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http://www.baeldung.com/java-read-file

Java – Read from File

1. Overview

In this tutorial we’ll explore different ways to?read from a File in Java; we’ll make use ofBufferedReader,?Scanner,?StreamTokenizer,?DataInputStream,?SequenceInputStream?andFileChannel.

Then, we will discuss how to read a UTF-8 encoded file and how to create String from contents of a file.

Finally, we’ll explore the new techniques to read from file in Java 7.

This article is part of?the “Java – Back to Basic” series?here on Baeldung.

2. Read with?BufferedReader

Let’s start with a simple way to read from file using?BufferedReader; the file itself contains:

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1	Hello world

The following code reads from the file using?BufferedReader:

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@Test public void whenReadWithBufferedReader_thenCorrect() ??throws IOException { ?????String expected_value = "Hello world"; ?????String file ="src/test/resources/test_read.txt"; ?????? ?????BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(file)); ?????String currentLine = reader.readLine(); ?????reader.close(); ????assertEquals(expected_value, currentLine); }

Note that?readLine()?will return?null?when the end of the file is reached.

3. Read with?Scanner

Next, let’s use a?Scanner?to read from the File – the file contains:

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1	Hello world 1

We’ll use a simple whitespace as the delimiter:

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@Test public void whenReadWithScanner_thenCorrect() ??throws IOException { ????String file = "src/test/resources/test_read.txt"; ????Scanner scanner = new Scanner(new File(file)); ????scanner.useDelimiter(" "); ????assertTrue(scanner.hasNext()); ????assertEquals("Hello", scanner.next()); ????assertEquals("world", scanner.next()); ????assertEquals(1, scanner.nextInt()); ????scanner.close(); }

Note that the default delimiter is the whitespace, but multiple delimiters can be used with aScanner.

4. Read with?StreamTokenizer

Next, let’s read a text file into tokens using a?StreamTokenizer.

The way the tokenizer works is – first, we need to figure out what the next token is – String or number; we do that by looking at the?tokenizer.ttype?field.

Then, we’ll read the actual token based on this type:

• tokenizer.nval?– if the type was a number
• tokenizer.sval?– if the type was a String

The file simply contains:

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1

Hello 1

The following code reads from the file both the String and the number:

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@Test public void whenReadWithStreamTokenizer_thenCorrectTokens() ??throws IOException { ????String file = "src/test/resources/test_read.txt"; ???FileReader reader = new FileReader(file); ????StreamTokenizer tokenizer = new StreamTokenizer(reader); ????// token 1 ????tokenizer.nextToken(); ????assertEquals(StreamTokenizer.TT_WORD, tokenizer.ttype); ????assertEquals("Hello", tokenizer.sval); ????// token 2??? ????tokenizer.nextToken(); ????assertEquals(StreamTokenizer.TT_NUMBER, tokenizer.ttype); ????assertEquals(1, tokenizer.nval, 0.0000001); ????// token 3 ????tokenizer.nextToken(); ????assertEquals(StreamTokenizer.TT_EOF, tokenizer.ttype); ????reader.close(); }

Note how the end of file token is used at the end.

5. Read with?DataInputStream

We can use?DataInputStream?to read binary or primitive data type from file.

Let’s start with the actual file itself:

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1

Hello

The following test reads the file using a?DataInputStream:

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@Test public void whenReadWithDataInputStream_thenCorrect() ??throws IOException { ????String expectedValue = "Hello"; ????String file ="src/test/resources/test_read.txt"; ????DataInputStream reader = new DataInputStream(new FileInputStream(file)); ????String result = reader.readUTF(); ????reader.close(); ????assertEquals(expectedValue, result); }

6. Read with?SequenceInputStream

Now, let’s look at how to?concatenate two input streams into one?usingSequenceInputStream; the 2 input files will simply contain:

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1

2000

and:

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1

5000

Let’s now use a?SequenceInputStream?to read the two files and merge them into one:

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@Test public void whenReadingTwoFilesWithSequenceInputStream_thenCorrect() ??throws IOException { ????int expectedValue1 = 2000; ????int expectedValue2 = 5000; ????String file1 = "src/test/resources/test_read1.txt"; ????String file2 = "src/test/resources/test_read2.txt"; ????FileInputStream stream1 = new FileInputStream(file1); ????FileInputStream stream2 = new FileInputStream(file2); ????SequenceInputStream sequence = new SequenceInputStream(stream1, stream2); ????DataInputStream reader = new DataInputStream(sequence); ????assertEquals(expectedValue1, reader.readInt()); ????assertEquals(expectedValue2, reader.readInt()); ????reader.close(); ????stream2.close(); }

7. Read with?FileChannel

If we are reading a large file,?FileChannel?can be faster than standard IO.

The contents of the file:

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1	Hello world

The following code reads data bytes from the file using?FileChannel?and?RandomAccessFile:

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@Test public void whenReadWithFileChannel_thenCorrect() ??throws IOException { ????String expected_value = "Hello world"; ????String file = "src/test/resources/test_read.txt"; ????RandomAccessFile reader = new RandomAccessFile(file, "r"); ????FileChannel channel = reader.getChannel(); ????int bufferSize = 1024; ????if (bufferSize > channel.size()) { ????????bufferSize = (int) channel.size(); ????} ????ByteBuffer buff = ByteBuffer.allocate(bufferSize); ????channel.read(buff); ????buff.flip(); ????? ????assertEquals(expected_value, new String(buff.array())); ????channel.close(); ????reader.close(); }

8. Read UTF-8 encoded file

Now, let’s see how to read a UTF-8 encoded file using?BufferedReader:

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@Test public void whenReadUTFEncodedFile_thenCorrect() ??throws IOException { ????String expected_value = "青空"; ????String file = "src/test/resources/test_read.txt"; ????BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader ??????(new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(file), "UTF-8")); ????String currentLine = reader.readLine(); ????reader.close(); ????assertEquals(expected_value, currentLine); }

9. Read a file into a String

We can make good use of?StringBuilder?to?read the entire contents of a file into a String. Let’s start with the file:

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Hello world Test line

The following code append data read from the file into a?StringBuilder?line by line:

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@Test public void whenReadFileContentsIntoString_thenCorrect() ??throws IOException { ????String expected_value = "Hello world n Test line n"; ????String file = "src/test/resources/test_read.txt"; ????BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(file)); ????StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder(); ????String currentLine = reader.readLine(); ????while (currentLine != null) { ????????builder.append(currentLine); ????????builder.append("n"); ????????currentLine = reader.readLine(); ????} ????? ????reader.close(); ????assertEquals(expected_value, builder.toString()); }

10. Read from File using Java 7

Java 7 introduces a new way of working with files and the filesystem – let’s make use of that to read files.

10.1. Read a Small File with Java 7

The file contents:

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1	Hello world

The following code shows how to read small file using the new?Files?class:

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@Test public void whenReadSmallFileJava7_thenCorrect() ??throws IOException { ????String expected_value = "Hello world"; ????Path path = Paths.get("src/test/resources/test_read.txt"); ????String read = Files.readAllLines(path).get(0); ????assertEquals(expected_value, read); }

Note that you can use the?readAllBytes()?method as well if you need binary data.

10.2. Read a Large File with Java 7

If we want to read a large file with?Files?class, we can use the?BufferedReader.

The file contents:

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1	Hello world

The following code reads the file using the new?Files?class and?BufferedReader:

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@Test public void whenReadLargeFileJava7_thenCorrect() ??throws IOException { ????String expected_value = "Hello world"; ????Path path = Paths.get("src/test/resources/test_read.txt"); ????BufferedReader reader = Files.newBufferedReader(path); ????String line = reader.readLine(); ????assertEquals(expected_value, line); }

11. Conclusion

As you can see, there are many possibilities of reading data from a file using plain Java. You can go for?BufferedReader?to read line by line,?Scanner?to read using different delimiters,?StreamTokenizer?to read file into tokens,?DataInputStream?to read binary data and primitive data types,?SequenceInput Stream?to link multiple files into one stream,FileChannel?to read faster from large files, etc.

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寫文件

Java – Write to File

1. Overview

In this tutorial we’ll explore different ways to?write to a file using Java. We’ll make use ofBufferedWriter,?PrintWriter,?FileOutputStream,?DataOutputStream,?RandomAccessFile,FileChannel?and the Java 7?Files?utility class.

We’ll also take a look at locking the file while writing and discuss some final take-aways on writing to file.

This article is part of?the “Java – Back to Basic” series?here on Baeldung.

2. Write with?BufferedWriter

Let’s start simple – and use?BufferedWriter?to write a?String?to a new file:

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public void whenWriteStringUsingBufferedWritter_thenCorrect() ??throws IOException { ????String str = "Hello"; ????BufferedWriter writer = new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter(fileName)); ????writer.write(str); ????? ????writer.close(); }

The output in the file will be:

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Hello

We can then?append a?String?to the existing file:

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@Test public void whenAppendStringUsingBufferedWritter_thenOldContentShouldExistToo() ??throws IOException { ????String str = "World"; ????BufferedWriter writer = new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter(fileName, true)); ????writer.append(' '); ????writer.append(str); ????? ????writer.close(); }

The file will then be:

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1	Hello World

3. Write with?PrintWriter

Next – let’s see how we can use a?PrintWriter?to write formatted text to a file:

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@Test public void givenWritingStringToFile_whenUsingPrintWriter_thenCorrect() ??throws IOException { ????FileWriter fileWriter = new FileWriter(fileName); ????PrintWriter printWriter = new PrintWriter(fileWriter); ????printWriter.print("Some String"); ????printWriter.printf("Product name is %s and its price is %d $", "iPhone", 1000); ????printWriter.close(); }

The resulting file will contain:

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1 2	Some String Product name is iPhone and its price is 1000$

Note how we’re not only writing a raw String to file, but also some formatted text with theprintf?method.

We can create the writer using?FileWriter,?BufferedWriter?or even?System.out.

4. Write with?FileOutputStream

Let’s now see how we can use?FileOutputStream?to?write binary data to a file. The following code converts a?String?int bytes and writes the bytes to file using aFileOutputStream:

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@Test public void givenWritingStringToFile_whenUsingFileOutputStream_thenCorrect() ??throws IOException { ????String str = "Hello"; ????FileOutputStream outputStream = new FileOutputStream(fileName); ????byte[] strToBytes = str.getBytes(); ????outputStream.write(strToBytes); ????outputStream.close(); }

The output in the file will of course be:

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1

Hello

5. Write with?DataOutputStream

Next – let’s take a look at how we can use a?DataOutputStream?to write a String to file:

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@Test public void givenWritingToFile_whenUsingDataOutputStream_thenCorrect() ??throws IOException { ????String value = "Hello"; ????FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(fileName); ????DataOutputStream outStream = new DataOutputStream(new BufferedOutputStream(fos)); ????outStream.writeUTF(value); ????outStream.close(); ????// verify the results ????String result; ????FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(fileName); ????DataInputStream reader = new DataInputStream(fis); ????result = reader.readUTF(); ????reader.close(); ????assertEquals(value, result); }

6. Write with?RandomAccessFile

Let’s now illustrate how to write and edit inside an existing file – rather than just writing to a completely new file or appending to an existing one. Simply put – we need random access.

RandomAccessFile?enable us to write at a specific position in the file given the offset – from the beginning of the file – in bytes. The following code writes an integer value with offset given from the beginning of the file:

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private void writeToPosition(String filename, int data, long position) ??throws IOException { ????RandomAccessFile writer = new RandomAccessFile(filename, "rw"); ????writer.seek(position); ????writer.writeInt(data); ????writer.close(); }

If we want to read the int stored at specific location, we can use the following method:

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private int readFromPosition(String filename, long position) ??throws IOException { ????int result = 0; ????RandomAccessFile reader = new RandomAccessFile(filename, "r"); ????reader.seek(position); ????result = reader.readInt(); ????reader.close(); ????return result; }

To test our functions, let’s write an integer – edit it – and, finally, read it back:

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@Test public void whenWritingToSpecificPositionInFile_thenCorrect() ??throws IOException { ????int data1 = 2014; ????int data2 = 1500; ????? ????writeToPosition(fileName, data1, 4); ????assertEquals(data1, readFromPosition(fileName, 4)); ????? ????writeToPosition(fileName2, data2, 4); ????assertEquals(data2, readFromPosition(fileName, 4)); }

7. Write with?FileChannel

If you are dealing with large files,?FileChannel?can be faster than standard IO. The following code write?String?to a file using?FileChannel:

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@Test public void givenWritingToFile_whenUsingFileChannel_thenCorrect() ??throws IOException { ????RandomAccessFile stream = new RandomAccessFile(fileName, "rw"); ????FileChannel channel = stream.getChannel(); ????String value = "Hello"; ????byte[] strBytes = value.getBytes(); ????ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(strBytes.length); ????buffer.put(strBytes); ????buffer.flip(); ????channel.write(buffer); ????stream.close(); ????channel.close(); ????// verify ????RandomAccessFile reader = new RandomAccessFile(fileName, "r"); ????assertEquals(value, reader.readLine()); ????reader.close(); }

8. Write to file using Java 7

Java 7 introduces a new way of working with the filesystem, along with a new utility class –Files. Using the?Files?class, we can create, move, copy, delete files and directories as well; it also can be used to read and write to a file:

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@Test public void givenUsingJava7_whenWritingToFile_thenCorrect() ??throws IOException { ????String str = "Hello"; ????Path path = Paths.get(fileName); ????byte[] strToBytes = str.getBytes(); ????Files.write(path, strToBytes); ????String read = Files.readAllLines(path).get(0); ????assertEquals(str, read); }

9. Write to temporary file

Now, let’s try to write to temporary file. The following code creates a temporary file and writes a String to it:

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@Test public void whenWriteToTmpFile_thenCorrect() throws IOException { ????String toWrite = "Hello"; ????File tmpFile = File.createTempFile("test", ".tmp"); ????FileWriter writer = new FileWriter(tmpFile); ????writer.write(toWrite); ????writer.close(); ????BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(tmpFile)); ????assertEquals(toWrite, reader.readLine()); ????reader.close(); }

So, as you can see – it’s just the creation of the temporary file that is interesting and different – after that point, writing to the file is the same.

10. Lock File Before Writing

Finally, when writing to a file, you sometimes need to make extra sure that no one else is writing to that file at the same time. Basically – you need to be able to lock that file while writing.

Let’s make use of the?FileChannel?to try locking the file before writing to it:

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@Test public void whenTryToLockFile_thenItShouldBeLocked() ??throws IOException { ????RandomAccessFile stream = new RandomAccessFile(fileName, "rw"); ????FileChannel channel = stream.getChannel(); ????FileLock lock = null; ????try { ????????lock = channel.tryLock(); ????} catch (final OverlappingFileLockException e) { ????????stream.close(); ????????channel.close(); ????} ????stream.writeChars("test lock"); ????lock.release(); ????stream.close(); ????channel.close(); }

Note that if the file is already locked when we try to acquire the lock, anOverlappingFileLockException?will be thrown.

11. Notes

After exploring so many methods of writing to a file, let’s discuss some important notes:

• If we try to read from a file that doesn’t exist, a?FileNotFoundException?will be thrown
• If we try to write to a file that doesn’t exist, the file will be created first and no exception will be thrown
• It is very important to close the stream after using it, as it is not closed implicitly, to release any resources associated with it
• In output stream, the?close()?method calls?flush()?before releasing the resources which forces any buffered bytes to be written to the stream

Looking at the common usage practices, we can see – for example – that?PrintWriter?is used to write formatted text;?FileOutputStream?to write binary data;?DataOutputStream?to write primitive data types;?RandomAccessFile?to write to a specific position;?FileChannel?to write faster in larger files. Some of the APIs of these classes do allow more, but this is a good place to start.

12. Conclusion

This article illustrates the many options of writing data to a File using Java.

The implementation of all these examples and code snippets?can be found in?my github project?– this is an Eclipse based project, so it should be easy to import and run as it is.

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