服務器的負載能力，很大程度上取決于系統管理員的配置和優化能力。相同的硬件、不同的軟件配置，會造成截然不同的效果。下面我將給大家介紹一下如何優化 sysctrl, Apache 以及 MySQL 。請注意，所有配置均為取決于個人，請根據自己的實際情況做調整。

配置Sysctl

編輯此文件：

nano -w /etc/sysctl.conf

如果該文件為空，則輸入以下內容，否則請根據情況自己做調整：

# Controls source route verification

# Default should work for all interfaces

net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1

# net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1

# net.ipv4.conf.lo.rp_filter = 1

# net.ipv4.conf.eth0.rp_filter = 1

# Disables IP source routing

# Default should work for all interfaces

net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0

# net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0

# net.ipv4.conf.lo.accept_source_route = 0

# net.ipv4.conf.eth0.accept_source_route = 0

# Controls the System Request debugging functionality of the kernel

kernel.sysrq = 0

# Controls whether core dumps will append the PID to the core filename.

# Useful for debugging multi-threaded applications.

kernel.core_uses_pid = 1

# Increase maximum amount of memory allocated to shm

# Only uncomment if needed!

# kernel.shmmax = 67108864

# Disable ICMP Redirect Acceptance

# Default should work for all interfaces

net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects = 0

# net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0

# net.ipv4.conf.lo.accept_redirects = 0

# net.ipv4.conf.eth0.accept_redirects = 0

# Enable Log Spoofed Packets, Source Routed Packets, Redirect Packets

# Default should work for all interfaces

net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians = 1

# net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians = 1

# net.ipv4.conf.lo.log_martians = 1

# net.ipv4.conf.eth0.log_martians = 1

# Decrease the time default value for tcp_fin_timeout connection

net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 25

# Decrease the time default value for tcp_keepalive_time connection

net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 1200

# Turn on the tcp_window_scaling

net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling = 1

# Turn on the tcp_sack

net.ipv4.tcp_sack = 1

# tcp_fack should be on because of sack

net.ipv4.tcp_fack = 1

# Turn on the tcp_timestamps

net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 1

# Enable TCP SYN Cookie Protection

net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1

# Enable ignoring broadcasts request

net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1

# Enable bad error message Protection

net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses = 1

# Make more local ports available

# net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024 65000

# Set TCP Re-Ordering value in kernel to ‘5′

net.ipv4.tcp_reordering = 5

# Lower syn retry rates

net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 2

net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 3

# Set Max SYN Backlog to ‘2048′

net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 2048

# Various Settings

net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 1024

# Increase the maximum number of skb-heads to be cached

net.core.hot_list_length = 256

# Increase the tcp-time-wait buckets pool size

net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets = 360000

# This will increase the amount of memory available for socket input/output queues

net.core.rmem_default = 65535

net.core.rmem_max = 8388608

net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 4096 87380 8388608

net.core.wmem_default = 65535

net.core.wmem_max = 8388608

net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 4096 65535 8388608

net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 8388608 8388608 8388608

net.core.optmem_max = 40960

如果希望屏蔽別人 ping 你的主機，則加入以下代碼：

# Disable ping requests

net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_all = 1

編輯完成后，請執行以下命令使變動立即生效：

/sbin/sysctl -p

/sbin/sysctl -w net.ipv4.route.flush=1

MySQL優化

編輯MySQL的配置文件：

nano /etc/my.cnf

輸入以下內容：

[mysqld]

connect_timeout=15

interactive_timeout=100

join_buffer_size=1M

key_buffer=128M

max_allowed_packet=16M

max_connections=500

max_connect_errors=10

myisam_sort_buffer_size=64M

read_buffer_size=1M

read_rnd_buffer_size=768K

sort_buffer_size=1M

table_cache=1024

thread_cache_size=100

thread_concurrency=4

wait_timeout=300

query_cache_size=32M

query_cache_limit=1M

query_cache_type=1

skip-innodb

請注意，以上配置適用于512M~1024M內存，如內存更大的話請自行做調整。給項目增加內存會加快速度，但是使用過多的內存而導致啟用swap的話，會極大的導致系統效率下降。其中 thread_concurrency 這項配置，單CPU的話請設置為2，雙CPU的話請設置為4。

Apache優化

以下優化適用于 Apache 1.3 系列，如果你用的是 2.0 系列的話，請自行做調整和判斷。

確認 Apache 的配置文件位置并開始編輯：

locate httpd.conf

nano -w /path/to/httpd.conf

httpd.conf的文件有許多內容，筆者就拿出需要做優化的：

KeepAlive On

MaxKeepAliveRequests 1000

KeepAliveTimeout 3

MinSpareServers 8

MaxSpareServers 13

MaxRequestsPerChild 50

將 KeepAliveTimeout 設定到較小的數字將有助于減少服務器上的無用等待鏈接，一定程度上能增加服務器負載。

另外，下面這條不算優化，但是是Apache安全相關：

ServerSignature Off

ServerTokens ProductOnly

將 ServerSignature 關閉，并增加 ServerTokens ProductOnly 可以使常人無法檢測到Apache的實際版本號，有助于Apache的安全。

以上所做的這些優化在某種程度上會增強服務器的負載性能。

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