材），并打印一條消息，對(duì)顧客點(diǎn)的三明治進(jìn)行概述。調(diào)用這個(gè)函數(shù)三次，每次都提供不同數(shù)量的實(shí)參。

# 8-12 def make_pizza(*toppings):print("\n Making a pizza with the following toppings:")for topping in toppings:print("- " + topping)make_pizza("pepperoni") make_pizza("mushrooms","green pepper","extra cheese")

8-13 用戶簡(jiǎn)介：復(fù)制前面的程序user_profile.py，在其中調(diào)用build_profile()來創(chuàng)建有關(guān)你的簡(jiǎn)介；調(diào)用這個(gè)函數(shù)時(shí)，指定你的名和姓，以及三個(gè)描述你的鍵-值對(duì)。

# 8-13 def build_profile(first, last, **user_info):profile = {}profile['first_name'] = firstprofile['last_name'] = lastfor key, value in user_info.items():profile[key] = valuereturn profileuser_profile = build_profile('shizheng','Lee',location = 'shanghai',field = 'Computer Science',hobby = 'Marathon') print(user_profile)

8-14 汽車：編寫一個(gè)函數(shù)，將一輛汽車的信息存儲(chǔ)在一個(gè)字典中。這個(gè)函數(shù)總是接受制造商和型號(hào)，還接受任意數(shù)量的關(guān)鍵字實(shí)參。這樣調(diào)用這個(gè)函數(shù)：提供必不可少的信息，以及兩個(gè)名稱—值對(duì)，如顏色和選裝配件。這個(gè)函數(shù)必須能夠像下面這樣進(jìn)行調(diào)用：
car = make_car(‘subaru’, ‘outback’, color=‘blue’, tow_package=True)
打印返回的字典，確認(rèn)正確地處理了所有的信息。

來源：百度翻譯

# 8-14 def make_car(maker, car_type, **car_info):car_profile = {}car_profile['maker'] = makercar_profile['car_type'] = car_typefor key,value in car_info.items():car_profile[key] = valuereturn car_profilemy_car = make_car('subaru', 'outback', color='blue', tow_pachage=True) print(my_car)

09 類

9-1 餐館：創(chuàng)建一個(gè)名為Restaurant的類，其方法__init__()
設(shè)置兩個(gè)屬性：restaurant_name和cuisine_type。創(chuàng)建一個(gè)名為describe_restaurant()的方法和一個(gè)名為open_restaurant()的方法，其中前者打印前述兩項(xiàng)信息，而后者打印一條消息，指出餐館正在營業(yè)。
根據(jù)這個(gè)類創(chuàng)建一個(gè)名為restaurant的實(shí)例，分別打印其兩個(gè)屬性，再調(diào)用前述兩個(gè)方法。

# 9-1 class Restaurant():def __init__(self, restaurant_name, cuisine_type):self.restaurant_name = restaurant_nameself.cuisine_type = cuisine_typedef describe_restaurant(self):print("Name is: " + self.restaurant_name.title())print("Type is: " + self.cuisine_type.title())def open_restaurant(self):print("The restaurant is open!")restaurant = Restaurant("Azheng's hotel", 'Youth Hostel') print("My hotel's name is: " + restaurant.restaurant_name.title()) print("My hotel's cuisine_type is: " + restaurant.cuisine_type.title()) restaurant.describe_restaurant() restaurant.open_restaurant() print()

9-2 三家餐館：根據(jù)你為完成練習(xí)9-1而編寫的類創(chuàng)建三個(gè)實(shí)例，并對(duì)每個(gè)實(shí)例調(diào)用方法describe_restaurant()。

# 9-2 my_hotel = Restaurant('What if' ,'inn') my_hotel.describe_restaurant()your_hotel = Restaurant("seven days" ,'youth hostel') your_hotel.describe_restaurant()tom_hotel = Restaurant("hotel" ,'youth hostel') tom_hotel.describe_restaurant()

9-3 用戶：創(chuàng)建一個(gè)名為User的類，其中包含屬性first_name和last_name，還有用戶簡(jiǎn)介通常會(huì)存儲(chǔ)的其他幾個(gè)屬性。在類User中定義一個(gè)名為describe_user()的方法，它打印用戶信息摘要；再定義一個(gè)名為greet_user()的方法，它向用戶發(fā)出個(gè)性化的問候。

創(chuàng)建多個(gè)表示不同用戶的實(shí)例，并對(duì)每個(gè)實(shí)例都調(diào)用上述兩個(gè)方法。

# 9-3 class User():def __init__(self, first_name, last_name, location, hobby):self.first_name =first_nameself.last_name =last_nameself.location = locationself.hobby = hobbydef describe_user(self):full_name = self.first_name + " " + self.last_nameprint( full_name +" lives in " + self.location + ' who likes ' + self.hobby)def greet_user(self):print("Have a nice day! " + self.first_name)print() friend_01 = User('Wang', 'jiangtao','Shanghai','travel') friend_01.describe_user() friend_01.greet_user()

9-4 就餐人數(shù)：在為完成練習(xí)9-1而編寫的程序中，添加一個(gè)名為number_served的屬性，并將其默認(rèn)值設(shè)置為0。根據(jù)這個(gè)類創(chuàng)建一個(gè)名為restaurant的實(shí)例；打印有多少人在這家餐館就餐過，然后修改這個(gè)值并再次打印它。
添加一個(gè)名為set_number_served()的方法，它讓你能夠設(shè)置就餐人數(shù)。調(diào)用這個(gè)方法并向它傳遞一個(gè)值，然后再次打印這個(gè)值。
添加一個(gè)名為increment_number_served()的方法，它讓你能夠?qū)⒕筒腿藬?shù)遞增。調(diào)用這個(gè)方法并向它傳遞一個(gè)這樣的值：你認(rèn)為這家餐館每天可能接待的就餐人數(shù)。

# 9-4 class Restaurant():def __init__(self, restaurant_name, cuisine_type):self.restaurant_name = restaurant_nameself.cuisine_type = cuisine_typeself.number_served = 0def describe_restaurant(self):print("Name is: " + self.restaurant_name.title())print("Type is: " + self.cuisine_type.title())def open_restaurant(self):print("The restaurant is open!")def set_number_served(self,number):self.number_served = numberdef increment_number_served(self,number):self.number_served += numberrestaurant = Restaurant("Azheng's hotel", 'Youth Hostel') print("restaurant can accommodate " +str(restaurant.number_served )+ ' people.')restaurant.number_served = 23 print("restaurant can accommodate " +str(restaurant.number_served )+ ' people.') restaurant.set_number_served(10) print("restaurant can accommodate " +str(restaurant.number_served )+ ' people.') restaurant.increment_number_served(100) print("restaurant can accommodate " +str(restaurant.number_served )+ ' people.')print()

9-5 嘗試登錄次數(shù)：在為完成練習(xí)9-3而編寫的User
類中，添加一個(gè)名為login_attempts 的屬性。編寫一個(gè)名為increment_login_attempts()的方法，它將屬性login_attempts的值加1。再編寫一個(gè)名為reset_login_attempts()的方法，它將屬login_attempts
的值重置為0。
根據(jù)User類創(chuàng)建一個(gè)實(shí)例，再調(diào)用方法increment_login_attempts()
多次。打印屬性login_attempts的值，確認(rèn)它被正確地遞增；然后，調(diào)用方法reset_login_attempts()，并再次打印屬性login_attempts的值，確認(rèn)它被重置為0。

# 9-5 class User():def __init__(self, first_name, last_name, location, hobby):self.first_name =first_nameself.last_name =last_nameself.location = locationself.hobby = hobbyself.login_attempts = 0def increment_login_attempts(self):self.login_attempts += 1def reset_login_attempts(self):self.login_attempts = 0def describe_user(self):full_name = self.first_name + " " + self.last_nameprint( full_name +" lives in " + self.location + ' who likes ' + self.hobby)def greet_user(self):print("Have a nice day! " + self.first_name)print() friend_01 = User('Wang', 'jiangtao','Shanghai','travel') friend_01.describe_user() friend_01.greet_user() for i in range(1,5):friend_01.increment_login_attempts() print("user "+ friend_01.first_name + " has " + str(friend_01.login_attempts) + " attempts! ")friend_01.reset_login_attempts() print("user "+ friend_01.first_name + " has reset attempt to: " +str(friend_01.login_attempts))

9-6 冰淇淋小店：冰淇淋小店是一種特殊的餐館。編寫一個(gè)名為IceCreamStand的類，讓它繼承你為完成練習(xí)9-1或練習(xí)9-4而編寫的Restaurant類。這兩個(gè)版本的Restaurant類都可以，挑選你更喜歡的那個(gè)即可。添加一個(gè)名為flavors的屬性，用于存儲(chǔ)一個(gè)由各種口味的冰淇淋組成的列表。編寫一個(gè)顯示這些冰淇淋的方法。創(chuàng)建一個(gè)IceCreamStand實(shí)例，并調(diào)用這個(gè)方法。

# 9-6 class IceCreamStand(Restaurant):def __init__(self, restaurant_name, cuisine_type):super().__init__(restaurant_name,cuisine_type)self.flavors = []def set_flavors(self, * ice_creams):for ice_cream in ice_creams:self.flavors.append(ice_cream)def get_flavors(self):print("We have icecreams of different flavors:")if self.flavors:for ice_cream in self.flavors:print("- " + ice_cream)else:print("We have sold out!")icecream_stand = IceCreamStand('what if', 'icecream') icecream_stand.describe_restaurant() icecream_stand.set_flavors('straybarry','bluebarry','apple') icecream_stand.get_flavors()

9-7 管理員：管理員是一種特殊的用戶。編寫一個(gè)名為Admin
的類，讓它繼承你為完成練習(xí)9-3或練習(xí)9-5而編寫的User
類。添加一個(gè)名為privileges的屬性，用于存儲(chǔ)一個(gè)由字符串（如"canadd post"、“can delete post”、“can ban user”
等）組成的列表。編寫一個(gè)名為show_privileges()的方法，它顯示管理員的權(quán)限。創(chuàng)建一個(gè)Admin實(shí)例，并調(diào)用這個(gè)方法。

# 9-7 class Admin(User):def __init__(self, first_name, last_name, location, hobby):super().__init__(first_name, last_name, location, hobby)self.privileges = ["can add post", "can delete post","can ban user"]def show_privileges(self):print("The Admin user has many privileges: ")for privilege in self.privileges:print("- " + privilege)admin = Admin("shizheng","Lee",'Shanghai','Marathon') admin.show_privileges()

9-8 權(quán)限：編寫一個(gè)名為Privileges
的類，它只有一個(gè)屬性——privileges，其中存儲(chǔ)了練習(xí)9-7
所說的字符串列表。將方法show_privileges()移到這個(gè)類中。在Admin類中，將一個(gè)Privileges實(shí)例用作其屬性。創(chuàng)建一個(gè)Admin實(shí)例，并使用方法show_privileges()來顯示其權(quán)限。

# 9-8 class User():def __init__(self, first_name, last_name, location, hobby):self.first_name =first_nameself.last_name =last_nameself.location = locationself.hobby = hobbyself.login_attempts = 0def increment_login_attempts(self):self.login_attempts += 1def reset_login_attempts(self):self.login_attempts = 0def describe_user(self):full_name = self.first_name + " " + self.last_nameprint( full_name +" lives in " + self.location + ' who likes ' + self.hobby)def greet_user(self):print("Have a nice day! " + self.first_name)print() class Admin(User):def __init__(self, first_name, last_name, location, hobby):super().__init__(first_name, last_name, location, hobby)self.privileges = ["can add post", "can delete post","can ban user"]def show_privileges(self):print("The Admin user has many privileges: ")for privilege in self.privileges:print("- " + privilege)admin = Admin("shizheng","Lee",'Shanghai','Marathon') admin.show_privileges()

10 文件和異常

圓周率前100萬位
pi_string.py

file_name = r'D:\user\文檔\python\python_work\pcc-master\pcc-master\chapter_10\pi_million_digits.txt'with open(file_name) as file_object:lines = file_object.readlines()pi_string ="" for line in lines:pi_string += line.strip()print(pi_string[:52] +'...') print(len(pi_string))birthday = input("Enter your birthday, in the form mmddyy: ") if birthday in pi_string:print("Your birthday appears in the first million digits of pi!") else:print("Your birthday does not appear in the first million digits of pi.")

10-1 Python學(xué)習(xí)筆記：在文本編輯器中新建一個(gè)文件，寫幾句話來總結(jié)一下你至此學(xué)到的Python知識(shí)，其中每一行都以“In Python you can”打頭。將這個(gè)文件命名為learning_python.txt，并將其存儲(chǔ)到為完成本章練習(xí)而編寫的程序所在的目錄中。編寫一個(gè)程序，它讀取這個(gè)文件，并將你所寫的內(nèi)容打印三次：第一次打印時(shí)讀取整個(gè)文件；第二次打印時(shí)遍歷文件對(duì)象；第三次打印時(shí)將各行存儲(chǔ)在一個(gè)列表中，再在with代碼塊外打印它們。

# 10-1 file_name = "learning_python.txt" with open(file_name) as file_object:contents = file_object.read()print(contents+'\n')with open(file_name) as file_object:for line in file_object:print(line.rstrip()) print()with open(file_name) as file_object:lines = file_object.readlines()learning_python_string = '' for line in lines:learning_python_string += line print(learning_python_string + "\n")

10-2 C語言學(xué)習(xí)筆記：可使用方法replace()將字符串中的特定單詞都替換為另一個(gè)單詞。下面是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的示例，演示了如何將句子中的’dog’
替換為’cat’：

>>>message = "I really like dogs." >>>message.replace('dog', 'cat') 'I really like cats.'

讀取你剛創(chuàng)建的文件learning_python.txt中的每一行，將其中的Python都替換為另一門語言的名稱，如C。將修改后的各行都打印到屏幕上。

# 10-2 learning_java_string = learning_python_string.replace('Python','Java') print(learning_java_string + '\n')

10-3 訪客：編寫一個(gè)程序，提示用戶輸入其名字；用戶作出響應(yīng)后，將其名字寫入到文件guest.txt中。

# 10-3 file_name = 'guest.txt' name = input("\nPlease enter your name: ")with open(file_name,'a') as file_object:file_object.write(name)

10-4 訪客名單：編寫一個(gè)while循環(huán)，提示用戶輸入其名字。用戶輸入其名字后，在屏幕上打印一句問候語，并將一條訪問記錄添加到文件guest_book.txt中。確保這個(gè)文件中的每條記錄都獨(dú)占一行。

# 10-4 file_name1 = 'guest_book.txt'while True:msg ="\nPlease enter your name(enter 'q' to quit): "name = input(msg)if name == 'q':breakelse:print("Dear " + name + ",have a nice day!")with open(file_name1,'a') as file_object:file_object.write(name +"\n")

10-5 關(guān)于編程的調(diào)查：編寫一個(gè)while循環(huán)，詢問用戶為何喜歡編程。每當(dāng)用戶輸入一個(gè)原因后，都將其添加到一個(gè)存儲(chǔ)所有原因的文件中。

# 10-5 file_name2 = 'reason_for_coding.txt'while True:msg ="\nPlease enter your reason for coding(enter 'q' to quit): "reason = input(msg)if reason == 'q':breakelse:with open(file_name2,'a') as file_object:file_object.write(reason + '\n')print("Thank you for response!")

10-6 加法運(yùn)算：提示用戶提供數(shù)值輸入時(shí)，常出現(xiàn)的一個(gè)問題是，用戶提供的是文本而不是數(shù)字。在這種情況下，當(dāng)你嘗試將輸入轉(zhuǎn)換為整數(shù)時(shí)，將引發(fā)ValueError異常。編寫一個(gè)程序，提示用戶輸入兩個(gè)數(shù)字，再將它們相加并打印結(jié)果。在用戶輸入的任何一個(gè)值不是數(shù)字時(shí)都捕獲ValueError異常，并打印一條友好的錯(cuò)誤消息。對(duì)你編寫的程序進(jìn)行測(cè)試：先輸入兩個(gè)數(shù)字，再輸入一些文本而不是數(shù)字。

注意：這里用的是ValueError不是TypeError，很多書上用錯(cuò)了！

# 10-6 while True:print("\nPlease enter two numbers,and I'll add them.")print("Enter 'q' to quit.")try:first_number = input("\nFirst Number: ")if first_number == 'q':breaksecond_number = input("\nSecond Number: ")if second_number == 'q':breaksum = int(first_number) + int(second_number)except ValueError:print("you did not enter a interger number,please check!")else:print("Sum of two numbers is: " + str(sum))

10-7 加法計(jì)算器：將你為完成練習(xí)10-6而編寫的代碼放在一個(gè)while循環(huán)中，讓用戶犯錯(cuò)（輸入的是文本而不是數(shù)字）后能夠繼續(xù)輸入數(shù)字。

# 10-7 while True:print("\nPlease enter two numbers,and I'll add them.")print("Enter 'q' to quit.")try:first_number = input("\nFirst Number: ")if first_number == 'q':breaksecond_number = input("\nSecond Number: ")if second_number == 'q':breaksum = int(first_number) + int(second_number)except ValueError:print("you did not enter a interger number,please check!")else:print("Sum of two numbers is: " + str(sum))

10-8 貓和狗：創(chuàng)建兩個(gè)文件cats.txt和dogs.txt，在第一個(gè)文件中至少存儲(chǔ)三只貓的名字，在第二個(gè)文件中至少存儲(chǔ)三條狗的名字。編寫一個(gè)程序，嘗試讀取這些文件，并將其內(nèi)容打印到屏幕上。將這些代碼放在一個(gè)try-except代碼塊中，以便在文件不存在時(shí)捕獲FileNotFound錯(cuò)誤，并打印一條友好的消息。將其中一個(gè)文件移到另一個(gè)地方，并確認(rèn)except代碼塊中的代碼將正確地執(zhí)行。

# 10-8 file_name1 = 'cats.txt' file_name2 = 'dogs.txt' def display_file_contents(filename):try:with open(filename) as f_obj:contents = f_obj.read()except FileNotFoundError:msg = "Sorry,the file " + file_name1 + " does not exist."print(msg)else:# 輸出文件內(nèi)容print("\nFile "+ filename +" includes the following contents: ")print(contents)display_file_contents(file_name1) display_file_contents(file_name2)

10-9 沉默的貓和狗：修改你在練習(xí)10-8中編寫的except代碼塊，讓程序在文件不存在時(shí)一言不發(fā)。

# 10-9 file_name1 = 'cats.txt' file_name2 = 'dogs.txt' def display_file_contents(filename):try:with open(filename) as f_obj:contents = f_obj.read()except FileNotFoundError:passelse:# 輸出文件內(nèi)容print("\nFile "+ filename +" includes the following contents: ")print(contents)display_file_contents(file_name1) display_file_contents(file_name2)

10-10 常見單詞：訪問項(xiàng)目Gutenberg（http://gutenberg.org/），并找一些你想分析的圖書。下載這些作品的文本文件或?qū)g覽器中的原始文本復(fù)制到文本文件中。
你可以使用方法count()來確定特定的單詞或短語在字符串中出現(xiàn)了多少次。例如，下面的代碼計(jì)算’row’在一個(gè)字符串中出現(xiàn)了多少次：

>> line = "Row, row, row your boat" >> line.count('row') 2>> line.lower().count('row') 3

請(qǐng)注意，通過使用lower()將字符串轉(zhuǎn)換為小寫，可捕捉要查找的單詞出現(xiàn)的所有次數(shù)，而不管其大小寫格式如何。
編寫一個(gè)程序，它讀取你在項(xiàng)目Gutenberg中獲取的文件，并計(jì)算單詞’the’在每個(gè)文件中分別出現(xiàn)了多少次。

def count_words(filename,target):"""計(jì)算一個(gè)文件大致包含了多少個(gè)單詞’target‘"""try:with open(filename,encoding='utf-8') as f_obj:lines = f_obj.readlines()text = ""except FileNotFoundError:msg = "Sorry,the file " + file_name1 + " does not exist."print(msg)else:for line in lines:text += linenum =text.lower().count(target)print("How many '"+ target +"' in "+ filename +"?\nThe answer is " + str(num) + ".")file_name = "the_spanish_influenza.txt" count_words(file_name,'the')

存儲(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)

使用json.dump()將數(shù)據(jù)存入到.json文件中
使用json.load()加載信息

import jsonnumbers = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13]filename = 'numbers.json' with open(filename,'w') as f_obj:json.dump(numbers,f_obj)with open(filename) as f_obj:numbers = json.load(f_obj)print(numbers)

10-11 喜歡的數(shù)字：編寫一個(gè)程序，提示用戶輸入他喜歡的數(shù)字，并使用json.dump()將這個(gè)數(shù)字存儲(chǔ)到文件中。再編寫一個(gè)程序，從文件中讀取這個(gè)值，并打印消息“I know your favoritenumber! It’s _____.”。

#10-11 import json filename = 'favorite_number.json'number = input("\nPlease enter your favorite number : ") with open(filename,'w') as f_obj:json.dump(number,f_obj)with open(filename) as f_obj:result = json.load(f_obj) print("I know your favorite number! It's " + result + ".")

10-12 記住喜歡的數(shù)字：將練習(xí)10-11中的兩個(gè)程序合而為一。如果存儲(chǔ)了用戶喜歡的數(shù)字，就向用戶顯示它，否則提示用戶輸入他喜歡的數(shù)字并將其存儲(chǔ)到文件中。運(yùn)行這個(gè)程序兩次，看看它是否像預(yù)期的那樣工作。

# 10-12 import jsondef get_stored_number():"""如果存儲(chǔ)了用戶最喜歡的數(shù)字，就獲取它"""filename = 'favorite_number.json'try:with open(filename) as f_obj:number = json.load(f_obj)except FileNotFoundError:return Noneelse:return numberdef display_number():"""展示用戶最喜歡的數(shù)字"""number = get_stored_number()if number:print("Your favorite number is " + number + ".")else:number = input("What is your favorite number? ")filename = 'favorite_number.json'with open(filename, 'w') as f_obj:json.dump(number, f_obj)print("We'll remember your favorite number.")display_number()

10-13 驗(yàn)證用戶：最后一個(gè)remember_me.py版本假設(shè)用戶要么已輸入其用戶名，要么是首次運(yùn)行該程序。我們應(yīng)修改這個(gè)程序，以應(yīng)對(duì)這樣的情形：當(dāng)前和最后一次運(yùn)行該程序的用戶并非同一個(gè)人。

為此，在greet_user()中打印歡迎用戶回來的消息前，先詢問他用戶名是否是對(duì)的。如果不對(duì)，就調(diào)用get_new_username()讓用戶輸入正確的用戶名。

# 10-13 import jsondef get_stored_username():"""如果存儲(chǔ)了用戶名，就獲取它"""filename = "username.json"try:with open(filename) as f_obj:username = json.load(f_obj)except FileNotFoundError:return Noneelse:return usernamedef get_new_username():"""提示用戶輸入用戶名"""username = input("What is your name? ")filename = "username.json"with open(filename, 'w') as f_obj:json.dump(username, f_obj)return usernamedef greet_user():"""問候用戶，并指出其名字"""username = get_stored_username()if username: # 庫存有用戶名if check_name() == True:print("Welcome back, " + username + "!")else:print("Wo don't have your name." +"Please repeat your name.")username = get_new_username()print("We'll remember you when you come back," + username + "!")else:# 庫存沒有用戶名username = get_new_username()print("We'll remember you when you come back," + username + "!")def check_name():"""檢查用戶名是否存在"""checkname = input("Please enter your name to verify: ")if checkname == get_stored_username():return Trueelse:return Falsegreet_user()

11 測(cè)試代碼

11-1 城市和國家：編寫一個(gè)函數(shù)，它接受兩個(gè)形參：一個(gè)城市名和一個(gè)國家名。這個(gè)函數(shù)返回一個(gè)格式為City, Country的字符串，如Santiago, Chile。將這個(gè)函數(shù)存儲(chǔ)在一個(gè)名為city_functions.py的模塊中。

創(chuàng)建一個(gè)名為test_cities.py的程序，對(duì)剛編寫的函數(shù)進(jìn)行測(cè)試（別忘了，你需要導(dǎo)入模塊unittest以及要測(cè)試的函數(shù)）。編寫一個(gè)名為test_city_country()的方法，核實(shí)使用類似于’santiago’和’chile’這樣的值來調(diào)用前述函數(shù)時(shí)，得到的字符串是正確的。運(yùn)行test_cities.py，確認(rèn)測(cè)試test_city_country()通過了。

city_functions.py

# 11-1 def concat_city_country(city, country, population):res = city.title() + ", " + country.title()res += " - population " + str(population)return res

test_cities.py

import unittest from city_functions import concat_city_countryclass CityTestCase(unittest.TestCase):"""測(cè)試city_function.py"""def test_city_country(self):result = concat_city_country('santiago','chile')self.assertEqual(result, 'Santiago, Chile')unittest.main()

11-2 人口數(shù)量：修改前面的函數(shù)，使其包含第三個(gè)必不可少的形參population，并返回一個(gè)格式為City, Country -population xxx的字符串，如Santiago, Chile - population5000000。運(yùn)行test_cities.py，確認(rèn)測(cè)試test_city_country()未通過。
修改上述函數(shù)，將形參population設(shè)置為可選的。再次運(yùn)行test_cities.py，確認(rèn)測(cè)試test_city_country()又通過了。
再編寫一個(gè)名為test_city_country_population()的測(cè)試，核實(shí)可以使用類似于’santiago’、'chile’和’population=5000000’這樣的值來調(diào)用這個(gè)函數(shù)。再次運(yùn)行test_cities.py，確認(rèn)測(cè)試test_city_country_population()通過了
city_functions.py

# 11-2 def concat_city_country(city, country, population=''):res = city.title() + ", " + country.title()if population:res += " - population " + str(population)return res

test_cities.py

import unittest from city_functions import concat_city_countryclass CityTestCase(unittest.TestCase):"""測(cè)試city_function.py"""def test_city_country(self):result = concat_city_country('santiago','chile')self.assertEqual(result, 'Santiago, Chile')def test_city_country_populaton(self):result = concat_city_country('santiago', 'chile', population=5000000)self.assertEqual(result,'Santiago, Chile - population 5000000')unittest.main()

參考

[1]Eric Matthes, python編程從入門到實(shí)踐讀書筆記,人民郵電出版社·圖靈社區(qū),2016年7月

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