select,poll,epoll区别。
1，select的用法
fd_set?fd_in,?fd_out; struct?timeval?tv;//?Reset?the?sets FD_ZERO(?&fd_in?); FD_ZERO(?&fd_out?);//?Monitor?sock1?for?input?events FD_SET(?sock1,?&fd_in?);//?Monitor?sock2?for?output?events FD_SET(?sock2,?&fd_out?);//?Find?out?which?socket?has?the?largest?numeric?value?as?select?requires?it int?largest_sock?=?sock1?>?sock2???sock1?:?sock2;//?Wait?up?to?10?seconds tv.tv_sec?=?10; tv.tv_usec?=?0;//?Call?the?select int?ret?=?select(?largest_sock?+?1,?&fd_in,?&fd_out,?NULL,?&tv?);//?Check?if?select?actually?succeed if?(?ret?==?-1?)//?report?error?and?abort else?if?(?ret?==?0?)//?timeout;?no?event?detected else {if?(?FD_ISSET(?sock1,?&fd_in?)?)//?input?event?on?sock1if?(?FD_ISSET(?sock2,?&fd_out?)?)//?output?event?on?sock2 }select的缺點：
1，select所監(jiān)聽的fd_set不能重用，因為select這個函數(shù)會修改它。即使你監(jiān)聽的連接是沒有改變的（沒有減少或增加），在調(diào)用select（）前也要重建一次fd_set。
?
可以將它們存在本地，每次調(diào)用select（）監(jiān)聽的時候，就從本地的fd_set復(fù)制數(shù)據(jù)傳給select函數(shù)。
memcpy(m_pFDRead.get(),m_pFDReadSave.get(),sizeof(fd_set));?//m_pFDReadSave為本地 memcpy(m_pFDWrite.get(),m_pFDWriteSave.get(),sizeof(fd_set)); memcpy(m_pFDError.get(),m_pFDErrorSave.get(),sizeof(fd_set));int?res?=?select(?m_nMaxSocketID,??m_pFDRead.get()?,?m_pFDWrite.get(),?m_pFDError.get(),?ptv);原文：
select?modifies the passed?fd_sets?so none of them can be reused. Even if you don’t need to change anything – such as if one of descriptors received data and needs to receive more data – a whole set has to be either recreated again (argh!) or restored from a backup copy via?FD_COPY. And this has to be done each time theselect?is called.
2，需要輪詢。 即使你監(jiān)聽2000個，只有最后一個socket就緒，你也要輪詢2000次。
原文：
To find out which descriptors raised the events you have to manually iterate through all the descriptors in the set and call?FD_ISSET?on each one of them. When you have 2,000 of those descriptors and only one of them is active – and, likely, the last one – you’re wasting CPU cycles each time you wait.
3，最大能監(jiān)聽的socket句柄數(shù)：1024。你改了也沒有用，linux直接忽略掉。
原文：
Did I just mention 2,000 descriptors? Well,?select?cannot support that much. At least on Linux. The maximum number of the supported descriptors is defined by the?FD_SETSIZE?constant, which Linux happily defines as 1024. And while some operating systems allow you to hack this restriction by redefining the?FD_SETSIZE?before including the?sys/select.h, this is not portable. Indeed, Linux would just ignore this hack and the limit will stay the same.
4，對于select（）函數(shù)監(jiān)聽著的socket集合，你不能從其他線程去修改它，例如，你想在另外一個線程關(guān)掉某個socket，會導(dǎo)致未知行為。
If a file descriptor being monitored by select() is closed in another thread, the result is unspecified。
原文：
You cannot modify the descriptor set from a different thread while waiting. Suppose a thread is executing the code above. Now suppose you have a housekeeping thread which decided that?sock1?has been waiting too long for the input data, and it is time to cut the cord. Since this socket could be reused to serve another?payingworking client, the housekeeping thread wants to close the socket. However the socket is in the?fd_set?whichselect?is waiting for.
Now what happens when this socket is closed??man select?has the answer, and you won’t like it. The answer is, “If a file descriptor being monitored by select() is closed in another thread, the result is unspecified”.
5，對于select監(jiān)聽的socket，有的事件你是無法檢測的，例如：socket是否關(guān)閉。如果你在讀的話，你可以通過檢測返回值是否為0來檢查。但是如果你在往socket里面寫數(shù)據(jù)的話就糟糕了，無法知道。
原文：
The choice of the events to wait for is limited; for example, to detect whether the remote socket is closed you have to?a)?monitor it for input and?b)?actually attempt to read the data from socket to detect the closure (readwill return 0). Which is fine if you want to read from this socket, but what if you’re sending a file and do not care about any input right now?
6，
select?puts extra burden on you when filling up the descriptor list to calculate the largest descriptor number and provide it as a function parameter.
7，
Same problem arises if another thread suddenly decides to send something via?sock1. It is not possible to start monitoring the socket for the output event until?select?returns.
那么，select是否應(yīng)該完全棄用呢，不用它就好了？錯了，有下面兩種原因，需要用到select：
1，可移植性。每臺機(jī)器都會有select，但不一定會有poll。poll只有在vista以上的機(jī)器才會提供。
2，timeouts的精度，select理論上可以控制到納秒級別，但是poll與epoll只能控制到毫秒級別。普通的程序不需要關(guān)心這個，但是有些需要高精度的嵌入式程序，則是有可能用到，例如核反應(yīng)堆。
但如果你寫的程序，只需關(guān)心很少的連接，例如200個以下這樣，poll與select沒什么特別的性能差異。你喜歡哪個就用哪個好了。
原文：
Of course the operating system developers recognized those drawbacks and addressed most of them when designing the?poll?method. Therefore you may ask, is there is any reason to use select at all? Why don’t just store it in the shelf of the Computer Science Museum? Then you may be pleased to know that yes, there are two reasons, which may be either very important to you or not important at all.
The first reason is portability.?select?has been around for ages, and you can be sure that every single platform around which has network support and nonblocking sockets will have a working?select?implementation while it might not have?poll?at all. And unfortunately I’m not talking about the tubes and ENIAC here;?poll?is only available on Windows Vista and above?which includes Windows XP –?still used by the whooping 34% of users as of Sep 2013despite the Microsoft pressure. Another option would be to still use?poll?on those platforms and emulate it withselect?on those which do not have it; it is up to you whether you consider it reasonable investment.
The second reason is more exotic, and is related to the fact that?select?can – theoretically – handle the timeouts withing the one nanosecond precision, while both?poll?and?epoll?can only handle the one millisecond precision. This is not likely to be a concern on a desktop or server system, which clocks doesn’t even run with such precision, but it may be necessary on a realtime embedded platform while interacting with some hardware components. Such as lowering control rods to shut down a nuclear reactor – in this case, please, use?select?to make sure we’re all stay safe!
The case above would probably be the only case where you would?have to?use?select?and could not use anything else. However if you are writing an application which would never have to handle more than a handful of sockets (like, 200), the difference between using?poll?and?select?would not be based on performance, but more on personal preference or other factors.
Polling with poll()
poll的用法：
//?The?structure?for?two?events struct?pollfd?fds[2];//?Monitor?sock1?for?input fds[0].fd?=?sock1; fds[0].events?=?POLLIN;//?Monitor?sock2?for?output fds[1].fd?=?sock2; fds[1].events?=?POLLOUT;//?Wait?10?seconds int?ret?=?poll(?&fds,?2,?10000?);poll解決了大部分select的缺陷。
poll有以下的優(yōu)點：
1，監(jiān)控的socket數(shù)量已經(jīng)沒有硬性的限制，所以1024那個限制在此已經(jīng)沒有了（或已經(jīng)不適用）。
There is no hard limit on the number of descriptors?poll?can monitor, so the limit of 1024 does not apply here.
2，poll函數(shù)不會改變傳進(jìn)去的pollfd結(jié)構(gòu)體，所以監(jiān)控的pollfd可以重用。
It does not modify the data passed in the?struct pollfd?data. Therefore it could be reused between the poll() calls as long as set to zero the?revents?member for those descriptors which generated the events. The?IEEE specification?states that “In each pollfd structure, poll() shall clear the revents member, except that where the application requested a report on a condition by setting one of the bits of events listed above, poll() shall set the corresponding bit in revents if the requested condition is true“. However in my experience at least one platform did not follow this recommendation, and?man 2 poll?on Linux does not make such guarantee either (man 3p poll?does though).
3，可以檢測更細(xì)粒度的socket行為。例如遠(yuǎn)程socket已經(jīng)關(guān)了可以檢測出來，就不需要像select那樣還要通過read來檢測一下。
It allows more fine-grained control of events comparing to?select. For example, it can detect remote peer shutdown without monitoring for read events.
poll還是有些缺點：
1，像select一樣，還是需要輪詢。
Like?select, it is still not possible to find out which descriptors have the events triggered without iterating through the whole list and checking the revents. Worse, the same happens in the kernel space as well, as the kernel has to iterate through the list of file descriptors to find out which sockets are monitored, and iterate through the whole list again to set up the events.
2，像select一樣，不能動態(tài)修改監(jiān)聽的set集合和關(guān)閉正在被監(jiān)聽的socket。
Like?select, it is not possible to dynamically modify the set or close the socket which is being polled (see above).
Please keep in mind, however, that those issues might be considered unimportant for most client networking applications – the only exception would be client software such as P2P which may require handling of thousands of open connections. Those issues might not be important even for some server applications. Therefore?poll?should be your default choice over?select?unless you have specific reasons mentioned above. More,?poll?should be your preferred method even over?epoll?if the following is true:
在下面的情況下，poll的性能反而會比epoll好：
1，不止在linux下面用，又懶得封裝。因為epoll只支持linux。
You need to support more than just Linux, and do not want to use epoll wrappers such as libevent (epoll is Linux only);
2，監(jiān)控的連接在1000以下。
Your application needs to monitor less than 1000 sockets at a time (you are not likely to see any benefits from using epoll);
3，你的程序的監(jiān)控的連接在1000以上，但是都是短連接，發(fā)送小部分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)就斷開。
Your application needs to monitor more than 1000 sockets at a time, but the connections are very short-lived (this is a close case, but most likely in this scenario you are not likely to see any benefits from using epoll because the speedup in event waiting would be wasted on adding those new descriptors into the set – see below)
4，你的程序除了監(jiān)控的線程外，不會有其他線程去改變正在監(jiān)控中的socket。
Your application is not designed the way that it changes the events while another thread is waiting for them (i.e. you’re not porting an app using kqueue or IO Completion Ports).
Polling with epoll()
epoll is the latest, greatest, newest polling method in Linux (and only Linux). Well, it was actually added to kernel in 2002, so it is not so new. It differs both from?poll?and?select?in such a way that it keeps the information about the currently monitored descriptors and associated events inside the kernel, and exports the API to add/remove/modify those.
To use?epoll, much more preparation is needed. A developer needs to:
Create the epoll descriptor by calling?epoll_create;
Initialize the?struct epoll?structure with the wanted events and the context?data?pointer. Context could be anything, epoll passes this value directly to the returned events structure. We store there a pointer to our Connection class.
Call?epoll_ctl(?… EPOLL_CTL_ADD ) to add the descriptor into the monitoring set
Call?epoll_wait() to wait for 20 events for which we reserve the storage space. Unlike previous methods, this call receives an empty structure, and fills it up only with the triggered events. For example, if there are 200 descriptors and 5 of them have events pending, the?epoll_wait?will return 5, and only the first five members of the?pevents?structure will be initialized. If 50 descriptors have events pending, the first 20 would be copied and 30 would be left in queue, they won’t get lost.
Iterate through the returned items. This will be a short iteration since the only events returned are those which are triggered.
A typical workflow looks like that:
//?Create?the?epoll?descriptor.?Only?one?is?needed?per?app,?and?is?used?to?monitor?all?sockets. //?The?function?argument?is?ignored?(it?was?not?before,?but?now?it?is),?so?put?your?favorite?number?here int?pollingfd?=?epoll_create(?0xCAFE?);?if?(?pollingfd?<?0?)//?report?error//?Initialize?the?epoll?structure?in?case?more?members?are?added?in?future struct?epoll_event?ev?=?{?0?};//?Associate?the?connection?class?instance?with?the?event.?You?can?associate?anything //?you?want,?epoll?does?not?use?this?information.?We?store?a?connection?class?pointer,?pConnection1 ev.data.ptr?=?pConnection1;//?Monitor?for?input,?and?do?not?automatically?rearm?the?descriptor?after?the?event ev.events?=?EPOLLIN?|?EPOLLONESHOT; //?Add?the?descriptor?into?the?monitoring?list.?We?can?do?it?even?if?another?thread?is? //?waiting?in?epoll_wait?-?the?descriptor?will?be?properly?added if?(?epoll_ctl(?epollfd,?EPOLL_CTL_ADD,?pConnection1->getSocket(),?&ev?)?!=?0?)//?report?error//?Wait?for?up?to?20?events?(assuming?we?have?added?maybe?200?sockets?before?that?it?may?happen) struct?epoll_event?pevents[?20?];//?Wait?for?10?seconds int?ready?=?epoll_wait(?pollingfd,?pevents,?20,?10000?); //?Check?if?epoll?actually?succeed if?(?ret?==?-1?)//?report?error?and?abort else?if?(?ret?==?0?)//?timeout;?no?event?detected else {//?Check?if?any?events?detectedfor?(?int?i?=?0;?i?<?ret;?i++?){if?(?pevents[i].events?&?EPOLLIN?){//?Get?back?our?connection?pointerConnection?*?c?=?(Connection*)?pevents[i].data.ptr;c->handleReadEvent();}} }由此，我們看到，epoll的缺點就是更復(fù)雜，需要你寫更多的代碼，會調(diào)用更多的系統(tǒng)api。
原文：
Just looking at the implementation alone should give you the hint of what are the disadvantages of epoll, which we will mention firs. It is more complex to use, and requires you to write more code, and it requires more library calls comparing to other polling methods.
然而，在性能和功能上面，epoll會比select/poll會有更卓越的表現(xiàn)
原文：
1，不需要輪詢。不需要遍歷一萬個去找一個。
epoll?returns only the list of descriptors which triggered the events. No need to iterate through 10,000 descriptors anymore to find that one which triggered the event!
2，在添加監(jiān)控的時候，你除了添加socket句柄外，還可以添加一些額外的自定義信息。例如添加一個行為指針，當(dāng)被觸發(fā)的時候，就調(diào)用這個指針的相關(guān)函數(shù)。
???????struct?epoll_event?tmp_pfd;memset(?&tmp_pfd,?0,?sizeof(tmp_pfd)?);int?nOldEvents?=?static_cast<int>(?pAction->getExtValue()?);tmp_pfd.data.fd?=?s;tmp_pfd.data.ptr?=?pAction;原文：
You can attach meaningful context to the monitored event instead of socket file descriptors. In our example we attached the class pointers which could be called directly, saving you another lookup.
3，支持多線程。在epoll_wait監(jiān)控的時候，你可以通過不同的線程添加，刪除或者修改fd。一切都運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)良好。
You can add sockets or remove them from monitoring anytime, even if another thread is in the?epoll_waitfunction. You can even modify the descriptor events. Everything will work properly, and this behavior is supported and documented. This gives you much more flexibility in implementation.
4，即使你不調(diào)用epoll_wait，系統(tǒng)內(nèi)核也會注冊（或記下）就緒的事件。這對感興趣的特征的檢測對邊緣觸發(fā)提供了支持。
Since the kernel knows all the monitoring descriptors, it can register the events happening on them even when nobody is calling?epoll_wait. This allows implementing interesting features such as edge triggering, which will be described in a separate article.
5，可以多線程調(diào)用epoll_wait檢測同一個集合。邊緣觸發(fā)用到的方法。 在epoll與select中你是不可能做到的。
It is possible to have the multiple threads waiting on the same epoll queue with?epoll_wait(), something you cannot do with?select/poll. In fact it is not only possible with epoll, but the recommended method in the edge triggering mode.
然而，epoll并不是更好的poll，相比poll，它還是有些弊端：
However you need to keep in mind that?epoll?is not a “better poll”, and it also has disadvantages when comparing to?poll:
1，對于讀事件與寫事件的切換，需要用到epoll_ctl系統(tǒng)調(diào)用。而poll的話只是一個在用戶空間的位設(shè)定。如果將5000個socket從read變成write檢測，那么需要調(diào)用epoll_ctl5000次，這將導(dǎo)致頻繁的上下文切換。而poll的話，只需要對pollfd結(jié)構(gòu)體進(jìn)行一個簡單的循環(huán)設(shè)置。
Changing the event flags (i.e. from READ to WRITE) requires the?epoll_ctl?syscall, while when using?poll?this is a simple bitmask operation done entirely in userspace. Switching 5,000 sockets from reading to writing with?epollwould require 5,000 syscalls and hence context switches (as of 2014 calls to?epoll_ctl?still? could not be batched, and each descriptor must be changed separately), while in poll it would require a single loop over the?pollfdstructure.
2，每個連接過來，你需要調(diào)用兩個系統(tǒng)調(diào)用，epoll_ctl與epoll_wait, 而poll的話你只需要調(diào)用一個poll()。 如果你的程序有很多只接收或發(fā)送少量數(shù)據(jù)的短連接的話，epoll會比poll更慢。
Each?accept()ed?socket needs to be added to the set, and same as above, with epoll it has to be done by callingepoll_ctl?– which means there are two required syscalls per new connection socket instead of one for poll. If your server has many short-lived connections which send or receive little traffic,?epoll?will likely take longer than?pollto serve them.
3，epoll只在linux里面支持。
epoll?is exclusively Linux domain, and while other platforms have similar mechanisms, they are not exactly the same – edge triggering, for example, is pretty unique (FreeBSD’s kqueue supports it too though).
4，為了高性能，程序邏輯會更加復(fù)雜和更難于debug，特別是在邊緣觸發(fā)模式下，如果你忘記了讀或?qū)懙脑?#xff0c;很容易死鎖。
High performance processing logic is more complex and hence more difficult to debug, especially for edge triggering which is prone to deadlocks if you miss extra read/write.
因此，只建議你在以下的情況用epoll：
Therefore you should only use epoll if all following is true:
1，多線程程序。單線程的話，epoll的性能是跟不上poll的。
Your application runs a thread poll which handles many network connections by a handful of threads. You would lose most of?epoll?benefits in a single-threaded application, and most likely it won’t outperform?poll.
2，大量連接的程序。起碼大于1000個。如果連接很少的話，poll可能還比epoll性能更好。
You expect to have a reasonably large number of sockets to monitor (at least 1,000); with a smaller number epoll is not likely to have any performance benefits over poll and may actually worse the performance;
3，長連接。因為每次連接，epoll會調(diào)用額外的系統(tǒng)調(diào)用，所以，短連接用epoll會更慢。
Your connections are relatively long-lived; as stated above epoll will be slower than poll in a situation when a new connection sends a few bytes of data and immediately disconnects because of extra system call required to add the descriptor into epoll set;
4，
Your app depends on other Linux-specific features (so in case portability question would suddenly pop up, epoll wouldn’t be the only roadblock), or you can provide wrappers for other supported systems. In the last case you should strongly consider libevent.
轉(zhuǎn)載于:https://blog.51cto.com/mingtangduyao/1770068
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